"Ingredient X"
There's More In A Drug Than Meets The Taste
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(Upjohn Photo I
Packaging rreeze-dried injectable drugs under sterile conditions.
Germans and Mexicans want their medicines flavored with
orange; Norwegians prefer anise.
Choosing the best flavor to mask any unpleasant taste is
only one of the myriad problems the drug development scien
tist must resolve belore a new product reaches the pharmacist's
shelf.
A major concern: That the
drug will be at full potency
when the patient takes it and
that it will work as well as
the maker claims. The lengths
to which drug manufacturers
go to achieve this goal are
spelled out in a new book,
"Ingredient X".
Drug designers rarely achieve
an ideal product. They may,
for example, accept a some
what shorter shelf life in or
der to get a better taste, or
vice vers#, says the author,
Dr. L. C. Schroeter of the Up
john Company. Kalamazoo.
Michigan.
Safety is the one factor
which is never compromised.
Of course, there's no abso
lutely safe drug. Overdosing or
prolonged use without a doc
tor's supervision may have
serious effects.
Schroeter uses the blanket
term "Ingredient X" to de
scribe all of the so-called "in
ert" ingredients flavorings,
preservatives, dyes and the
like.
Each of these components
THE CQMBINE-Farmino's Miracle Machine
GRAND ISLAND, NEB.—
Each year there are more
mouths to feed and fewer
farmers to feed them than the
year before. As .the world pop
ulation continues (oskyrocket,
the larm population is dwin
dling. Research into new foods
moves ahead, but the old
staples of life, wheat, corn and
rice, have to be planted and
harvested on hundreds of
thousands of acres.
As an example, the world's
farmers plant enough wheat
to twice cover the entire land
area of the state of California.
The harvest of such fantastic
crops is a constant challenge
of modern agriculture—a chal
lenge that farmers are answer
ing with a "miracle machine".
That miracle harvesting
machine is the self-propelled
combine. It has taken up the
slack of the harvest time labor
shortage. Without it man
could not harvest enough food
!o feed himself. He depends
on this one invention to har
vest his corn, wheat, barley,
oats, rice, soybeans, grain
sorghum, rye, flax, peas,
clover, alfalfa, timothy, millet,
dry beans, and even his cotton.
A combine, or the use of
one, is a virtual necessity to
the modern grain-crop farmer.
Grain has to be cut and then
separated from the stalk be- |
fore it can be sold. This mil - - j
acle machine combines these j
two processes, hence the
name—combine.
Although relatively costly j
—price tags read from $12,000 '
to $20,000 —giant combines
more than pay for themselves
in increased yield and labor
savings. I n fact, engineers here
at the giant combine plant of
New Holland, the farm ma
chinery division of Sperry
Rand, estimate that one com
bine-harvester gives a farmer
the controlled efficiency of the
labors of 300 men in the grain i
field.
The Toil of Harvest
The combine although revolu
tionary in effect, is the end
product of an evolutionary
struggle between man and the j
toil of the harvest. The first
harvest was taken by hand. 1
And,hand harvesting tied men j
to the land in subsistence agri
culture for thousands of years.
Long before recorded his
tory, primitive farmers, in
what is now Switzerland were
harvesting wheat. They used
stone sickles and a grueling j
four or five hours of labor pro- j
duced but one bushel of grain.
These, and other simple hand
tools were still the order of the
day deep into historic times.
However, the concept of
machine harvesting appeared
much before one would be
lieve. 1 'liny, the Roman his
torian, wrote during the first
century A.D. that the people
of Gaul harvested their grain
with a box mounted on wheels
thathad knives set, like lances,
out front. The box was pushed
into a field by oxen, and the
ears of grain were caught be
tween the knives and sheared
off, to fall into the box.
A low relief sculpture in
stone, depicting this combine
prototype, was recently un
earthed in what is now
Belgium. Using the relief as a
blueprint, engineers at a New
Holland combine plant in
Zedelgem built a replica of the
Gaulish device and operated
it in Belgian grain with sur
prising success. Although a
as well as the drug itself are
checked for safety in extensive
tests with laboratory animals.
Here are some examples of
pharmaceutical know-how cit
ed in the book:
I. Two incompatible drugs
can be combined in the same
tablet if they're separated by
an inert layer.
2. Adding a wetting agent
may improve drug absorption
so much that the dose can be
reduced.
3. Liquid drugs sensitive to
light are protected by dyes
whose colors absorb the wave
lengths of light.
4. Even the bottle cap is
checked for safety.
Schroeter sums up the ex
acting requirements: "The
standards designed into the
product must be maintained.
The dosage form must main
tain its full potency under nor
mal storage conditions for the
period of time indicated by
the expiration dating. The
product must also maintain
the same consumer appeal as
when it was first made."
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THIS EARLY COMBINE was a model popular with western grain growers. Oper
ations called for a team of 15 men and as many as 40 horses or mules. Today's combine
replaces the hand labors of about 300 men using antiquated harvesting methods.
| workable device, this first ma
chine harvester fell into disuse
during the Dark Ages, and the
mechanized harvest had to
wait a thousand years.
In 1834, Cyrus McCormick
patented his most famous of
all harvesting machines, the
reaper. Although primitive
and made mostly of wood, the
McCormick reaper revolu
tionized agriculture by cutting
harvest labor time in half. A
ground wheel supplied the
power to the sickle-type cut
ting apparatus of McCormick's
reaper. A revolving paddle
wheel pushed the cut grain
onto a delivery platform to be
raked to the ground and tied
into bundles, or sheaves.
Double the Harvest
Within the next several
decades, the device was re
fined so that it could bind the
sheaves itself. This tool repre
sented another milestone in
agriculture technology. The
individual farmer could dou
ble, even triple, his harvest
capacity. The work of six men
could now be done by one man
and a team of horses.
But as important as the
reaper was, it is only half of
MODERN COMBINES can be fitted with a variety of attachments for harvesting different crops. This combine a
New Holland model 985, is equipped with a windrow pick-up header for grain crops that were previously cut and
windrowed. Other headers cut crops directly and feed them into the combine.
Graduate To Sun vogue
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Commencement time is here again, a happy occas
ion for many to think about a "little something" gift.
Why not make that little something a pair of prescrip
tion-quality sunglasses? This gift suggestion comes
from American Optical Corporation, maker of Sun
vogues, distinctive sunglasses that absprb potentially
harmful and discomforting ultraviolet and infrared
light rays.
Charges Discrimination in Covington, La.
NEW ORLEANS, La. -
Federal Judge Frederick R.
Hebe has taken under advise
ment the charges of alleged
discrimination against Negro
students in the small town of
Covington, La., just across the
lake from New Orleans. One
of the charges is that the
Confederate flag is displayed
in the principal's office and
used in the lead of all parades.
the combine story. The miss
ing element was threshing.
After it was cut, the grain
still had to be separated from
the straw. For centuries man
shook, beat and walked on
grain to thresh it, but even
tually crude machines were
developed.
Early threshers, known as
ground hogs, were stationary
and operated by horse power
or turned by hand. Later these
were made portable and steam
power was applied. And, even
tually, all-steel threshers,
powered by steam tractors or
gasoline engines, became
familiar sights on the farm at
harvest time.
In the middle of the last
century, it occurred to farmers
to put the thresher on wheels
and join it with the reaper.
With this, the concept of the
combine harvester was born.
40 Mule Teams
Several attempts at combine
harvesting were made in the
midwestern United States, but
California innovators finally
developed the idea. After the
Civil War, giant combine har
vesters were used in the vast
grain fields of the West Coast.
They contend that this flag
is the symbol of Negro slavery
and discrimination. The Ne
groes also claim that Negro
students are kept out of most
activities of the schoo.
Another school in new Or
leans, Nichols high school, has
used the Confederate flag as
their parade emblem and they
clothe their band in Con
federate soldier uniforms. On
These machines weighed as
much as 15 tons and required
40 mules to operate, but they
worked.
During the last half of the
century the combine was re
fined and scaled down to prac
tical size. By the time another
generation took over the coun
try's farms, the combine had
driven the reaper into obso
lescence.
By 1940, with the addition
of self-propulsion and the in
ternal combustion engine, the
machine took the shape of
modern combines that today
are so vital in producing high
grain yields.
The Harvest Brigade Rolls
The impact of the combine on
agriculture was dramatically
confirmed during the war
years. A fleet of combines was
ordered built by the U.S.
government and the famous
Harvest Brigade" was
formed. These combines swept
across 10 states to harvest 25
million bushels of grain in one
season. The brigade saved a
third of a million manhours
and a half of a million gallons
of scarce fuel a year in a unique
contribution to the war effort.
Conference for
Democratic
Candidates Set
BOONE - State YDC Presi
dent Robert Bingham has an
nounced plans for the first
Campaign Conference ever or
ganized for North Carolina's
Democratic Party candidates.
Bingham said the YDC
sponsored event will be held in
Raleigh on Monday, July 13
at the Sir Walter-Sheraton Ho
tel. Working sessions will be
held for State Senate and
House nominees, county chair
men, YDC county presidents
Democratic Women presidents
and Teen Dem presidents.
Seminars will be held
throughout the day on cam
paign management, money-rais
ing programs, publicity and is
sues. Tentative arrangements
call for a dinner to climax the
day-long program with a na
tionally known speaker.
Co-chairmen for the con
ference will be Kenneth R.
Babb, Winston-Salem attorney
and Fifth District YDC presi
dent, and George Mast, an at
torney from Smithfield, it was
revealed.
"This conference reflects
the determination of the State
YDC to move from prestige
politics to power politics,"
Bingham advised.
several occasions Negro boys
have had to carry this flag in
parades.
With this demonstration,
the self-propelled combine
earned its reputation as a
revolution in the harvest field.
The American farmer learned
of the combine first hand as
the "Harvest Brigade" rolled
across the nation. Shortly
after the war, American agri
culture adopted the combine
as a primary tool.
As the farmer recognized
the potential of the machine
in harvesting many different
crops major farm machinery
companies began mass pro
ducing them. With combines
produced in modern plants,
like the New Holland plant
here in the heart of the wheat
belt, grain farmers and custom
operators from around the
world are bringing a harvest
of phenomenal proportions.
Armies of custom operators
| trek across the western United
i States each year taking in the
j grain harvest. For a fee, these
men will guide their giant
j metal machines through farm
i ex's' fields harvesting their
grain crops. Each season, thou
sands of custom combines fol
low the harvest northward
from Mexico into Canada in
the tradition of the wartime
"Harvest Brigade."
Custom Operators Today
Don Bolsted is one such cus
tom operator. Headquartered
in Homestead, Montana,
Bolsted harvests thousands of
acres of grain each year. His
caravan includes three New
Holland combines, several
grain trucks, a service truck
with an inventory of 3,000
parts and two house trailers.
To make certain custom oper-"
ators can keep moving, New
Holland has equipped a giant
parts service van to move
northward with the harvest.
Custom operators, like
Bolsted, and grain producers,
like the men he works for,
have used this one miracle
machine to change the shape
of the harvest. No longer do
sheaves of grain rest'id.vilically
in the autumn field. Instead
majestic combine harvesters
glide through ripened grain.
The combine, because it
dramatically ended the dawn
to dusk toil of the harvest,
has helped push man within
reach of the defeat of famine.
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WIN TOP HONORS Winners
of the top awards in the army
ROTC program at A&T State
University are congratulated
by the unit's commanding of
ficer , Lt. 001. William Graves
Professor of
A&T University
Gets Fellowship
GREENSBORO - Mrs. Eva
Moore, an assistant professor in
home economics education at
A&T State University, has
been awarded a $3,500 doc
toral fellowship to the Univer
sity of North Carolina at
Greensboro.
Mrs. Moore will pursue her
doctorate in home economics
education in the School of
Home Economics at UNC-G
beginning in September.
Dr. Naomi Albanese, dean
of the School of Home Eco
nomics, noted that the doc
toral fellowship awarded to
Mrs. Moore has been made pos
sible through a grant by
General Foods has provided
the doctoral fellowship at
UNC-G.
Mrs. Moore has been a mem
ber of the A & T faculty since
1967. She received her bache
lor of science degree in home
economics from West Virginia
State College, and obtained her
master of science degree from
the University of Illinois,
where she also has served as a re
search assistant. She has taught
at Delaware State College, and
also served as head of the home
economics department there.
In addition, she has taught in
the city schools in Orangeburg,
a c.
She is a member of several
professional organizations, in
cluding the American Home
Economics Assn., North Caro
lina Home Economics Assn.,
American Vocational Assn.
Expo 70 Souvenir
Bank of America Trav
elers Cheques has intro
duced a commemorative
package for its customers
in Japan in the form of
a souvenir Expo 70 certif
icate. The specially - de
signed, four - color docu
ment shown by model
Koko K. Luersen will be
part of the bank's regular
travelers cheques applica
tions and will be available
in Japan through Japan
ese bank sellers of the
cheques during the Ex
position in Osaka, San
Francisco's sister city
PORTABLE TYPEWRITERS
LUGGAGE
WRIST WATCHES
STEREOS
RECORD PLAYERS
DIAMOND RINGS
TELEVISIONS AND
TYPEWRITERS
Sam's Pawn Shop
122 E. Main St. Ph. 683-3373
Durham. N. C.
SATURDAY, MAT * I*7o THE CAMUMA TOtm~
(left). The winners were (left
to right) James D. Cooper, J.
Turner's Dairy Bar & Grill
MAOLA'S ICE CREAM
12 Different Flavors
SUNDAES—BANANA SPLITS—MILK SHAKES
SANDWICHES HOT DOGS
CHEESEBURGERS FISH FILLETS
JOSEPHINE TURNER, Manager
1000 N. ROXBORO ST- DURHAM. N. C.
WANTED AT ONCE
Distributors For
The Carolina Times
In Every City and Town of
North and South Carolina
We Have An Attractive and Profitable Contract
to Offer Persons Who Are Willing To Wort
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
WRITE OR CALL
436 E. Pettigrew St. Phone 682-2913
Durham, North Carolina
GORDON GIN
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tuon. n i » mitmio. iu ¥
loot NtUTHAL SPIRITS OlStllUO fROM SUA 90 PtOOF - MOOTS NT H(t ITi.. lit & l
W Levesiter, Jr., Thomas K.
Brown and MicJuel Hough.
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