I The news in this publi-
i cation is released for the
I
; press on receipt.
SEPTEMBER 30, 1925
i HE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
CHAPEL HILL, N C.
THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS
Published Weekly by the \
University of North Caro
lina for the University Ex
tension Division.
VOL. XI, NO. 46
Etliiortat lioardt E. C. Branson, S. H. Hobbs. Jr., L. K. Wilson, E. W. Knight, D. D. Carroll, J. B. Bullitt, H. W. Odum.
Entered as second-class matter November ll, 1914, at the PostoiRce at Chapel Hill, N. C.. under the act of August 24. 1912
ntND-MADE .^GRICULTUHE |
In the use of farm machinery in the ,
production of agricultural products 1
North Carolina stands almost at thej
foot among the states of the Union, j
and also in the use of electricity on j
farms for lighting purposes and for i
operating labor-saving farm machinery 1
North CaroHna is almcst last in the ,
United Scutes. Only four states have;
more developed electric power than!
our?, but precious little of tiie power is ,
used by the seventy percent of ourpeo-:
pie who live in the open country. 1
More so than almost any other state
in the Union North Carolina’s agricul-1
turol wealth is wrung from the soil' by |
the sweat of human h.ands and human ;
backs. Labor-saving, proht-producmg,
farm machinery is the exception, not:
the rule, on the farms of this state, and ;
the same might also be said with refer-;
ence to home comforis and conveniences
in North Carolina farm homes. Witness
the almost univei^ai absence of running
water, electric light and power, bath
tubs, and sanitary sewage disposal in
our farm homes.
The following facts, as reported by
the United States Department of Agri-,
culture, throw a flood of light on the
vast amount of back-sweating North
Carolina farmers must do in producing
our large annual aggregate total of
crop wealth.
How We Rank
In investment in farm machinery per |
farm only four states rank below us.
In average primary horsepower per
farm only four states rank below North
Carolina. There are several states that
average ten times as much horsepower
per farm as North Carolina. In other
words it takes ten farms in North Caro
lina to exhibit as much power as one
farm in almost any middle-western
state.
In average primary horsepower used
per farm worker only four states rank
below us. In North Carolina the aver
age farm worker is reinforced v^th 1.4
primary horsepower. In North Dakota
the average farm worker is reinforced
with 14.1 horsepower.
In average horsepower hours per farm
per year only two states rank below
North Carolina, namely Alabama and
Mississippi. ^Virginia uses nearly twice
as much power per farm as North
Carolina.
There is a strong correlation between
machinery available and value of crops
produced per |arm worker. Alabama
ranks last in farm machinery and next
to the bottom in cmp wealth per worker.
South Dakota leads in machinery and in
crop wealth per worker.
Back-Sweaters
For the most part North Carolina’s
agricultural wealth is produced by the
sweat of the back. An enormous amount
of human labor is exacted in producing
opr two great hand-made cash crops —
cotton and tobacco. Very little machin
ery can be used in the production of
either of these two crops.
Small Farms
Three-fourths of the land area of
North Carolina is not used for any agri
cultural purpose. Barely more than
one-fifth of our land area is under the
plow.
In cultivated acres per farm North
Carolina ranked next to last in 1919,
and more than likely our cultivated
acres per farm now average less than
in any other state. Our average farm
worker tills fewer acres of land than
the average for any other state in ^he
Union.
The cause, of course, lies in the
crop's we choose to grow, intensive
hand-made crops in the production of
which very little machinery can be used,
accentuated by the presence of over
whelming tenant ratios in the cotton
and tobacco belts.
Some Results
The results are seen in the relatively
low rank North Carolina occupies (1) in
gross agricultural wealth produced per
farm and per farm worker, (2) in the
net wealth produced after production
costs have been deducted, and (S) in
the value of farm, property per farm.
We rank far Im^er in retained wealth
than in produced weallh. Our high rank
in aggregate crop values gets our farm
ers nowiiert^ in particular. The thing
that counts is the net wealth produced
ann/ally per farm worker, and the
accumulated wealth per farm over a
long period of time It is the net wealth
produced and accumulated per farm
worker that determines the standard of
living of our farm people, and not the
gross production for the entire state.
Ours is a machine age. The people
of the earth who by choice or necessity
fail to reinforce human labor with other
forms of power have low standards of
living. Those nations and states whose
individuals reinforce human labor with
a judi lious use of labor-saving profit-
producing machinery are the ones which
enjoy high standards of living. It is •
just as true in agriculture as it is in |
industry, !
TRUE SCHOLARSHIP
What counts in a man or in a
nation is not what the man or the
nation can do, but what he or it
aictuaily does. Scholarship that con
sists in mere learning, but finds no
expression in production, just as
ability to shoot well at clay pigeons,
may be of interest and value to him,
but it ranks no higher unless it finds
expression in achievement. From
the standpoih^. of the nation, and
from the broader standpoint of man
kind, scholarship is of worth chiefly
when it is productive, when the
scholar not merely receives or ac
quires but gives.—Theodore Roose
velt.
MECKLEHBURG SURVEY
A comprehensive survey of Charlotte
and Mecklenburg county will be made
this fall by students at the University
of North Carolina. 0. 0. Kuestor, busi
ness manager of the Chamber of Com
merce, yesterday closed ijegotiations i
for such a book with E. T. Thompson, ;
instructor in the department of rural I
social-economics at the university. j
Mr. Thompson will first endeavor to j
interest members of the Mecklenburg |
county club at the institution in compil-,
ing the data. Studei^'ts in his depart-1
ment will do much of the work in re-1
search. Several of them will be sent |
here to go over the field with the pur
pose of gathering information to be in
corporated in the book. Mr. Kuester
will visit the university early in the fall
to address the county club and describe
what he has in mind about the sur-vey.
Copies to Schools
The Chamber of Commerce will have
3,000 copies printed at a cost of about
$1,000. The book will go to press about
February 1. Copies will be furnished
the schools of the county for use in
their work. Such a survey of Rocking
ham county, Virginia, is used as a text
book in the schools of that county, while
other surveys are used by club women ;
in their courses of study. It will be a ;
valuable publication, Mr. Kuester points |
out, saying that he wants it to be the'j
most comprehensive and best of any
county survey yet made by the uni-1
versity. , ;
There will be about a dozen chapters ‘
in the book, which will be printed orx:
good paper The first chapter will like
ly consider the historical background of |
Mecklenburg county. Its towns will be i
described and natural resources consid-l
ered. Industries and/opportunities will
come in for considerable attention, while
facts about the people will be an im
portant portion of the publication.
Wealth and taxation, schools, farm con
ditions and practices, food and feed
production, evidences of progress, social ^
and civic organizations, city and county '
government, churches and schobls, •
markets and problems and their solu- |
tion will be described with considerable !
detail. j
Thirteen Such Surveys
“Self-acquaintance” is the primary
object of the county survey, according
to Mr. Thompson. Such a book, he saj s,
has in convenient form practically all
the principal facts about the county.
Thirteen such surveys have been made
in North Carolina, seven in Virginia
and seven in South Carolina. The Uni
versity of Tennessee and the University
of Arkansas have taken up the idea.
The students at the University of
North Carolina under the direction of
Dr. E. C. Branson, head of the depart
ment of rural social-economics, and
his assistants have made surveys of
Davidson, Buncombe, Rutherford, Pitt,
Gaston, Rockingham, Forsyth', Ran
dolph, Durham, Wake, Johnston, Samp
son, and Halifax counties.
Oliserver:
Grand Commandery and the Scottish
Rite acting together. The fund, now
amounting to $35,000, is growing at the
annual rate of $10,000 and will receive
regular increments until the grand aim
of building the fund to the point when
there will he in the various institutions
Masonic loan funds equivalent to $20
for each student taking a teacher train
ing course, $10 for each girl student
and $5, for each boy student is reached.
Wi^h 14,000- students under the condi
tions described $35,000 represents a per j
capita of only $2.60. The objective of ! Prevalent and dreaded diseas^
the committee in charge of the loan ; The records show more
is the measure of society’s unselfishness. I FOREST ROADS
Whether he will or no, man cannot exist: More than 1,800 miles of roads and
as a separate and distinct unit. He is | nearly 6,000 miles of trails were con-
subject to the effects and reactions of ^ ^ au -i*-t
i J , -A ;structed within or adjacent to the 147
exchange and these have no existence
apart from social contact. The things I "ational forests during the fiscal year
of collective community life are whole-I June 30, 1924, according to the
some and valuable ohly m the proper-1 annual report made by the Chief of the
tion that the individual units contribute Forest Service to the Secretary of Agri-
of their unselfish desires.
Finally, the matter is this; A pro
gressive community is one of highly de
veloped community spirit, and a highly
developed community spirit is the ratio
of unselfish individual contribution.—
Wilmington Morni.ng Star.
NORTH CAROLINA HOMICIDES
North Carolina contr4butel more than
its quota to the crime wave of the
nation daring the past year, 299 deaths
being designated as homicides in returns
made on death certificates filed with the
Slate Board of Health for 1924. Chicago,
with a record of more than a njurder
per day for the y^r, may have le'd the
country, but thiff slate ranks well up in
the forefront.
Typhoid fever not so long ago was a
large factor in the death rate of the
state. It has been one of the causes of
death against which both state and local
health authorities have waged a major
offensive. Now murjlers and automobile
accidents each levy a greater annual
' toll of numan life than does this once
jyilture. In addition maintenance work
was performed on 7,423 miles of roads
and 32,105 miles of trails.
Including the construction work com
pleted within the last year, the total
mileage .of national forest roads con
structed by June 30 of this year stood
at 8,707 and the total mileage of trails
at 15,856.
The sum of $9,351,142 was expended
on the road and trail work vf the Forest
Service during the last fiscal year, the
report says. This sum was augmented
by funds from cooperative agencies,
such as states, counties, and local or-
i ganizations.
Thirty-one states and Alaska .-hare in
the pro rata distribution of funds made
each year by the Forest Service to those
states and territories containing na-
tioiial forest lands. —Press Service U. S.
Agriculture Department,
funds; therefore, is seen to be a high
one. Many annual additions must be
made before the aim is attained to, but
such is the temper of the Masonic fra
ternity that time is the only factor in
volved in the matter.
The Masons have blazed the way. If
the other friends of our colleges will
put a shoulder to the wheel and do their
part no young man or youn'g woman in
North Carolina will fail to receive ade
quate help through college or training
school when it is needed. Particularly
should alumni arouse themselves to the
need for cooperation. In building up
loan funds the Masons desire that they
shall not only be a direct help to stu
dents themselves but it is the hope that
their activity will bring about more
general public activity along the same
line.
The loan funds are not established to
serve the sons and daughters of Masons.
They are literally pro bono publico.
The Mason does not consider whether
the student applicant’s father or brother
or grandfather has passed the '.Tyier’s
door or not.
than double
the number of negro victims among the
homicides as compared with the whites.
The distribution is 94 white, 201 negro,
and 4 Indian.
The homicides are divided into four
classifications. Of the total, 236 were
killed with firearms, 47 by knives or
other piercing instruments, 6 were babies
killed closely following birth, and 11
were killed by other means. —State
Board of Health.
COOPERATIVE MARKETING
The Department of Rural Education
of the National Education Association
at the recent meeting in Indianapolis,
announced a vigorous new policy look
ing to the preparation of farm childrefi
for intelligent participation in coopera
tive agriculture. The important facts
concerning cooperative marketing which
should be taught in the schools are be
ing selected and put into text-books and
courses of study. They will be taught
as far as possible to all pupils in the
public schools—city and .country alike—
that all may have an intelligent and
sympathetic understaiiding of the co
operative mode of agricultural life, A
com-mittee consi.sting of two groups has
been appointed. 'Group I will assemble
the salient facts about cooperative
marketing. The duty of Group II, con
sisting of educators, will be to write
these textbooks into courses of study.
Ex-Governor F. 0. Lowdeii.-of Oregon,
Illinois, is chairman of this'joint com-
NURSING IN MARYLAND
Organized public health nursing, under
the direction of the state department
of health, is now carried on in 21 of the
23 counties of Maryland, according to a
statement issued by the department.
The total number of nurses engaged in
the county "work is 42. In view of the j mittee, and Macy Campbell, head of the
importance of the work done for moth-1 Department of Rural Education, Iowa
era and children and ihe large proper- ! State Teachers College, Cedar Falls,
tion of the time of the nurse that is j /[owa, is secretary. The work of the
spent in service of that character, the'/committee is going actively forward,
department of health has made appro-' It is proposed to keep at the \ask with
priations in 11 counties to supplement! the same devotion that characterized
The committee in charge i the amount each county was able to I the thirty-ye'ar campaign of the W. C.
of the fund does not have anything to j raise for the purpose. These lappro-| T, U. to secure the teaching of the
do with making loans. i priations are made with the understand^-; effects of alcohol in the schools of
It takes no part in passing on the ] ‘hat as the work develops and its i America, until farm children are being
worthiness or scholastic standing of the ' usefulness is demonstrated the expense i for
applicant. The money is merely placed | gradually be
in the custody of the 28 institutions of | America. ^
North Carolina to be used where the I ==
assumed locally. — ; participation in cooperative agriculture,
i —Rural America. ■
J 2l
-Charlotte
THE MASONIC LOAN FUND
The Masons of North Carolina stand
four-square for education. Not only
have they, in every way possible, spoken
and written and pleaded for it, but they
are providing means through loan funds
to help colle-ie students and teachers
taking training courses where the ser
vice is needed. These funds are now
available to worthy and ambitious stu
dents in each of the 28 institutions in cur
state.
This loan fund is provided by the
Grand Lodge, the Grand Chapter, the
college administration thinks it is most j
needed and will do most good. !
The great aim of the Masonic fra
ternity is to do all in its power to give
a death-blow to ignorance; to induce
every boy and girl, young 'man and
young woman, to receive the highest
degree of education possible, and to
extend friendly loans to every student
going through college in want of finan
cial accommodation. —The Orphan’s
Friend.
COMMUNIIY SPIRIT
Aristotle defines man as a soeial ani
mal. There is no known point in humai^
development in which man was not as
sociated in some loose form of social
organism, from which fact the philoso
pher formulated hip deduction. Reduced
to its elements, this means that man’s
wants, both material and social, can be
supplied wholly only, by interaction,
which is the distinguishing character
istic of the social status. It follows,
therefore, that the social fabric is high
or low in the degree that the social re
lation is weak or strong; and that society
is progressive just in the proportion that
the social relatioff is highly developed
and permanently maintained.
Community spirit is the collective
sense of social relation, and in order
that it may be an effective force in
progress and development, it must be
fact, not theory. As a man is measured
by his personal conduct, so community
Spirit is measured by its cohesiveness;
and the cohesive principle is strong or
weak in just the degree that the social
relation is enlightened and informed.
From apother angle, community spirit
FEDERAL INCOME TAXPAYERS FOR 1923
Percent of Total Pppalation Filing Personal'Returns
In the follow'ing table, based on Statistics of Income, Faieral Treasury De
partment, the states are ranked according to the percent of the total population
filing federal personal income tax returns for the income year 1923. The accom
panying column shows the number of returns filed by each state. A large per
cent of individuals, and corporatioii^i as well, who file returns actually pay no tax.
In California 13.6 percent of the inhabitants filed federal income tax re
turns. In Mississippi only 1.56 percent filed personal returns. For the United
States 6.94 percent of the population filed personal income tax returns.
For North Carolina, 68,191 returns were filed, which represents 2.69 percent
of the population. However, the average net income per return was $3,414.84,
which was practically the average for all the states.
Department of Rural Social-Economics, University of North Carolina.
rRank States
Number
personal
returns
Percent
\)op. filing
returns
Rank States Number
personal
returns
Percent
pop. filing
returns
1
California
..517,109
13.69
25
Indiana
178,831
5.94
2
Nevada
...10,467..
....13.62
26
West Virginia.
89,268.
.. , 5.76
3
New York...
1,221,654..
....11.27
27
Missouri. ...
192,282,
.. 6.68
. 4
Wyoming...
...23,246
10.97
28
Iowa
135,864
.. 6.60
5
Rhode Island
...66,966
. 10.68
29
Minnesota....
134,360.
... 5-38
6
Massachusetts.415,iOO .
.. .10.38
30
Idaho
26,012
5.32 ■
7
Connecticut.
149,820 •
10.15
31
Nebraska
70,646.
... 5.29
8
Illinois . .
. 676,489 .
. 9.96
32
Kansas
86,291.
.. 4.80 '
9
Washington..
..136,057.y
.... 9.14
33
Florida
49,691.
.... 4.74
10
Michigan ..
. 360,072"
.. 8.80
S4
Texas
200,683.
.. 4.06
11
New Jersey.
..293,503 .
8.68
36
Louisiana
67,440
... 3.65
12
Maryland ..
. 127,770 .
.... 8.49
36
South Dakota.
21,928.
.... 3,35
13
Oregon . . -.
., 69,123 .
.. 8.40
37
New Mexico...
12,202
.... 3.28
14
Delaware
19,202..
.... 8.33
38
Oklahoma
70,189..
.... 3.26
16
New Hampshire 36,876..
.. 8.24
30
Virginia
77,451..
.... 3.23
16
Pennsylvania
..740,47$..
8.14
40
Kentucky.. .
79,031.
.... 3.21
17
Ohio
.463,017..
.... 7.67
41
Tennessee..
69,081
... 2.89
18
Colorado. ..
.. 72,366..
... 7.31
42
North Dakota.
18,054.
.... 2.69
19
Wi^-'consin....
.,194,050..
.... 7.08
43
North Carolina
68,195.
... 2.54
20
Muntana....
.. 42,809..
.... 7.00
44
Georgia
71,341.
.... 2.38
2F
Utah
.. 30,242..
... 6.34
45
Alabama
61,045.
.... 2.11
22
Maine
.. 48,435..
.... e.'43
46
ArJcaiJsas
35,788.
.... 1.97
23
Vermont
.. 21,752..
... 6.17
47
South Carolina 28,225,
.... 1.62
24
Arizona
.. 22,899..
.... 6.01
48
Mississippi....
27,861.
.... 1.66