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_ - Some Aspects of the Farmers' Problems By BERNAKD It KAltUCH . I ' ' , ' (Reprinted from Atlantic Monthly) y . < ;?gg CBraS T--42/ The whole rami world Is Id h f*r uisnt of unrest, end there l? en un paralleled volume and intensity of de tertnlned. if not angry, protest, and an vtttinous ?warming of occupational con ferences. latere*" groupings, political _ movements and propaganda. Such ?? turmoil cannotvbut arrest oar atteh" ilon Indeed, It'.demands our eerefm study and examination. It la not Ufce ly that alx million aloof and raggedly Independent men liave come together and handed fbemaelvea into active anions, societies, farm bureaus, and an forth, for no sumclent causa. Investigation of the subject conclu sively proves that, while there la much overstatement of grievances and mis conception of remedies. the fanners are right In complaining of wrongs long endured, and right In holding that It Is fusible to relieve their Ills with beneflt^o the rest of the community. This being the case pt an industty that contributes, la the raw material form alone, about one-third of the na tional annual wealth production and la the means of livelihood of abont 49 per cent of the population. It la ob vious that the subject la one of grava concern. Not only do the farmers make up one-half of the nation, hot the well-being of the other half de pends upon them. 80 long as we have nations, a wise poUtdai economy wilt elm at a large degree of national self-sufficiency and self-containment Rome fell when the food supply was too far removed from the beUy. Like her, we shall destroy our awn agriculture and extend ear aonrcae of food distantly and precari ously. if ws do not ses to It that our fanners art wall and fairly paid for their aervlcaa. The farm gives the nation men as wall ea food. Ctttee derive their vitality and are forever renewed from the country, hut an Im poverished countryside exports intelli gence and retains uninteljlgence. Only the lower grades of mentality aad character will remain on, or seek, Ike farm, unlesy agriculture is capable of being pursued with cement meat sail I adequate compensation. Hence, to em bitter and impoverish the farmer Is to dry up and contuminate the vital issrtii of the nation. The vvqr shewed convincingly how depend eat the nation Is on the full productivity of the farms. Despite herculean efforts, agricultural produc tion kept only a few weeks or nionihs ahead of consumption, and that only hy Increasing the acreage of certain staple crops at the coat of reducing that of others. We ought not to for get that lesson when we ponder on the farmer's problems. They are truly common problems, and tliere should be no attempt to deal with ;hem as If they were purely selibdi demands of a clear-cut group, antagonistic to the rest of the community. Rather should we consider agriculture Is the light of broad national podgy, just as w? consider oil, coal, steel, dye stufW, and so forth, as sinews of na (tonal strength. Oar growing papain- j lion and a higher standard of living demand Increasing food supplies, and more wool, cotton, bides, and the real. With the disappearance of free ?r cheap fertile land, additional ofreape and increased yields can come only from costly effort. This we need not expect from an Impoverished or un happy rural population. It will not do to take a narrow view j of the rural discontent, or to appraise It from the standpoint of yesterday. This la peculiarly an age of flux and ? hange and new deals. Because a thing always has been so no longer means that It Is righteous, or always shall be so. More, perhaps, than ever before, there Is a widespread feeling that all human relations ran he Im proved by taking thought, and that it is not becoming for the reasoning ani mal to leave hla destiny largely to chance and natural incidence. Prudent and orderly -adjustment of production and distribution In accord ance with consumption Is recognized as wise management In every business bat that of farming. let, I venture lo say, there la no other Industry In which It Is so Important to the pub He?to the city-dweller?that produc tion should be sure, steady, and In ?Teasing, and that distribution sh;*ul<i be in proportion to the need. The nn organized fanners naturally act Mind ly and Impulsively and. In. conse quence, surfeit and dearth, accoiapn nled by disconcerting price-variations, harass the consumer. One yosr pota toes rot Jn the fields because of excess production, and thorn la a scarcity of the things that bare been displaced to make way for the expansion .of the potato acreage; next year the punish ad termers mass their fields on some other crop, and potatoes enter the class of luxuries; and ?o on. Pino end Kxponelvo Pooch. < Mi Olty, GU.?County dork Al beit B. Brown of flutter county lays dnlte to oovtng produced the most toOMj poach In the world. It lo worth PtBO 'Brown's orchard Is only one yonr old and ha was sorprloifi when layering It^tejtod^on^ano^ of the pteoaa en tea pooch. IIMaaTan ?fi at *? mm** m? pmMm. m Now th?t the farmers ore stirring, thinking, wt uniting as never before H eradicate theee Inequalities, they an subjected to Morn economic lec tures, and are met with the accusation that tbey are demanding, and are' the recipients of, special privileges. Let us see what privileges the government has conferred on the farmers. Much has been made of Section 6 of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act. which pur ported to permit them to combine with Immunity, under certain conditions Admitting that, nominally, this ex emption was In the nature of n special privilege.?though I think It was so Is appearance rather than In fact?we And that the cenrta have nullified It by Judicial interpretation. Why should not the farmers be permitted to ac complish hy co-operative methods what other buslnessee are already doing by co-operatloa In the form of Iticorpera tion? If It be proper for men to-form, by fusion of existing corporations er otherwise, a corporation that control* the entire production of a commodity, or a large pan of It. why la it not proper for n group of farmers to unite for the marketing of their common product!, either In one or In several selling agencies! Why should It be right for a hundred thousand corporate shareholders to direct 25 or SO or d# per cAit of an Industry, and wrong for a hundred thousand co-operative farmers to control a no larger propor tion of the wheat crop, or cotton, or any othe> product! The Department of Agriculture Is often spoken ?>f as a special concession to the farmers, hot In Its commercial results, it Is of aa much benefit to the buyers and consumer* of agricultural products as to the producers, or even more. I do not suppose that anyone opposes the benefits that the farmers derive from the educational and re search work of the department, or the help that It gives them In working out improved cultural methods and prac tice*. In developing better yielding va rieties through breeding and selection. In introducing now varieties from re mote parts of the world and adapting them to our climate and economic con dition, and In devising practical meas ures for the elimination or control of dangerous and destructive animal and plant diseases. Insect peats, and the tike. All theos things manifestly tend la stimulate aad enlarge production, and their geaeim! beneddsl effects are obvious. 'a It la complained that, whereas the law restricts Federal Reserve beaks to thrse months' time for commercial paper, the farmer la allowed six months on his notes. This la not a special privilege, but merely such a recognition of business conditions as makes It possible for country banks to do business t with country people The crop farmer has only one turn- ? over a year, while the merchant and manufacturer have many. Incidental ly, I note that the Federal Reserve Board has Just authorised the Fed eral Reserve banks to discount export paper for a period of tlx months, to conform to the nature of the bus) nefls. * The Farm Ixmn banks are pointed to as an Instance of special govern ment favor for farmers Are they n?t rather tbe outcome of laudable efforts to equalize rural and urban condi tions? And about all the government does there Is to help set up an ad dllnlstratlve organization and lend a Uttle credit at tbe start. Eventually tbe farmers will provide ail tbe capl ! Ml and carry all tbe liabilities them | selves. It is trne that Farm*Loan I bonds are tax exempt; but so are bonds pf municipal light and traction plants, and new housing is to be ex empt from taxation. In New Tork, for tea years. Oa the othpr band, the fanner reads 1 of plans for municipal bousing pro} ; ectt that run Into tbe billions, of hun dreds of millions a unity spent on i the merchant marine; be reads thai the railways are being favored with Increased rates and virtual guaranties of earnings by tbe government, with tbe result to him of an 'ncreased toll ea all that he sella and an that he buys. He hears of many manifest* tions of governmental concern for par tleular Industries and Interests Res cuing the railways from Insolvency it undoubtedly for the benefit of the country as a whole, but what can be of more general benefit than encour agemenr of ample production of tbe principal necessaries of life and their even flow from contented producers to satlafied consumers? While It may be conceded thai special governmental aid may be ndc eaapry lb the general Interest, we must all agree that it Is dlffleqlt to see why agriculture and the production and die tribntlon of farm products are not ac corded tbe same opportunities that an provided Mr other businesses; espe cially f. the enjoyment by the farmer of such opportunities would appear M fee even mote contributory to tbe gaw Votes Has Mile Range. London Claiming that be caa still make bis voice beard aeeriy a mile sway Oeorge Sawyers. head porter of ?be London. Brighton and feouth Coast tway. is retiring after it years' ears 0 HPT, jg y v" A -? . from tM failure to oerroct glaring economic inequalities. I am opposed to tbe injection of gofers meat into busiues*. but I do believe that It la an essential function of dftinxthtlc for- | eminent to equal lac opportunity to tor as It la within Ita power to do so, whether by tbo rOpeui of archaic statutes or the enactment of modern uoeo. If the anti-trust laws keep the farmers from endeavoring adentiflrally to Integrate their Induatry while other Industries And a'way to meet modern conditions without violating such stat utes. than tt would soom reasonable to And a way for the farmers to meet them under the same conditions The law should operate equally In fact. Re pairing tha economic structure on one .Which*laTn 'rood neiwr. We hare traveled a long way from the old conception of government ee merely n defensive and policing agency: and regulation, corrective, #r equalis ing legislation, which apparently la of a special nature, la often ef the most general heneAdal consequences. Bran the First Congress passed a tariff act that was avowedly for tbo protection of manufacturers; but n protective tariff alwaya has been defended as | means of promoting tbe general good through a particular approach; and tbe statute hooka aro Allad with acta for tbo benefit of ahlpplng, commerce, and labor. rr Now, wbal It the farmer asking? Without trying to catalogue the re medial measures that bare been sug gested In his behalf, the principal pro posals that bear directly on the Im provement of hit distributing and mars, ketlng relations may be summarised at follows First: storage warehouses- for cot ton. wool, end tobacco, ana elevators for grain, ef sufficient capacity to meet the maximum demand en them at the peak of the marketing period. The farmer thinks that either private capi tal must fnrnlth tbese facilities, or the state must erect and own the eleva tors and warehouses. Second: weighing and grading of agricultural products, and certification thereof, to be done by .Impartial and disinterested public Inspectors (tMs la already accomplished te some extent by the federal licensing of welghars and graders), to eliminate underpay ing, overcharging, and unfair grading, and to facilitate the utilization of the stored products as the basis ef credit Third: a certainty of credit sufficient to enable the marketing of products In an orderly manner. Fourth: the Department of Agricul ture should collect, tabulate, summa rise. and regularly and fiwqaently pub lish and distribute ttMbe farmers, fall information frodl all the markets of the world, so that they shall be at well Informed of their setting position as buyers now are of their buying posi tion. Fifth: freedom to Integrate the Busi ness of agriculture by Meant of con solidated selling agencies, co-ordinat ing and co-operstin; In such way as to put the farmer so an equal footing with the large buyers of his products, and with commercial relations la other Industries , Whan a business requires specialist* t slant, It baa to bay It. So win the farmers; and perhaps the best way Cor them to get it would be to Mill so some of the present machinery of the larg est established agencies deating In farm products. Of codrse. If he wishes, the farmer may go further and engage la flourmllUng and other manufacture# of food prod acts. In my eglnlop. however, he wontd be wtae to atop short of that Public interest may be opposed to all great integrations; bat in Justice, should they, be forbidden to the farmer and permitted to others? The corporate form of association can not new be wholly adapted to hia oh Jects and Conditions. The looser co operative form seems more generally suitable. Therefore, he wishes to be free. If he finds it desirable and feaa !ble. to resort to Co-operation with bis fellowf. and neighbors, without ran nlng afoul of the law. To nrga that the farmers should pave the same lib erty to consolidate and co-ordinate their peculiar economic functions, which other Industries in their fields enjoy, is net, however, to concede that say business integration should have legislative sanction to exercise monop olistic power. The American people are as firmly opposed te Industrial as to political autocracy, whether at tempted by rural or by urban industry. Tor lack of nfttted eitort the farmers it a whole are UtUl t*aricetla| their crops by antiquated methods, or by no methods at aU, but they are surrounded by a business world that has been modernised to the last minute and la tirelestfy striving for efficiency. This efficiency la due in large measure to big business, to united business, *) In ?'tegrated business. The farmers bow seek the benefits of such largeness, no ion and Integration. The American fartier is a modem of the moderns In tha bae of labor saving machinery, and be has mad# vast strides in recent years in scientific tillage and efficient farm management but as a business in contact with .other businesses nglrcutture Is a "one horse shay" in competition with high power automobiles. Tha American farmer U the greatest and moat intractable of mlivldufltyts. While industrial pro ductlon and all phases of the haga com mareial mechanism and tta myriad ac cessories have articulated and co-ordl nated themselves all tha way from aat tnm) raw materials to retail salon, the business o* agriculture has gone on In much tl'i one man fashion of the back woods of the first part <>f the nine laeatb century, when tha farmsr was \ ' V * *. ? ?r of the funny pt|M In the baud, of .leek urban confidence men, who aell Ma acreage la OMKral I'.rk or the Chicago city ball. The leaden of. the fartaen thoroughly understand this and they are Intelligently striving to tntagnte their Industry no that U will he on an equal fnotUtf with other husl n esses As an example of integration, take the steel Industry, In whleh the mpdel la the United States Steel Corporation, with its Iroo mines, its' coal mines, Its lake and rail transportation, tta ocean vessels Ita by-produdt coke ovens It* blast furnaces. Its open hearth and llessemer furnaces, tta rolling mllla, Ita tuba mills and other manufacturing proceasps that are carried to the high ^ -iryluctlon com patlMa aith the large trade It has built up. AH thla la generally conced ed to be to the advantage of the con sumer. Nor does the steel corporation Inconsiderately dump ita products en the market. On the contrary. It ao acta that It la frequently a stabilising luflueuce. ah la often the case with oth er large organisations. It Is master of Its distribution as well as of lu pro duction. If prices are not satisfactory the products are held back or produc tion la reduced or suspended. It la not -.impelled to send a year's work to the market at one time and take whatever It caa get under such circumstances. K has one selling policy and Ita own export department. Neither are the grades and qualities of steel determln ed at the caprice of the buyer, nor does .the latter hotd the scales la this sin gle Integration of the steel corporation Is represented about 40 per cent of the ?steel production of America. The rest la mostly to the hands of a few large companies. la ordinary times tbe steel corporation, by example, stabilizes nil steel prices H thls ls permissible (It Is even desirable, because stable and fair prices are essential to solid and continued prosperity) why would It be wrong for gie termers to utilise central agencies that would have simi lar effects on agricultural products? Something Ukt that to what they are aiming at. some Parmer* flavored hy regional compactness ana contiguity, aueh as the cttrua-fruit-ralsers of California, al ready have found a way lagatly to merge and aell their products Inte grally and In accordance with seasonal and local demand, thus improving th|fr position and rendering the con turner a. reliable service of ensured quality, certain supply, and reasonable and relatively steady prices. They have not found It necessary to resort to any apodal privilege, or to claim any exemption ander the anti-trust legislation of the state or nation. With out removing local control, they bare built up a vary efficient marketing agency. The grain, cotton, and to bacco fanners, and the producers of hides and wool, because of their num bers and the vastness of their regions, and for other reasons, liava found Integration a more difficult task; though there are now some thousands of farmer's co-operative elevators, warehouses, creameries, and other en terprises of one sort and another, with ? turn-over of a billion dollors a year. They arc giving the farmers business experience and training, and, so far as they go, they meet the need of honest weighing and fair grading; but they do not meet the requirements of rationally adjusted marketing la nay largo and fundamental way. The next step, which will be a pat tern for other croups, la now being prepared by the grain-raisers through the establishment of sales media which shall handle grain separately or col lectively, as the Individual farmer may elect It la this step?the plan of the Committee of Seventeen?which has created so much opposition aad_ la thought by some to be In conflict with the anti-trust laws. Though there Is now before congress a measure de signed to dear up doubt on this point, the grain-producers are not relying on any Immunity from anti-trust legisla tion They desire, and they are en titled, to co-ordinate their efforts Just as effectively as the large business In terests of the Country have done. In connection with the selling organisa tions the United States Grain Growers Incorporated Is drafting a scheme of financing Instrumentalities and auxili ary agencies which are Indispensable to the successful utilization of modern j business methods. It la essential that the farmers should proceed gradually with thoaa plana, and aim to avoid the error of scrapping the existing marketing, ma chinery, which hag been so laboriously bulK up by loag experience, before they, have a triad and proved substi tute at supplementary mechanism. They mugt be careful not to become enmeshed la their own reforms and lose the perspective of their place la the national system. They must guard against fanatical devotion to new doc trines, and should seek articulation with the general economic system rather than Its reckless destruction a* it relatso to them. ?> ; Til v To ttki ? tolerant *a<1 sympathetic Hew of the farmer*' itrlvtngs for bet ter thlaga la act to gire a blanket endoraamant to any ipeclBc plan, and (till leaa to apptaod the ragarlea of soma of thalr. teadera and group. If either should *a, on the other band, allow the froth of bitter saltation, false economics, and mistaken radical lam to c?Ureal the facta of the farm era* disaiWnntsge*. and the practicabil ity of eliminating than Jn wall-con elder ed maaauraa. It mar be that the fanueri "IH not ahow the bualnees *ag?t<t; and deealop the wlaa leader ?bip to carry through aonM plana; bni that poaalbUlty doaa not Juatlty the ?jjTC.fa f- ?, <s. , ? 1 tost taction of their np^rd^offort* we bar* ? common Interest with tha farmer In bU attempts to attain a de gree of efficiency la distribution cor responding to hla efficiency In produc tion? Do not the recent fluctuation! la the May wheat, option, apparently unrelated to normal Interaction of ?apply' and demand, offer a timely proof of the need of noato each stshli lalng agency aa the grain growera hare la contemplation? It In contended that. If their pro poned organizations be perfected and operated, the farmers will bare In their hands an Instrument that win he capable of dangerpas abuse. .We are told that It will be possible to pervert U to arbitrary end, oppreeytre price flxlng from Its legitimate use of order ing nnd stabilizing the lew of farm products to the market, to the mutual benefit ef producer aad consumer. 1 hare no apprehensions on (bin point In ths first place, a loose organisa tion. such as any union of farmers must Ihe at bast, cannot be so aiM trarlly and promptly controlled as a great corporation. The one Is a lum bering democracy and the other an agile autocracy. Is the second 'place, with all possible power of org anisation, the farmers cannot succeed to any great extent, or for any considerable length of time, la flxlng prices. The great law of supply and demand works hi various and Surprising ways, to ths undoing of the best laid plans that attempt to foil It In the third place, their pqwgr will avail the farmers nothing If l( be abused. In oar time and country power Is ef value to Its . possessor only se long as It to net ?bused, it to fair to say that I bar# seen so signs to responsible quarters of a. disposition to dictate prices. There seems, op the contrary, to be a commonly beneficial purpose to realise a stability that" will glv-> aa orderly and abundant flow of farm products to the consumer and ensure reasonable, and dependable tpturns to the pre. ftian*r ? ? i a.*'. '" In view of the lupreme importance to the national well-being ef a pros perous and ceatented agrlcnltnral pop ulation. we should be prepared to go a long way la aaalatlng the farmers to gat an equitable share of the wealth they prod ace, through th* Inaugura tion of reforms that will procure e continuous gad Increasing stream of farm products. They are far from get ting a fMr share now. Considering bin capital and the long hours of labor put In by the average farmer end hla family, he la remunerated lees than any other occupational da as, with the possible exception of teachers, reli gious and lay. Thsugh we know that the present general distress ef the farmers is exceptional and la linked with the Inevitable economic readjust ment following the war. It must be ?remembered that, although represent ing one-third of the industrial product and half the'total population of tha nation, the rural communities ordi narily enjoy but a fifth to a quarter,-of the net annual national gain. Notwith standing the tasto of prosperity that the farmers bad during the War. there la today a lower standard of living among the cotton farmers of the South than In any other pursuit In the country. In conclusion, it seems to me that the farmers are chiefly striving for a gen , erally beneficial Integration of fhdr business, of the same kind and charac ter that other business enjoys. If It should be found on examination that the uttatnmeht of this end requires methods different from those which other activities have followed for the tame purpose should we not sympa thetically consider the plea for thv right to co-operate. If only from our own enlightened self Interest, In ob taining an abundant and steady flow of farm nroductuT la examining ths agricultural sit tin Hon with a view ta Its Improvement, we shall he moat helpfnl If we main tain a detached and Judicial viewpoint, remembering that existing wrongs ntag be chiefly an accident of unsymmetrl cal economic growth Instead of a crea tion of malevolent design and conspira cy. We Americans are prone, as Pro fessor David Friday well says In his admirable book, "Profits, Wages and Prices," to seek a "criminal, intent be hind every difficult and undesirable eco nomic situation." .1 can positively as sert from my contact with mm of large affairs, including bankers, that, as a whole, they are endeavoring t<> fulfill as they see them the obligations that go with thotr power. Preoccupied with the grave problems and heavy tasks of their owo Immediate affair*, they have not turned tbelr thoughtful personal attention or their construc tive abilities to th^deOclencles of agrl cultural business organisation. Agrl Siure, It may bg said, suffers frotn lr preoccupation and nerffat nttiier than from any purposeful exploitation by them. They ought now to begin to respond to the farmers- ilfficuitiea. which they must res Use ore their owr.. On the other lisnd, my contacts with the farmers have filled me with respect tor them?tor their sanity, their pa tience, their balance Within the laat year, and particularly St a meeting called by the Ksnsai State Board of AfcHetiltnro and st another called by tke Committee of Seventeen, ( have met many of the leuders of the ne. farm movement, and I testify In all 'sincerity that they are endeavoring t< deal with their problems, not as pro moters of it nnrro* class interest, not at exploiters of the baptoes cmmAier not a* merciless monopolists, bat at benei mem bent on the Improvement of I lie common weal. We *n anl must meet such men and .. a cause half way. Thoit Imsinr.? is -nr-hnalneea?the nation'. I baalneia. . I I . ' * I I Policy Favored Which WM Instil Adequate Supply of Various roresi rTOOUOil. V 1,1 1 1 1 ?'1 \ ' #? A demand la pewlll on the part ofl wood-using Industries and the public! cure supplies of timber and other fori est products, according to Chief borl by the forest service this year, his an] nnat report states, shoved the extent! of the depletion of the nation's for! eats, and have served to focWs atten-1 lldn on the fact that the country Is! short of growing forests and that! something mast be dene at once. The! acute shortage and skyrocketing A aoou a tana ut Young Short-Leaf Pin* Which Rang** From Now Jer sey to Tsxas. prices Of lumber and newsprint early la MM-year also contrtbated to the growth of the movement The forest service Is advocating a program baled on the conviction that the problem is national and not local, and most be bandied as such. Nstlom wide protection from forest fire for all classes of forest land. Colonel Greeley states, la the first and moat esaeotlal step. It Is his belief that the police powers of the states offer the best means of enforcing reason able requirements against forest de struction. Legislation Nssdsd. The expense of fire protection, the forester says, should be borne Jointly by the landowner and (be public. He holds that federal legislation Is need ed to provide for, a comprehensive plan of co-operation with the stales In fire prevention and the development of forestry practice, and the extension of the national forests through pur chases. through the Inclusion of other timber lands now In federal owner ship and through exchange. There are still laige quantities of timber in the United/ States, the re port states, htat they are not In the right place. 11 ore than 90 per cent of what Is left lies west of the Great Plains, far from the balk of the coun try's population, agriculture and manufacture. The country Is taking about 26,000,000,000 feet of wood from forests each year and la growing only 0.000,000,000. Idle Forest Land. "We have need up our forests with out growing new ones," says the re port. "At the bottom of the Whole problem Is Idle forest land. The United States contains 328.000.000 acre* of rtit-over or denuded forest '?attaining no new timber; SliOOO,000 acre* of this amount have been com pletely devastated by forest fires nml methods of catting which destroy or prevent new timber growth "The area of Idle or largely idle land Is being Increased by from 8,000. <100 to 4,000,000 acres annually as the cutting and horning of forests con tinues." These tacts, together with the steadily Increaalng distance be tween the average sawmill and the horns builder, "have had a vital hear ing on the high cost of lumber, which during the year reached a prohibitive figure for mifay uses and checked the building of homes which la so urgent ly needed." GOOD BULLS RAISE AVERAGE improvement From Um of Maritorioua Urn Forcibly Suggested by Tabdlatlen*. According to tabulattma made by the dairy dletaton, tba uaa of 11 pure irotl bulla an purebred cows resulted n an average Improvement In the an i.ml production of the daughters aa umpired with their dam* of-. 80 vmnda of butterfat aaetr. Hit* 'nrcMy - jggaata the Impwremeot that < likely to come In ad ordinary herd 'rem the o?e of merttorloua bulla \ ? - 'f .? * ? jg
The News-Herald (Ahoskie, N.C.)
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Feb. 10, 1922, edition 1
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