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THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
The news in this publica-
n is released for the press on
:eipt. V
NEWS LETTER
Published .^eekly by the
University of North Carolina
tor its Bureau of Extension.
MBER 1, 1920
CHAPEL HELL N. C.
VOL VI, NO. 41
;oriaI Board
. 3. O. Branson, L. B. Wilson, E. W. Knight, D. D. Carroll, J. B. Bixllitt.
BJntered as second-class matter November
14, 1914. at the PostofUcH at Uhapel HlU. N. O , under the act of August 34, 1913
fHE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC WELFARE
SCOPE OF THE WORK
luring the last quarter century or
re the pressing problems of city life
re absorbed the attention of public-
oded men ' and women. Social condi-
ns in the city, standards of living in
igested districts, moral problems
sing out of crowded housing, sanitary
is decimating the population, espe-
ily among infants, industrial disturb-
ces, degeneration of community life,
ploitation of the instinct of play and
creation by commercialized amuse-
snt and even by vice, the problems of
ty government as related to human
slfare,—these and many similar prob-
ms have forced the thinking leaders
' town life to see k remedies and read-
.stments. As a result, there has grown
p a body of movements and technique,
ieking to grapple with the riddles and
ifficulties of urban America. The mani-
)ld and various means adopted, whether
y individuals or organizations, have
)me to be included under the general
jrm of social work.
On the whole, it is city conditions,
ity evils, city movements, city organi-
ations, that have given most concern
nd received most attention. More
ecently, however, especially since the
ountry was brought to sense the entire
roblem of rural life by the epoch-mak-
ig report of the Roosevelt Country
jife Commission, the less conspicious,
lut equallj important problems of coun-
ry life, have been forcing themselves
ipon the attention of public-spirited
itizens. The problems have gradually
lecome defined, remedies are sought
ind proposed, movements and technique
lave arisen, to deal with rural life prob-
ems. The country school, the country
;hurch, the farmer’s organizations,
igricultural extension departments,
'arm and home demonstration agents,
lave done immeasurable service. But
here is still need for the social worker
vho'will guide families and communities
n the country, as he is guiding them in
;he city.
To supply social workers in the cities
here have arisen numerous schools of
iocial work under one name or another
n the North, East, and Middle West,
vhere the largest urban centers are
iituated. These schools have been send-
ngout workers trained to grapple with
social problems in the cities. Now we
ire facing the need for similar workers
,n rural America and in the small towns
and, villages. But the city training is
lot what the country workers need, and
we have neither workers nor training
schools for such rural workers.
Breaking New Ground
The University of North Carolina,
cognizant of the need, and heeding the
call, has established a School of Public
Welfare, whose purpose it is to supply
trained leaders of country life, social
workers trained and adapted for the
tasks in rural communities. It has called
to its aid the experience and resources
of the American Red Cross, upon which
had devolved the duty and privilege of
rising to the War emergency, and which,
through its service for the soldiers and
sailors and their families, in city and in
country, has been able to make some
slight contribution to the technique of
rural social work.
With the cooperation of the Southern
Division of the American Red Cross and
the North Carolina Department of
Charities and Public Welfare, the Uni
versity of North Carolina is therefore
opening the first training school of so
cial work designed especially for the
rural social worker.
Courses Offered
The School of Public Welfare thus or
ganized is therefore offering, beginning
with the academic year 1920-1921, train
ing courses in social woNc as follows;
1. A one-year course of professional
training consisting of two quarter terms
in jesidence and one quarter term in
field work under supervision. This course
is open to graduates of colleges of good
standing, or those presenting equivalent
educational qualifications. In addition
to the specialized field work required
during the one quarter term, students
taking this course will carry on field
work in counties adjacent to the Uni
versity during the tw« terms in resi
dence. A certificate will be issued upon
completion of this course.
2. A two-year course of professional train
ing. The first year of this course is
identical with the one-year course. It
will be followed by another year both
in residence and in the field. Courses
during the second year are designed for
more intensive specialization and re
search, and for more responsible admin
istrative and executive work in the
field. A diploma will be issued .upon
completion of this course.
3. Special courses of one quarter term or
more will be arranged for students desir
ing to do postgraduate or special re
search work, and for Red Cross Secre
taries, by special arrangement with the
Educational Department of the Ameri
can Red Cross.
4. Summer Institutes will be arranged
for special groups such as County Super
intendents of Public Welfare, commu
nity teachers, community welfare sec
retaries, etc.
Credits
Students of the University of North
Carolina will receive credits for approved
courses' in the Training School of Social
Work if registered for the one or two-
year courses. Graduates of the Uni
versity or of other accredited colleges
may receive graduate credits leading to
the degree of M. A. in the graduate
school of the University of North Caro
lina for approved courses taken in the
training school.
Students in the two-year course should
be able to obtain their M. A. degrees
in the graduate school, while at the
same time qualifying for their .di
plomas.
Summer school students will be cred
ited for work in the training school on
the same basis as students taking other
work in the summer school.
Scholarships
1. The North Carolina Federation of
Women’s Clubs at their last annual
meeting generously endorsed the work
of the School of Public Welfare and offer
ed two Scholarships of $200 each to be
awarded to young women of North Ca
rolina. One of these has been awarded
while the other is being considered at
the present time. Applicants should
write to Mrs. Clarence A. Johnson,
Director of phild Welfare, State De
partment of Public Welfare, Raleigh,
N. C.
2. Red Cross Scholarships. The
American Red Cross Has established a
fund to provide, a limited number of
scholarships for especially qualified per
sons who wish to enter Red Cross Ser
vice. While the amount of each scholar
ship may vary to meet different situa
tions, it will usually take the form of a
grant of seventy-five dollars a month
for a period of three to eight months
depending upon the time required for
the course of training. The scholarships
have been provided because o.f the great
need of the Red Cross for trained \Vork-
ers, and are assigned only to those who
will remain in the employ of the Red
Cross for a year following the comple
tion of their training course. Candi
dates for these scholarships should be
persons of good personality and capacity
for leadership, whose- previous studies
and practical experience form a good
foundation for technical preparation for
Red Cross Service. Detailed informa
tion about these scholarships and appli
cation blanks can be secured by address
ing the Educational Director, Southern
Division, American Red Cross, Atlanta,
Ga.
Field "Work
The distinguishing feature of social
work training is the emphasis placed
upon so-called field work. It is essen
tial that the theory studied in the class
room should be made concrete in actual
practical Vexperience and that this ex
perience in turn should be interpreted
and related through class and confer
ence discussion.
With this end in view it has been
planned to devote not less than one
third of the entire time of the course to
practical work under supervision in se
lected communities throughout the state.
The academic year being divided into
three quarters, the first and second will
be spent in residence at the University,
in order to give the student an opportu
nity to prepare for the practical work
which will occupy his entire time during
MEN TO MAKE A STATE
George Washington Doane
The men, to make a state, are
made by self-denial.
The willow dallies with the water,
draws its waves up in continual puls
es of refreshment and delight; and
is a willow, after all. An acorn has
been loosened, some autumnal morn
ing, by a squirrel’s foot. It finds a
nest in some rude cleft of an old
granite rock where there is scarcely
earth to cover it. It knows no shel
ter and it feels no shade. It asks no
favor and gives none. It grapples
with the rock. It crowds up toward
the sun. It is an oak. It will be an
oak for seven times seventy years;
unless you need a man-of-war to
thunder at the foe that shows a flag
upon the shore, where freemen dwell;
and then you take no willow in its
daintiness and gracefulness; but that
old, hardy, storm-stayed and storm-
strengthened oak.
So are the men made who will
make a state.—Masseling’s Ideals of
Heroism and Patriotism.
COUNTRY HOME CONVENIENCES
LETTER SERIES No. 25
Electric Farm Power from Central Stations
IV
COUNTRY POWER LINES
Following up our last three letters
we give below a list of the material re
quired to build a mile of transmission
line suitable for supplying electric ser
vice to country communities. Costs of
the various items are given, based on
August 1st quotations.
The material specified would be con
sidered standard by most central sta
tions. In some cases the costs could be
trimmed down slightly by lighter con
struction but the Division would not
such practice as it is be-
recommend
lieved that it would not pay in the end
the third quarter. Students will be as
signed for the second quarter in groups
to communities desiring the benefit of
such services as they may be able to
render, and their work will be super
vised by members of the school staff.
Opportunities for service will be suffi
ciently varied in character to afford ex
perience in almost every field of social
work. A particular effort will there
fore be made to assign each student to
that task and locality which will be most
closely related to his special interest,
and to the probable character of his
future work.
During the fall and winter terms, in
addition to the academic work in resi
dence, from ten to fifteen hours of work
in field work will be required, so that,
upon entering the third quarter to be
devoted entirely to field work, the stu
dents will have acquired some of the
necessary technique.
These specifications are based on the
assumption of a single phase, 13,000
volt line. As a rule this kind of line
will meet the needs of the average
North Carolina farming community if
the largest motor to be used is not over
10 horsepower.
Poles: 40 Juniper poles 30 feet
long with 6 inch tops.. .... $260.00
Cross-Arms: 48 Standard
j two-pin arms $39.84
I Pole Hardware: 96 Galvanized
I iron insulator pins $24.48
i 99 Galvanized braces—24 inch. $30.40
j 32 Galvanized bolts 5-8 inch by
12 inches '' $7.37
8 Galvanized bolts 5-8 inch by 16
96 Galvanized carriage bolts 3-8
inch by 4 inches $4.81
48 Galvanized lag screws 1-2
inch by 3 inches $3.71
16 Galvanized double arming
bolts 5-8 inch by 16 inches $7.20
Insulators: 96—13,000-volt por
celain insulators $27.00
Pole-Guys; Poles should be guyed
wherever the line changes direction
more than 10 degrees. At all right an
gle turns the line should be guyed both
ways and double arms used. An allow
ance of 8 extra arms is included above.
Estimate for guying including
anchors $55.00
Wire: 10,700 feet no. 6 hard
drawn copper wire $300.00
470 feet no. 6 soft copper tie
wire » $13.20
The total cost of such a line as this
would run from $900 to $1100 per mile
depending upon how much of the work
can be done by the farmers themselves.
This does not include the cost of trans
formers and switching arrangements
which should be estimated on an indi
vidual basis. A 13,000-volt transformer
for small farm needs costs today about
$175. Switching equipment will run
from $50 to $200 or over depending on
what standard of construction is in
sisted on by the central station.—P. H.
inches.
$2.20 D.
THE ONLY HOPE
hope for civilization.
The one hope for civilization, says
Gilbert Murray, of Oxford University,
is a change of heart, and lacking this,
the world order is doomed. “Unless it
abstains utterly from war and the causes
of war, the next war will destroy it.
Unless it can'seek earnestly the spirit
of brotherhood and sobriety at home,
Bolshevism will destroy it.”
“Almost every element necessary to
success has been put into the hands of
those now governing the world except,
as an old Stoic would say, the . things
that we must provide ourselves. We have
been given everything except a certain
necessary greatness of character. Just
at present that seems lacking, at any
rate among the rulers of Europe. It
may be recovered. We have had it in
the past in abundance, and we probably
have the material for it even now. If
for any reason the great democracies
permanently prefer to follow low mo
tives and to be gtjverned by inferior
rhen, it looks as if not the British Em
pire only but the whole world order es
tablished by the end of the war and
summarized roughly by the League of
Nations may pass from history under
the same fatal sentence as the great
empires of the past, that the world
which it ruled hated it and risked all to
destroy it.’’—Current Opinion.
a conspiracy of everybody to get ahead
of everybody else.
Jesus tried to convince his time that
the only way out of this mess must be
acceptance of the world as the domain
of a beneficent Father, and adoption of
the belief that the only economy which
can fit this world permanently is the
economy of brotherly love.
So far as the meager records of Jesus’
teachings inform us, his entire career
as a teacher was devoted to applying
this big idea to petty cases. That is,
they were petty in themselves, but he
made them the means of clarifying the
tremendous principle.
He tried to show all sorts and condi
tions of men what his spirit of life
would mean if it were in control in their
own situations. He tried to show what
that spirit would be in action in the pre
cise situation of the different kinds of
common people with whom he mingled.
It has been only by the most strained
interpretation of the record that Jesus
has been made to lend sanction to de
tached and unearthly types of religion.
By violence to the evidence, many
counterfeit Christianities have provided
themselves with pretexts for ignoring
the actual moral problems of real peo
ple, and for turning religion into some
sort of orgy on the one hand, or
radically different if they saw some
prospect of real industrial peace ahead
of them.
After all, what would organized labor
be doing by such a proposal? It would
be entering into a vast collective bar
gain with the community—a bargain
which safeguards its essential purposes
under a legal sanction. Labor in the
vital incjustries would make a contract
enforceable at law. The difference be
tween it and any other collective con
tract would be 'that it ran for a greater
period; that it gave labor infinitely
greater security against the hazards of
industry, and at the same time offered
to the community at large security
against the thing it most fears.
If these contracts are just in the sense
that they provide for justice under
changing conditions; if in other words
they do not freeze labor in statu quo; if
they give that sense of security without
which the human reason cannot operate,
then it is to the advantage of all that
for an experimental period the agree
ment shall have behind it the full au
thority of law.— The Y. W. C. A. In
dustrial Bureau.
RURAL CONTENTMENT
Many peojole ignorant of rural prob
in to I lems talk and write , as if farming were
vain contemplation of the sins of other ; not a business and as ijf food production
centuries and the joys of other worlds. — j did not involve the expenditure of capi-
Albion W. Small, University of Chicago,
in The American Journal of Sociology. '
tai and labor. The demand of the city
PUBLIC SAFETY
THE ONLY WAY OUT
Jesus tried to make his generation
understand that the only way the world
can ever stop being a world of univer
sal cross purposes and thwartings and
bafflements and defeats and woes will
be to breed out of the would the type
of people who think always first and
last of themselves, and to substitute a
breed of men and women who will actu
ally take God seriously and will be dis
posed toward one another sympathet
ically.
Jesus tried to persuade his neighbors
that life will be an impossible mix so
long as everybody pitches in to make it
Modern society is cooperative. It is
not conceivable that the salaried classes,
the farmers or the merchants will be
satisfied with the prospect of an endless
cycle of demands, strikes, settlements,
recriminations. They will support the
resistance to organized labor unless and
until the program of labor has at least
the promise of stability and peaceful
adjustment within it. The plain fact is
that sooner or later the strike will have
to disappear from all those services on
which the immediate life of the commu
nity depends. No' people living in a
complex, industrial system will tolerate
forever the possibility of great suffer
ing because of a deadlock dispute be
tween managers and employees in an
industry producing immediate necessi
ties. The demand that this threat be
ended will become irresistible. The real
question is, when will it be ended and
how?
Walter Lippman, in The New Repub
lic, suggests that labor should propose
the essentials of a legal process for
safeguarding its interests and forego
the right of striking for a term of years.
Such a proposal, he says, coming from
labor would create a totally new atmos
phere in the industrial world. People
not affiliated with union labor would feel
is for cheap food and that more abund
antly. There are those who talk as if
there could be an unlimited number of
farmers. This may have been true
when the farm was self-sufficient and
produced little or no surplus. But, ob
viously,. today there should be, and, in
the long run, there will tend to be,
enough farmers to produce their pro
portion of what the world will buy at
prices which make production profitable.
Certainly farming must'pay.
There will be farmers enough if the
business of farming is made profitable
and jf rural life is made attractive and
healthful) The farmer, as well as the
industrial worker, is entitled to a living
wage and to a reasonable profit on his
investment. He is entitled also to sat
isfactory educational opportunities for
his children and to the benefits of mod
ern medical science and sanitation.
When these requirements are met there
will be no difficulty in retaining in the
rural districts a sufficient number of
contented and efficient people.
What we need is not back-to-the-land
propaganda, but an acceleration of the
work for the improvement of the coun
tryside which will render the abandon
ment of farms unnecessary and the ex
pansion of farming inevitable. I am
sure that the farmers of the nations
are perfectly willing to do their part in
producing and saving if all other pro
ducers in the nation will set about doing
their part.—David F. Houston, former
ly Secretary of Agriculture.