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THE CHOWAN HERALD, EDENTON, NORTH CAROLINA. THURSDAY. OCTOBER 29, 1970
Cap’N And Dot By F. B. Thompson
We find the words aqua
culture, mariculture and fish
fanning used interchangeably
in the reports concerning
“fish fanning” activities. Ag
riculture is a household word,
but even among the biologic
ally sophisticated "aquacul
ture" has an ersatz ring. De
spite the many tools that
have been developed to in
crease food supplies, millions
of the world’s most potenti
ally productive acres are be
ing allowed to lie fallow be
cause efforts to draw obvious
parallels between land hus
bandry and water husbandry
have been piece-meal and be
cause incentives have been
lacking that would exploit
this concept to help close the
protein gap. ,
We could say that the com- ;
mercial fishing is still in a ■
hunting and gathering stage t
and let it go at that. This
is as if the effort to develop ,
aquaculture had to start ,
from scientific scratch. If ,
this was the case, the inputs |
of manpower, money, and the ]
resources required would in- (
deed be ovei whelming. But, ,
as some have pointed out |
much of the groundwork has \
been laid by man’s age old s
experience with agriculture, j
Innovation the secret of
America’s technological great
ness and the source of her
agricultural leadership are
all that is needed.
A great deal, for instance,
is known about the genetics
of beef cattle, wheat and
corn but very little about the
genetics of fish and virtually
nothing about the genetics of
molluscs, crustaceans and
marine algae. Yet, even one
such study could pay enorm
ous dividends.
Also, one might consider
similarities with feed re
search for farm animals
which is a great deal more I
. advanced than for the aquatic
i species. Although soil sci
’ ences is far advanced, there
: has been almost no investi
gation of the interactions be
, tween the bottoms of oceans,
ponds, rivers and lakes and
the waters that overlie them.
Nor has it been widely rec
ognized that just as soils can
be coaxed toward higher
yields by fertilizer, tilling
and pesticides so comparable
practices can snake waters
more productive.
Aquaculture resembles ag
riculture rather than fish
eries in that it does not rely
on a common property re
source but presumes owner
ship or at least rights to such
basis of production as ponds
or portions of, or sites in,
bays or other large bodies of
water. Products of aquacul
ture must compete success
fully with those of fisheries
and of animal husbandry; in
western food economy, aqua- 1
culture products such as
trout, oysters and shrimp
bring good returns because
they fall in the luxury class;
whereas in developing coun
tries various kinds of raised
fish command a high price, |
since animal protein, includ
ing that derived from marine
Post Office Gets Tough
On All Type Chain Letters
A startling 476 per cent up-'
surge in unlawful chain letter
activity has prompted Post
master General Win ton M.
Blount to order a nationwide
crackdown on those who con
duct the scheme through the
mails.
Chain letters are regarded
as nonmailable under the
postal lottery and fraud laws.
catches <s generally scarce.
Although subsidized small
home or village ponds may be
justified in certain undevel
oped areas to help alleviate
malnutrition. Aquaculture,
wherever it is practiced,
should be examined primar
ily as a commercial enter
prise that must compete with
other protein supplies to be
successful.
Among the more important
groups of marine organisms
lending themselves to inten
sive cultivation are some of
the following:
1. The molluscs. In this
group we include the oyster,
clam, the mussel and the
scallop.
2. The second group that
has lent themselves to scien
tific development in intensive
cultivation would be the
crustaceans of which shrimp
would be ,a good example.
Shrimp culture has been
studied intensively in Japan
and in the U. 6. sufficiently
to justify a major effort.
Shrimp mariculture is now
being undertaken in Florida
and in other states with a
coastline on the Gulf of
Mexico.
3. The last group would
They are considered to be
fraudulent because of the un
likelihood the chain will re
main unbroken and the par
ticipant will reap anything
- from his participation. Chief
Postal Inspector William J.
Cotter revealed that the num
ber of such schemes under
: investigation by his depart
ment leaped from 97 in Aug
ust 1969 to 559 by the end of
January 1970.
Cotter said the nationwide
increase in chain letter ac
tivity primarily involves :
cash but, from time to time,
it will also use items such as
i U. S. Savings Bonds and Pos
tal Money Orders.
“When and if anyone actu
ally profits from chain let
ters, he said, “it is only those
who are in on the ground
floor. Later participants rare
ly, if ever, recoup their in
vestments. Endless chains, as
they are sometimes known,
are not really endless. They,
progress with such rapidity
that the number of prospects
is soon exhausted and those
investors who relied on the
chain find themselves to be
losers.
As an example, a letter re
quiring a purchaser to seel or
mail six copies to others with
each of these selling six
more, and so on, would the' ■
retically reach the entire it
erate population of the • irth
if it were followed tv ough
only to the elevyith ’ .vel.”
In many cases; th' promot
er sets himself up o take all
the profit. “Fr example,”
Cotter said, “one of the most
vicious chains recently un
covered was one using the be
reaved families of soldiers
killed in Vietnam as victims.
In this scheme the promoter
posed as a grieving father
himself and attempted to lure
100 families into a chain let
ter swindle where all pro
| ceeds were to be sent back to
him under five aliases at dif
ferent addresses. An addi
tional 1,000 families were
slated to be targets when the
promoter was arrested and
subsequently sentenced to
three years in prison. The
letters he actually mailed
could have netted him more
than $30,000 if he had been
allowed to continue but
prompt action by postal in
spectors prevented any public
lOSS."
The department’s office of
the general counsel stressed
that “bven though some of
the chain letters are transfer
red hand-to-hand and state
‘Do Not Mail,’ the schemes
still violate the postal laws
since the proceeds realized
from such activities usually
are mailed.”
On the other hand, so
called chain letters which
call for nothing more than
recipes, picture post cards
and the like, are ordinarily
considered to be mailable
since the items sent do not
constitute a thing of value
within the meaning of the ap
plicable law. However, pos
tal cards involving “good
,luck” chain prayers contain
ing a threat of bad luck to
those breaking the chain are
illegal under a law that pro
hibits the placement of
threatening matter on the
( outside of mail.
I Cotter cautioned the pub
lic especially to be alert for
numerous chain letters cur
rently being distributed
which claim to have been re
viewed by some legal author
ity and officially approved
, for mailing.
be the finfish and -these may
be cultured in marine or
brackish waters of the world
dating back to ancient times.
In some parts of the world
finfish are reared by methods
generally similar to those de
scribed for shrimp fanning or
“ranching” as in the (Philip
pines. In Japan an eel has
been caught in entrance to
rivers and raised to market
size in ponds in one year on
a diet of low value fish. Also,
many other species of marine
organisms can lend them
selves to aquaculture tech
niques.
With two million acres of
inside waters along the North
Carolina coast and with over
300 miles of ocean we should
be able to bend our talents
to developing an aquaculture
or mariculture program in
North Carolina to the benefit
of the entire fisheries in
dustries.
Although we have used the
teims aquaculture and mari
culture somewhat interchange
ably perhaps for the record
we should clarify and make
some distinctions. The term
aquaculture has been used in
two ways; the cultivation of
any living organism, plant or
animal, in fresh or salt water;
or cultivation of only fresh
water organisms. The term
mariculture is used only to
describe the cultivation of
plants or animals in sea wa
ter, brackish or salt (ma
rine).
Sincerely,
DOC.
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