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M&naging Editor F. A. Cummings
Vol. 1 August, 1919 No. 11
Co-operation
An Ext met from an Addresn by C. A.
Adams, presideyit of the American
Institute of Electrical
Engineers
The history of human society is the
history of co-operation—at first between
the individuals of a small group, such
as a family, then the co-operation of
the small groups as a tribe, then of
these larger groups to form a nation,
then of several small nations into one
large nation; and now we are seriously
considering a League of Nations.
The reason for these various increases
in the size of the unit is not an altruistic
ideal, but the knowledge that each party
to the co-operation will gain thereby, not
only in strength, but also industrially
and economically, thru a more extensive
division of labor and an increase in the
average productivity per unit of lalwr.
Every commercial transaction of the
greatest or of the least magnitude, be
tween individuals or groups of whatever
size, is made on the assumption that it
is profitable to both parties concerned;
otherwise it would not ordinarily l>e
made. Every such transaction involves
a certain degree of co-operation, a cer
tain degree of faith or confidence in each
by the other. The more the mutual con
fidence and the co-operative spirit, the
freer and the more efficient will be the
interchange, and the greater the mutual
profit. This is merely the simplest pos
sible illustration of co-operation from
which my illustrations are drawn, and
with which engineers are mostly con
cerned, usually involves more than this
simple and somewhat restricted co
operation between buyer and seller, it
involves co-operation all along the line,
internal and external, between produc
ers, between consumers, and between
producers and consumers.
The obstacles to co-operation, partic
ularly between the larger units, are of
two varieties—material, and human or
intellectual. The chief material obstacles
are space, coupled with imperfect means
of communication and transportation,
differences in language, differences in
coinage, weights, and measures, and
duties or tariffs. Some of these bear
obviously only on international co-opera
tion. The chief intellectual obstacles
are tradition, custom, prejudice, sus
picion, distrust, jealousy, narrow-minded
and short-sighted selfishness or greed,
or in general ignorance and lack of
understanding one of the other. Most
of this latter group bear upon minor or
internal as well as upon international
co-operation.
Most of the obstacles of both types
may be looked upon as barriers which
keep individuals or groups apart, and
thus prevent that mutual understanding
which makes co-operntion possible.
It is the generous co-operative spirit
for which I am pleading, rather than
the timid fearful spirit of him whose
vision is of such short range that he
dare not take a man’s size step for fear
of stubbing his toe, who holds the little
present so close to his eye that it shuts
out the whole landscape of the future,
whose immediate self interest or small
group interest is so dominant as to hide
anything beyond.
The Vegetable Garden
AiKjust Plant in;/
There is still time to sow snap l>canH,
beets, and carrots, the early part of
the month. Irish potatoes should l>e
planted the early part of the month.
I have made a profitable crop of pota
toes planted the middle of August. Later
in the month, sow kale, mustard, rape,
radish, spinach, lettuce, and turnip.
Cabbage, as a rule, make better heai
planted this month than they do
July. Celery can be planted any tin
during the month. In most places, celei
is planted in single rows, four feet apai
and each row planted to itself, but,
the South, the best method is to ui
what is known as the “Baltimore b(
method,” for, when grown in single row
it is necessary to take up the plants ar
finish the bleaching in trenches, whi
the bed method involves no lifting unt
the celery is taken up for use. I alwa;
plant celery as a succession crop, fo
lowing cabbage, beans, etc. The b
method is to plant six inches by twel'
inches. In the first place, your soil mu
be in first-class condition. Stretch
garden line over what is to be one sic
of the bed. Get a board, twelve inch*
wide and six feet long, and cut notch
on both sides six inches apart, havin
both ends square; set one end of yoi
board square with the line and put
plant at each notch, which will give yo
eleven plants to the row. Then mov
the board, and set it square with th
line, and match the last plants set, a”
another row, and so on until the bed '
completed. All that is needed now
l>e to keep the bed worked clean. I
give more information later, as the crol
advances.
The Southern Giant Curled Must*’’
is a good variety to plant. It forms
great mass of light green leaves, be*'’
tifully frilled, and finely curled.
ounce for thirty feet of drill.
Don’t fail to try spinach, as stated '
last issue.
Long standing Siberian Kale 'j
tremely easy to grow. This is a
from the cabbage family. Sow m
—one ounce to one hundred and
feet of drill; or broadcast the san>«
turnips.
Early in the month, sow seed 0‘
early Milan Turnip, for Fall u**" **
later in the month sow seed of th*
pur
ple Top Globe and Yellow
Turnip for winter use. The last o
month, seed of the Seven Top (j
can be fwwn in rows, or broadc#*'
make green* for winter and spr'”^ ii
The early dwarf Garden Pe*s |
sown the early part of the month-
in deep furrows, and cover *’
work the soil to them *» they f {li
that you can get the roots de«P
soil, enabling them to stand
and droughts of summer.
usually give a irood crop in
fall, and will be generally
from mildew than when
J