The news in tbia publica
tion is released for the press on
: date indicated below.
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
NEWS LETTER
Publi«h6d weekly by the
University of North Carolina
for its Bureau of Extension.
iVGVST 16,1916
I-
CHAPEL HILL, N. C.
VOL. n, NO. 38
gjit.ri-mo-r.1. 8.0. Br^nsoa.J. &. deK. Hamilton. L. B. WiUoa, L. A. Williams, R. H. Thornton, Or. a.
NORTH CAROLINA CLUB STUDIES
McKie. Entered as second-olaas matter November 14, 1914, at the.postofflc.o at Chapel Hill, N. C., under the act of Aagast 24,19ia
the orange soil survey
'Ihe Orange County Soil Survey will
[>n besin. It will be made by Messrs.
ardison and Brinkley who are now
finishing up their work in Halifax coun
ty. These surveys are directed by Dr. B
, Kilgore, director of the Federal Ex-
eriment Station in Raleigh.
This will be the last of a series of euo-
nomic and social surveys made in Orange
eginning in the spring of 1915, as fol
lows: (1) A Sanitation Survey by the U.
Public Health Service and the State
ealth Board, (2) A Farm Home Survey,
3) A School Survey, (4) A Church and
unday School Sur:eey by the University
in coo|)eration with the Federal Office of
arkets and Rural Organization and, (S )
Farm Practice Survey by the Univer-
ity in cooperation with the Federal Farm
emonstration OtHce.
A bulletin on Orange county: Economic
nd Social will be based on these six sur-
eys. It will be ready for issue as soon
s the last two survey results are avail-
hle.
TRAINED AT THE UNIVER
SITY
! The soil survey of Orange county is in
barge of R. B. Hardison of Anson, A.
class of ’07, on the part of the United
’tates Government, and L. L. Brinkley,
lass of ’07, of Wilson, on the part of the
tate.
In the Federal Soil Survey three of the
ve inspectors for the entire United
tates received their training in labora-
ry and tiekl work, under Professor
oilier Cobb. These are W. E. Hearne,
S., 1900, of Chapel Hill, T. D. Rice,
h. B. 1900, of Florida, H. H. Bennett,
S. 1903, of Wadesboro.
A large proporlion of all the men now
■orking in the Soil Surveys of the Fed-
nil Government are Carolina men.
OCTOR NANGUM IN STANLY
Dr. Charles Staples Mangum of the
niver.iity medical faculty has offered his
rvices to the State Board of Health in
lie anti-typhoid fever campaign in North
"aroliiia and in a few days goes to Albe-
larle to direct the work through the
onth of August.
Doctor Mangum has just closed his
ummer school engagement at the Uni-
ersity, following the year’s work with a
ummer course that kept him busy an
ther six weeks For his vacation he t ai
lanned still harder work. He will go to
Ibemarle to aid Stanly county in stamp-
ng out typhoid through the vaccination
mpaign and the end of this engagement
ill find him at the beginning of another
'liool year.
This is but another phase of the Uni-
ersity Extension work, an activity in
nother direction which is making the
iistitution more and more powerful. It
as taken an active part in the moon-
ight school movement. It is behind the
ost-graduate medical course now being
iven in 12 towns in North Carolina and
s joining hands with the State Boartl of
ealth in fighting disease. . Dr. Ed Gra-
am’s administration is indubitably tuni
ng up things.—Greensboro News.
ORTH CAROLINA LEADS THE
SOUTH IN INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT
Tfhe Federal Census of Industries
hows North Carolina ahead or nearly so
in so many particulars in 1914 that a
'bird’sreye view of the thirteen southern
“tatt's is inspiring.
In manufacturing industries North
^rolina is, all told, the best developed
-?tate in the whole South. If you are in
doubt about it, look at the facts.
N»rtli Carolina leads the South (1) in
■Wie average number of wage earners,
i36,844, (2) in the primary horse-powers
-employed, 508,235, (3) in the total
^ount of wages paid, j;46,038,000, (4)
value added by the processes of manu
facture, i!119,470,000, and, (5) in the per
>!ent of increased value due to manufac
ture, 26 per cent.
The number of manufacturing estab-
iisbments was 5,507. Only Virginia had
®nore and only one more!
■Our capital invested was |253,842,000.
Louisiana, and Texas w'ere each
® Uttte ahead of us in the amount of capi
tal employed.
But the value of our mill and factory
products was $289,412,000, and we were
ahead of Virginia in this particular by
125,000,000, Louisiana by $33,000,000,
Georgia by $36,000,000, Kentucky by
$59,000,000, Tennessee by $77,000,000,
Alabama by $113,000,000, and South Caro
lina by $150,000,000. We were behind
Texas alone,'bigas she is, by only $71,-
000,000. We were too far ahead of the
other Southern states to bother with com-
parisons.
Gains in Every Particular
The total value of our manufactured
products increased $72,551,000 between
1909 and 1914. Here is an increase of
33.6 per cent; in which particular we
outstripped every other Southern state
except Oklahoma which is just beginning
a vigorous industrial development. Her
output is sma'l but her per cent of gain
is large.
The value added in the processes of
manufacture in North Carolina was $119,-
470,000; in which particular we outstrip
ped every other state in the South.
Our five year increase in the number of
industrial establishments was 11.7 per
cent. Virginia, Kentucky, Georgia, and
Mississippi sufi'ered a decrease both in
the number of establishments and of wage
earners. Alabama decreased in the
number of establishments, while South
Carolina and Florida decreased in the
number of wage earners during this five-
year period.
OUR INDUSTRIAL LEADER.
SHIP
North Carolina leads the South in the
number of textile mills, in the amount of
raw cotton consumed, in variety of cot
ton mill products, and in the total value
of cotton goods produced.
Nortii Carolina leads the South in
furniture manufacture and in other tim
ber working industries. And she leads
the whole United States in the manufac
ture of chewing and smoking tobacco.
The leading industries of North Caro
lina are based on her own home-produced
materials—cotton, tobacco, and timber.
She consumes in her own mills all the
cotton she produces from year to year,
and more. Her tobacco factories are
seated in the center uf great tobacco
growing areas. Her furniture factories
use more wo6d than any other state in
the Union,but it comes mainly out of her
own forests, at a cost less tnan the aver
age in ten of tlie great furniture making
states, and $7 per thousand feet less than
the average for the country at larg».
North Carolina leads the South in the
average number of wage earners in her
mills and factories. The number iu 1914
was 136,844. the only uther southern
states having more than a hundred tliou-
sand operatives w'ere Georgia with 104,000
and Virginia with 102,000.
I’rosperity in North CaroMna .does not
consist in the annual production of crude
wealth alone—crops, livestock, livestock
products, minerals, timber, and the like.
No state that is occupied iu producing
raw materials merely or mainly has the
largest chance to accumulate wealth in
large totals.
But North Carolina takes a hundred
and sixty-nine million dollars worth of
cotton, tobacco, and timber, her own
products mainly, and increases their
value by one hundred and nineteen mil
lion dollars in the processes oi manufac
ture in her own mills and factories.
In this particular she outranks every
other Southern state, Texas included, big
as she is. I
ONCE-A.MONTH SERMONS
Dr. Archibald Johnson
Once a month preaching is the next
thing to no preaching at all. The fact
that under the present plan of twelve
Sunday services a year, and no pas
toral work at all, our country churches
have survived, proves that they were
divinely established. No worldly en
terprise could live for six months in
the slip shod and stupid way we man
age our churches.
It is by the foolishness of preaching
that men are to be saved, and multi
plied millions have seen the light
through the once a month service;
but how much we have lost in oppor
tunity and in the joy of service, and
how many other millions we have al
lowed to perish because we slept when
we should have been at vvork, the
Lord alone knows.
Our cliurches in the country are our
plant beds and from them we have
drawn our leaders in all lines of ser
vice. With the meagre and pitiful
means of growth and power these
churches have enjoyed, they have
managed somehow to produce the men
who have moved the world! What a
mighty contribution tliey could have
made to mankind if they had been
half way managed!
UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
LETTER SERIES NO. 86
THE BIENNIAL TEST
Low Salaries
Teachers are the best praised people in
the world, and they are the poorest paid
people in the world. That they are the
poorest paid people who work for the
public has been said so many times that
saying it again has little effect.
That they are the best praised is know'n
by all who have listened to any non-teacher
speaker at educational meetings. Only
the other day at a great educational
meeting a non-teacher speaker declared
with great energy that he hoped to live
to see the day when teachers should be
well-paid for their great work with the
children of the land. This kind of talk
sounds mighty good but it always ends
with the saying of it so far as practical
results are concerned.
Something Worse
Low salaries ars bad enough but there
is something worse and it ought to be
remedied and remedied at once. It ought
to be referred to time and again in the
press and in public speech until the peo- [
pie do the fair and just thing by the
faithful teachers in our school. Nothing
does more to nag, to discourage, and to
humUiate our teachers than the fact that
every other year they are hauled up te-
fore the county superintendent or some
other examining person and re-examined
as teachers, and this too in spite of the fact
that his work with them as superinten
dent has given him moie information as
to fitness than any examination can give.
Profitless Examinations
A study of the records will show that
precious little is accomplished by these
biennial examinations so far as raising
the standard of scholarship is concerned.
The prevailing low salaries do not attract
and will never attract many of the best
educated men and women into the teach
er’s profession, and too often the teach
ers of the year before have to be retained
regardless of how they show up in the
hurried examination.
Humiliating Torture
Why humiliate our teachers by subject
ing them to tiiis biennial examination?
Can’t something be done to place teaching
on a plane with the other professions?
Who stands in the way?
1,364 to 2,652. Miscellaneous factorie,'
increased from 288 to 441.
We have fewer agricultural implement
works, and fewer tobacco factories, but
around twice the the output in both cases.
Also fewer w'oolen and worsted mills but a
larger production. Boot and slioe, tur
pentine and rosin manufacture seem to be
about the only dwindling industries in
the state.
Our cotton goods increased from $47,-
254.000 to $90,744,000; hosiery and other
knit goods from $2,484,000 to $8,892,000;
tobacco factory products from $28,088,000
to $57,861,000; lumber and timber mill
products from $19,489,000 to $39,632,000;
cotton-seed oil mill products from $3,-
749.000 to $15,2(59,000; and our fertilizers
from $3,099,000 to $10,308,000.
The figures of the foregoing items on
North Carolina industries are base on
the 1914 Federal Census, put at our dis
posal by the Census Director, Mr. Sam
L. Rogers.
WONDERFUL EXPANSION
North Carolina shows gains in almost
every particular. In the ten-year pericd
from 1904 to 1914 our bakeries increasi d
from 34 to 66; brick, tile, and potte y
works from 107 to 139; carriage and wag
on factories from 125 to 137; car and
general construction shops, from 11 to
16; cotton nulls from 212 to 293; flour
and grist mills from 234 to 293; hosiery
and knitting mills from 40 to 74; cotton
seed oil mills from 43 to 62;
spring bed factories from 9 to Jou ;
dry and machine shops from 70 to 136,
marble and stone works 22 to 6 ,
fertilizer factories from 27 to 41; and o
lumter and timber establishments from
LESS LAND BETTER
CULTIVATED
Almost every day we run upon the opin
ion that what the South needs most is
smaller farms better cultivated. In this
issue Mr. S. H. DeV'aiilt presents a table
that throws light on this subject.
In trying to puzzle out the causes for
the small per capita country wealth in
farm properties in North Carolin and
other cotton-belt states, we have come to
conclude that w hat we need is not smal
ler farms but larger tariMS—larger farms
better equipped with improved machin
ery, and better stocked with farm ani
mals ; with larger operating capital, and
better organization for producing and
marketing farm products with fair ad
vantage.
Cultivated Acres Per Farm
Worker
A farm worker in North Carolina in
1910 cultivated upon an average only
14,5 acres; but in Kansas, Nebraska,
South and North Dakota the averages
ranged from 109 to 156 acres per farm
worker.
Our farm workers produced crop values
averaging only $236 each, while in the
states named, the crop values produced
r inged from 5783 in Kansas to $1,378 in
North D ik.jta.
We produced large values per acre;
they produced large values per worker.
Their farms are large, they have more
work animals, more livestock of other
kinds, and more improved farm machin
ery per farm. They economize labor (])
by distributing it more equably through
out the year, and (2) by re-enforcing
human power with horse and machine
power.
Our farms are too small iu average
size, and cotton and tobacco crops are
made with simple hand tools for the most
part. These crops yield the largest aver
age values [ler acre, but the labor cost of
production leaves too small a margin of
profit and reduces to a minimum the
chance to save and accumulate farm
wealth.
As a result the per capita country
wealth in farm properties in the Sjuth
ranges from $231 in Alabama to $830 in
Oklahoma; against $2,111 in Kansas and
S3.386 in Iowa.
Averages in the United States
The average number of acres cultivated
per farm w'orker in the United States
ranges from 11.9 acres in South CaroMna
to 156.2 in North Dakota. In North
Carolina our average w'as 14.5 acres afid
rank 45th.
In only three states was the average
smaller than in North Carolina: >n Rhode
Island which has less farm land in
cultivation and fewer farm workers than
Wake or Robeson comityMississippi,
which has 673,000 farm workers on 9,-
000,000 cultivated acres; and South Caro
lina 511,000 farm workers on 6,000,000
improved acres.
With 354,000 farm workers, Iowa cul
tivates three times as much land as Mis
sissippi, and nearly five times as much
land as South Carolina.
In general the smaller the average of
cultivated acres per worker, the smaller
the per capita production of crop values,
and the smaller the per capita accumula
tion of wealth.
Averages in North],;Carolina
The acres cultivated per farm worker
in North Carolina in 1910 ranged from
nine-tenths of an acre in Dare to 36,2
acres in Alleghany. But notice^also that
the per capita countrj wealth in farm
properties ranges from $47 in Dare, thj
lowest in the state, to $560 in Alleghany,
tlie highest in the state. Here also the
the larger the per capita acreage the
greater the per capita wealth retained.
The simple fact is, w'e have too many
farm w'orkers in North Carolina for the
acreage under cultivation; too small an
average of crop wealth produced per farm
w'orker, and too little accumulated coun
try wealthin consequence.
Farm Tenancy ^ Radical Evil
Increasing farm tenancy means a steady
decrease in the average size of larms, aad
a lessening chance to buy and use farm
machinery profitably. Farm tenancy and
small farms may mean larger yields per
acre, but they also mean smaller yields
per worker.
Permanent farm prosperity does not lie
in the direction of smaller farms, smaller
acreage per worker, smaller yields per
worker, along with increasing farm ten
ancy, and deficiency in meat and milk
animals.
In 1910, our farms without sheep num
bered 239,000; without cattle of any
kind, 67,000; without milk cows, 78,000;
and without swine, 55,000.
A Spendthrift System
Tenants are usually crop farmers mere
ly. They give themselves to hand-mide
cash-crops on small farms. They care
little as a rule for livestock. And so we
create enormous crop wealth from year to
year and retain little of it; (1) because
we cultivate too few acres per farm
w^orker, (2) because the labor cost reduces
profits to a minimum, (3) because our
cash-crops are raised on a basis of expen
sive credit, and (4) because our cotton
and tobacco wealth leaves the state to
pay for food and feed crops we neglect to
raise at home under the southern system
of small farms cultivated by tenants.
AVERAGE CULTIVATED ACRES PER FARM WORKER
Based on the 1910 Census Report upon Agriculture and
Occupations
Rank State
1 North Dakota
2 South Dakota
3 Nebraska
4 Kansas
5 Nevada
6 low'a
7 Minnesota
8 Montana
9 Illinois
9 W^ashington
11 Missouri
12 California
13 Oregon
14 Wyoming
15 Colorado
16 Oklahoma
17 Indiana
18 Idaho
19 Ohio
20 Wisconsin
21 New York
21 Michigan
23 Utah
24 Vermont
H. DeVAULT, University of North Carolina.
Acres per Rank State
Worker
156.2
126.7
120
109
85
83.2
70.3
67.7
62.3
62.3
54.2
52.7
52.2
50.7
50.6
50.3
49.3
49
45.9
40
39.5
39.5
36.6
36.5
Pennsylvania
West Virginia
Kentucky
Delaware
Maine
Texas
Maryland
Virginia
New Hampshire
Tennessee
New Jersey
New Mexico
Connecticut
Arkansas
Greorgia
Arizona
Massachusetts
Ijouisiana
Florida
Alabama
North Carolina
Rhode Island
Mississippi
South Carolina
Acres per
Worker
35.9
34.5
31.7
30.6
30.3
29.5
28.9
27.7
26.7
23.4
2€.5
22.1
21.1
17.3
17.3
16
15.8
15.5
14.9
14.6
14.5
14,2
13.4
11.9