i:
The news in this publi
cation is released for the
press on receipt.
the university of north CAROLINA
NEWS LETTER
Published Weekly by the
University of North Caro
lina for its Bureau of Ex
tension.
APRIL 13,1921
CELAPUL HiliXi, C
VOL. vn, NO. 21
Editorial Board t B. 0. Branson, L. B. Wilson, B. W. Knight, D. D. Carroll, J. B. Bullitt.
Entered as second-claes matter Kovember 14,1914, at the Postoffice at Chapel Hill, N. C., under the act of August 34,1912.
COLLEGE ATTENDANCE IN N. C.
TOOFEWCOLLEGESTUDENTS
College students are too many in
North Carolina, college facilities con
sidered. We were brought to realize
this fact last fall, upon the showing
made by the responsible authorities of
our thirty-one" institutions of college
rank.
But college students are too few in
North Carolina, college attendance in
other states considered. Elsewhere in
this issue we are publishing a table
ranking the states according to college
attendance in 1917-18.
The United States over, students in
public and private universities, colleges,
and professional schools averaged
thirty-six per ten thousand of popula
tion.
But in North Carolina the average
was only 23, and thirty-two states
made a better showing. Four of these
were southern states—Virginia, Tennes
see, South Carolina, and Texas.
All the southern states were below
the average for the country at large.
In icollege students per 10,000 of popu
lation their rank is as follows in 1917-18;
Virginia
Tennessee 28
South Carolina 26
Texas 24
North Carolina ■ ■ ■ 23
Georgia 22
Mississippi 20
Kentucky
Alabama .18
Louisiana
Oklahoma .17
Arizona
Florida
! 11
Arkansas i • ■ • •
New Mexico
College students in the District of
Columbia are more than seven times
as numerous as in North Carolina
which is not surprising considering the
stimulus and the opportunities at hand.
The next highest ratio is in Iowa,
the best developed farm state in the
Union. And the farmers believe in
college education in Iowa. College stu
dents in that state are more than three
times as many as in North Carolina.
They are nearly three times as many
in Colorado. They are two and a half
times as many in Nebraska and Oregon,
nearly two and a half times as many in
Kansas, California, and Illinois; and
nearly twice as many in IJinnesota,
Ohio, Utah, New York, Maryland, and
New Hampshire.
Massachusetts does not lead in college
attendance, as , is ' popularly supposed.
Poth Iowa andjlolorado stand ahead of
her. New York stood 20th in 1840, and
only 13th in 1918. New Jersey stands
at the foot of the column. ,
College Students in 1840
The rank of the states in college
students per ten thousand of popula
tion in 1840 ik, a thought-provoking
table. Here it is, worked out of the 1850
Census y.plume;
1 District of Columbia 56
? Virginia
3 Rhode Island 29
4 Louisiana 28
5 Connecticut ; 27
6 Kentucky .18
17
7.Maryland
8 New Hampshire 16
9 Missouri..
.13
10 New Jersey 12
10 Pennsylvania 12
10 Mississippi 12
13 Ohio 11
14 Massachusetts 10
15 Georgia 0
16 Vermont .*. .... 8
16 Michigan ^
18 Tennessee 0
18 Illinois 0
20 Maine 5
20 New York 5
20. Indiana °
23 Delaware ”
23 South Carolina o
23 Alabama “
26 North Carolina 2
27 Arkansas 0
27 Florida ' 0
27 Wisconsin 0
27 Iowa 0
It has taken North Carolina more
than three-quarters of a century to
move up from two to twenty-three
college students per ten thousand in
habitants. There were twenty-five
states ahead of us in 1840, and thirty-
two made a better showing in 1918.
Most of the states have made tre
mendous progress in college atten
dance during these eighty years. Others
have lost ground. For ^instance, Vir
ginia dropped from forty-six college
students per ten thousand inhabitants
in 1840 to thirty-three in 1918. Connec
ticut has fallen from twenty-seven to
^twenty-four during the same period,
Rhode Island from twenty-nine to nine
teen, Louisiana from twenty-eight to
eighteen, and New Jersey from twelve
to ten students per ten thousand inhabi
tants.
Aside from Arkansas, Florida, Iowa,
and Wisconsin, which had no college
students in 1840, North Carolina has
ma,de a greater gain in college atten
dance than any other state in the Union.
Our college students are eleven times
more in 1918 than in 1840, general popu
lation considered.
But thirty-two states still make a
better showing, and the applicants for
admission last fall show that the college
facilities of North Carolina need to be
more than doubled vfithin the next five
years.
We have a long way yet to go. We
do not yet believe in college education
as Kansas does. The University of
Kansas has a larger working income
this year than the eleven state colleges
of North Carolina all put together.
We are moving ahead, but we are
not moving toward the top of the
column fast enough.
THE NEW CLUB YEAR BOOK
The State Reconstruction Studies
of the North Carolina Club at the
University, 1919-20, will soon be going
into the mails; and it goes free of
charge to anyone in North - Carolina
who wants it and writes for it. There
is no general mailing list for any bulle
tin issued by the department of Rui;al
Social Science.
Write promptly if you want the Year
Bookl It might well be a senior high
school text book everywhere in North
Carolina.
Table of Contents
The contents of this bulletin are as
follows:
L Foreword, by E. C. Branson; an
account of the State Reconstruction
Commission, by the Winston-Salem
Journal; State Commission study out
lines and bibliographies.
2. T^e North Carolina Club, brief
account by E. C. Branson.
3. Public Education in North Caro
lina, by H. F. Latshaw; study outlines
and bibliographies.
4. Public Health: (1) County Health
Departments, Whole Time Officers, and
Public-Health Nurses, by Blackwell
Markham; (2) Rural Health Work; by
E. C. Branson; (3) County or County-
Group Public Hospitals, by John S.
Terry; (4) Health and Sanitation as Re
quired Subjects in All State-Aided
Schools, by A. R. Anderson; (5) Recre
ation for Rural People, by Cary Lanier
Harrington; and (6) study outlines and
bibliographies.
6. Transportation and Communica-
tioiW (1) State Highway Policies, by S.
0. Worthington; (2) Motor Truck Ser
vice, the Country Parcels Post, and In
ter-urban Electric Railways, by I. M.
Abelkop; (3) Railways, Inland Water
ways, and Port Facilities, by Phillip
Hettleman; (4) Country Telephone Sys
tems, by B. E. Weathers; (6) study
outlines and bibliographies.
6. Home and Farm Ownership: (1)
The Facts and Their Significance, by
W. R. Kirkman; (2) Our Homeless
Multitudes, by E. C. Branson; (3) Rem
edial Measures, by Myron T. Green,
(4) -
veniences, by R. R. Hawfield; (6) study
outlines and bibliographies.
-L.
THE SUREST BASIS
George Washington
Knowledge is in every country the
surest basis of public happiness. In
one in which the measures of gov
ernment receive their impressions so
immediately from the sense of the
community as in ours it is propor-
tionably essential. To the security
^a free constitution it contributes
in various ways: by convincing those
who are intrusted, with the public
administration that every valuable
end of government is best answered
by the enlightened confidence of the
people, and by teaching the people
themselves to know and value their
ovra rights; to discern and provide
against invasions of them; to distin
guish between oppression and the
necessary exercise of lawful author
ity, between burdens proceeding
from a disregard to their' conven
ience and those resulting from the
inevitable exigencies of society; to
discriminate the spirit of fiberty
from that of licentiousness, cherish
ing the first, avoiding the last, and
uniting a speedy but temperate vigi
lance against encroachments with
an inviolable respect to law.
7. Race Rel^nships:(l) The Negro’s
Point of Vidw, by A. W. Staley; (2)
The Southern View, by Brantley Wom-
ble- (3) The Detached View, by L. J.
Phipps; (4) Committee Conclusions, by
G.*D. Crawford; (5) study outlines and
'^'^'''pu^c'welfare in North Carolina:
(1) Child, Welfare, by C. T. Boyd; (2)
Child Delinquency and the Juvenile
Court, by W. H. Bobbitt; Prison
Policies and Reforms, by R. E. Boyd;
(4) Child Labor and Compulsory Educa
tion; Introduction, by T. J Brawley;
(5) Mill Village Problems, by H. G.
Kincaid- (6) Child Labor in North
Carolina, by T. J. Brawley; (7) study
outlines and bibliographies
9. Organized ^
Corporate Organization, by J. V.
Baggett; (2) Cooperative Organization,
by C. I. Taylor; (3) Cooperative Busi
ness and'Credit Unions, by E. C. Bran
son; (4) Civic Organization: Our Towns
and Cities, by W. E. Price; (5) study
outlines and bibliographies.
10. Civic Reform in North Carolina:
(1) An Executive Budget and A State
Auditing Bureau, by M. M. Jernigan;
(2) Administration Consojidation, the
Short Ballot, the Secret Ballot, and Our
State Primary^Laws, by W. D. Harris;
(3) Community Organization, Incorpora
tion, and Local, Self-Rule, by J. T.
Wilson; (4) Unified County Govern
ment, Uniform County Accounting and
Reporting, and State-Wide Auditing of
County Accounts, by , Charles L
Nichols; (5) study outlines and biblio
graphies.
11. The New Day in Carolina, by
E. G- Branson.
THE RIGHTS OF YOUTH
Democracy is dependent upon the ed
ucation of the masses to obtain its lead
ers. Times of unrest and uncertainty
are not the times for the colleges and
universities to relax; rather they are
the times for greater effort and worth
ier endeavor. Now of all times North
Carolina is confronted With problems
that disquiet aqd confuse. The demand
for leadership was never greater. The
need is for general diffusion among the
masses of the spiritual gains of the past
which are yet the possession of so few.
Political fears and strivings must
■yield place to political courage and pa
triotic zeal for public welfare. North
Carolina must make her progress
through education. But if the progress
that is desirable is to be achieved-with
in the years now visible to us there
must be no complicatipn''ef petty issues
to block the way. Such issues are not
only unworthy but they mean a long
struggle in which the real issues, on
which all thoughtful and patriotic people
should concentrate, would be lost to
view.
Enlightened leaders will persevere
with tireless patience and unabating
zeal to bottom the commonwealth upon
intelligence of all
- the virtue and intelligence of all her
Country-Home Comforts and Con-|^tizens. They will seize this optortu-
c^ouiiuy nity to place the future of North Caro
lina upon a foundation secure and un
shakable. Their constant solicitude for
the improvement of the people of the
State will build pillars of support in the
hearts of her citizens. And they can
render their service immortal by conse
crating it to the interests of North Car
olina, by boldly advocating and defend
ing the rights of her youth, by provid
ing more light for the souls of men.—
Edgar W. Knight.
COUNTRY HOME CONVENIENCES
LETTER SERIES No. 48
PUSH-THE-BUTTON FARMS
Business-'and Life: (1)
The fatmers are bound to have elec-
tricity. Itis'the magic'agency that can
solve most of their problems today—do
the work that the vanished farm hand
used to do, banish the drudgery that
used to drive the sons and daughters
away to town, lighten the work of the
women folks so that they will be con
tented to live on the farm, make it
easy for the old folks to stay in the
country, and do away with the small
town, retired-farmer idea.
Time and Money Saved
Farmers are discovering that the
farm hand, who today is asking any
where from ?65 to $126 a month or four
to six dollars a day, is worth, when put
at the end ' of a pump handle to pump
water for stock, just six cents a day,
in competition with an electric motor.
And the motor will work all day, never
stop to rest or eat, never go to sleep
when the boss is not looking and if
necessary can work twenty-four hours
in the day instead of stopping and go
ing to the house when eight hours are
up. Nor will it go off and leave the
farmer in the lurch.
A big husky man then can do six
cents’ worth of work in competition
with a one-eighth horsepower motor
that can pump water for 250 head of
stock. Put him at turning a grindstone
and he is worth ten cents a day. Let
him shelPcom and his labor amounts to
five cents. Or if the job is shoveling
corn into a crib, he earns but five cents
a day and in addition keeps a $500 team
and a $100 wagon standing idle while
he earns it.
The farmer’s wife is learning not
only that it takes but eight or ten
cents to do the family washing on any
standard electric washer, but that for
a few cents more she can get the iron
ing done as well. ,
Suppose that electricity were used on
a farm for nothing but supplying
water. Statistics show that on an aver
age farm of 160 acres a family of six
persons, with ten cattle, six horses,
twenty-five hogs and twenty-five sheep
will use 328 gallons of water daily.
With old-fashioned pump it takes
eighty-two minutes to pump this. This
means approximately 600 hours a year.
Take the wages you pay your farm
hand and figure out how much it is go
ing to cost you to let him do this pump
ing, also the other work he might do in
the same time. In addition, with one
of the admirable water systems that
can be purchased, there can be water
piped to the buildings and lots, a bath
room and hot and cold running water in
the house.
Power by Day
Electricity on the farm and used to
the fullest extent, farmers are finding,
means that it will not only pump the
water but grind the feed, shell the
com, fan the wheat, elevate the grain,
mix concrete, hoist the hay, cut the
roots, saw the" wood, press the eider,
separate the cream, churn the butter,
milk the cows, wash the milk bottles,
run the blower for the forge, and in
some cases even do the heavy work,
such as cutting silage, shredding fodder
and threshing.
For the housewife, electricity means,
in addition to washing, ironing and
running the sewing machine, that it '
will sweep the house with a vacuum
cleaner, turn the ice-cream freezer,
grind and stuff the sausage on butcher
ing day, toast bread for breakfast,
percolate the coffee, cook all meals in
a fireless cooker at a saving of both
food and fuel, warm milk for the baby,
heat the curling iron, warm baby’s bed,
run daughter’s chafing dish, pump up
the auto tires and drive away the heat
and flies' with an electric fan.
Light by Night
I nearly forgot to mention the thing
one thinks of first in having electricity ,
on the farm—furnishing light for both
house and bams. This means doing
away with the bother of lanterns in the
barn, hard to keep clean, likely to be
kicked over by a calf, or to go out when
most needed. — The Country Gentle
man.
forerunner of "^Tnighty tide.
I' once heard a man say, ‘ T think
that a boy goes to college at the peril of
his soul. ’ ’ That is no more true than it
is that every man arises in the morning
from sleep at the peril of his soul. Col
lege life is not beset with more moral
pitfalls than life outside the college;
and, indeed, with its carefully organized
social and religious life, i^ may fairly
be claimed that the advantage in this
respect is on the side of the college
man. It is probable, though it can not
be objectively proved, that if you select
at random one thousand American col
lege undergraduates and compare them
with a thousand young men of equal age,
also selected at random, from those
who are not and never have been in
college, the former group will be found
to be superior in their average level of
physical, intellectual and moral attain
ment and prospe'ct.
Statistics of college attendance and
of college endowments, the judgment of
leading men in commerce and industry,
the expressions of confidence of the
American people in their colleges, and
the degree in which the graduates of
American colleges have led in every
walk of public and private life testify
to what a man gains in going to college,
in his ability to get the best things out
of life, to stand for the best things in
life, to find his place and do his work.
—Selected.
COLLEGE ATTENDANCE IN 1917-18
Students in public and private Universities, Colleges, and Professional Schools,
per 10,000 of population.
Based on Bulletin, 1919, No. 87, Federal Bureau of Education.
Average for the U. S., 36; for North Carolina 23, rank 33rd.
Rural^ Social Science Department, University of North Carolina.
GOING TO COLLEGE
The twenty-two thousand high-school
graduates of 1890 increased to two _hun- j
dred twenty-five thousand in 1918,' and j
with nearly two million students in j
high schools this fall it is clear that the
present rush to the colleges is but the |
Rank State Students per 10,000
Rank State
Students per 10,000
of population
of population
1
District of Columbia
166
24
Washington...
29
2
Iowa'
72
27
Maine
28
3
Colorado
66
27
Nevada
28
4
Massachusetts
66
27
Tennessee
28
6
Nebraska
55
30
South Carolina
26
6
Oregon
54
31
Connecticut...
24
7
Kansas
51
31
Texas
24
8
California
50
33
North Carolina .
23
8
Illinois -
- 50
34
Georgia
22
10
Minnesota ..'
7... 45
36
Mississippi
20
11
Ohio
44
36
Idaho
19
11
Utah
44
36
Rhode Island..
19
13
New York ;...
42
36
Kentucky
...L-- 19
14
Maryland
41
39
Alabama
;... 18
15
New Hampshire.. ..
40
39
Louisiana
18
16
Pennsylvania
'. 38
39
Wyoming
:... 18
17
Missouri
37
42
Arizona
17
17
South Dakota
37
42
Oklahoma
17
19
Michigan
36
44
Florida
16
20-
Indiana
34
45
Delaware
15
21
Virginia
33
46
West Virginia.
12
22
Vermont
32
47
Arkansas
11
23
Wisconsin
31
47
New Mexico...
11
24
Mon,tana '
29
49
New Jers^...
10
24
North Dakota
29-
United States.
36
■ i