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Blacks in the Military
' ,-"--'Vv.-v 6 6
BLACK HISTORY MONTH SPECIAL SECTION, PART II
SAT.. FEBRUARY 20, 1332 THE CAROLINA TlS -17
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' and taken back to the court of Czar Peter the Great!
The' Czar j was so captivated by the young '
: Abraham's mental. skills that he adopted the boy,
: had him baptized and educated at the best schools
in Paris.- V"- rpvyvi ij.tu '
. During his long stay in Paris j war broke out bet-
"w. iaiivc iuu opain. nc; was commissionea, an
widow seized the throne; but the country was in
fact j mled by Prince Menshikov,,The latter wanted
to strengthen his hold upon the throne through a
marriage- of his daughter to the young Crown
Prince. Hannibal was asked to intercede in this mat
ter; his refusal forced Menshikov to send Abraham v
in exile to tomsk, Siberia m order to dilute his m-
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officer in the French army, and remained, so until ' fluence with the Crown Prince
wounaeu. Unon his return to Rns;ia hfo kill in n u'a-u- t
jj . ' ---- '"-- , iitji i ir uctii in i iiiiiriiiip i ii r ii vi urn re
"engineering was noted and he became aii nffirM- in
the Corps of Engineers.' In addition the Czar ap
pointed him mathematics teacher to his son, the
Crown Prince Peter. . ' - ' "
'Upon the death of Peter the Great in 1725, his
later, Hannibal escaped from Siberia and returned
to St. Petersburg, then the capital of Russia. Court
intrigue continued to unsettle. his life for the next
decade. , , ; " ..; .. , .
When Peter , the Great's daughter, Elizabeth,
finally became the rightful ruler in 174!, she
acknowledged his loyalty to Russia and appointed
him Commander in Chief Of the Russiari Army, In
addition, as the leading engineer in the country, he
was assigned to survey the disputed border between
Sweden and Russia. Hannibal was also a member of
the commission to inspect Russian forts and the ma
jor in charge of the garrison at Tomsk the city
where he had been held captive in exile.; f
During his second , marriage he sifed eleven
children. Two sons had military careers; Ivan, the
oldest and a navy commander, was responsible for
the defeat of the Turks at Navaria and Chesma. As
(Continued on Page 18) i
A S :;i-.(,T- -
Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined
That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Hearth.
Cetewayo, nephewof Shaka
and King of the Zulus
CetewayO King of the&ulus (d. 1884)
Nephew of Shaka. anr earlier Zulu king.
Cetewayo continued to fjhaintain the rigidly
disciplined army that his uncle had begun. 'The'
, forces that1 had prompted jjhaka still presented
themselves foCetawayo; i.e.he encroaching Boer
and British settlers upon Zulii land.
Both the Boers and the British attempted to use
the Zulus againsl the other, but Cetewayo wanted
neither on his lands. Because Britain had the more
formally trained o "military ; with sophisticated
weaponry, they .felt secure that, they could eliminate
any foe. f;f
Several demands were forwarded to Cetewayo by
the British British subjects nfust be allowed to set
tte on Zulu lands; Zulu warrors must be allowed to
marry and the draft eliminated. All Were refused by
the Zulu king. This arrogance on the part of the
Europeans was to cause them to suffer some
humiliating defeats and spend $100 million before it
was over. ' vf -
They met in a bloody battle with 12,000 British
trained and armed troops (led by Col. Durnfoldj
pitted against 10,000 Zulus armed with the assegai
a short spear which the Zulu used as a bayonet;,
Chanting their war song,' they charged the
British; wave tipon wave of Zulus determined to
fight until victory or death was achieved. At the end
of the battle, all of the British had been slaughtered
. and (heir weapons and. ammunition confiscated jby
lives in this encountelr. v- ; ' 1 ' :'? v
Three more battles wre won by Cetewayo and
his men. The English desperately sought help from
England, Fifteen thousand well-equipped troops
were dispatched from Great Britain. Among the
reinforcements was Napoleon's . nephew ; who
volunteered for service.'
The forces met at Ulundi iri August, 1879. This
time Cetewayo was forced to retreat when onc-fifth
of his forces was killed.' A few days later. Prince,
Napoleon was mortally wounded when his group
met in an encounter with a Regiment of Zulus.
Cetewayo was captured several days later and im
prisoned for three years. The war was over.
During the king's imprisonment, his country was
torn by inter-tribal conflicts and anarchy ruled. An
appeal to Queen Victoria from Cape Colony and
the Zulus effected his release, but only a small por
tion of his original kingdom was returned to him.
He. died in 1884. ' :
F.urnnp '.'
Blacks have been recorded on the continent since
ancient times. They were called "Ethiops" from the
Greek . "Aithiops" (meaning Ida'rk-skinncd, i.e.
African). Art "objects dating from the 7th century
B.C. indicatetheir presence on the Grecian penin
sula and in European: armies, In addition, writings
Irom the Homeric period frequently mention them;
in fact, Odysseus herald, Eurybatcs, was black.
Many Africans were in the Moorish Army that
invaded Spain in the 8th Century, A.D. According
to G.K. Osci, Ghanaians that were part of this army
led by General Ibn-Zcyed (for whom Gibraltar was
named) were used extensively to, prevent rebellion in
soumcrn spam, ticncral Usuf of Ghana entered
Spain in 1086 ancj defeated King Alfonso VI. His"
army- also defeated the kings or Seville and
Granada. Yakub cl-Mansur invaded the area in
1 194 and acquired almost all of the Peninsula.
In 1578, of the three kings k If led in the fierce bat
tle of'Aleaar, one was an African. '
Thus, tye Moors' (Muslims) existence on the
European continent, and the Spanish-port tigucsc
peninsula in particular, persisted for over 700 years
before they were expcUcd by rorcc. They left behind
a dark legacy, .howcvcK-'for. centuries of constant
reinforcements of manpower from, and trude with
Africa Ahclpcd to swell the rriited population of
those European countries witltwhom the, Africans '
came, fn to contact. ' . ' ' "
In addition, Portugal and Spain, continued to in- v
crease (he strength of their navies. This resulted in '
frequent excursions to Africa a broader cxplora- .
lion of the continent,, and expansion into the New '
World: The Americas. The hiovemcni west, of
course; eventually led to thcNMavc trade with its '
historic, yet un foriunatc, effect upon the world.
... As earlier noted, slavcrv hart Wn in
millcnia with the conqurcd peoples taken as slaves.
Many of these captives enjoyed rather special treat
ment, and often wcrc accorded a status similar to
that of their owners. . , ,. , ; . ,
This format (was continued ih.Europc, for slavery
as an ccomjc;vinst it Ut ion forked well in the
Americas where, att i agrariart, (and supposedly)
classless socictyxlvtcdlnfurppc, royalty made a
mockery of slavery" Xor ihcftt were the slaves (serfs)
in their own homelands:- Blacks, therefore, became
a status symbol for their owners, and they often
escaped the onerous tasks that befell their brothers
in America. ':(
Abraham iiannibal (1692-1782) ' -r
Taken from his parents during a slave raid in
Africa, he became the slave or a Sultan in Constan
:, Here, at age ten, he was seen by tile Russian
Turkey, ; r' based from the Sultan,
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