North Carolina Newspapers

mi PUBLISHED WEEKLY. . A FAMILY PAPER DEVOTED TO POLITICS, LITERATURE, AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURES, MINING, AND NEWS. ! PRICE $2 PER YEAR In Advance. j Rl'Fl'S M. HEBRON, Publisher. ROBERT P. WARING, Editor. CJje fluffs Distinct as tjjr Mlnw, but one as tht fen." VOL. 2. CHARLOTTE, N. C, FRIDAY MORNING, MARCH 3, 1854. NO. 32. 98ainrsa Curbs, &r. B. f. Y ASSISTS, .Itioriu if at t.utr. O'Jikc in the rear of the Democrat Printing office. CITARLOTTK, W. C. JUXk'IX, rUJJJAM & CO., Importers and Wholesale Dealers in FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC STAI'I.F. AND FANCY NO. 131 MKKTINO STRKKT, sept 23, '53 ly CIIA KLESTON, S. C. H. H. WSSiMAMS k (DO,, Manufacturer and Dealers in PANAMA, LEGHORN, FUR, SILK & WOOL HATS, Ol'POSITE Ol AHLKSToN HOTEL, sept 23, Y3 1 y CI I A B LESTON ,S. C. M. A. UuUE.f. I LEOPOLD COHK. & COHN, lKI.F.I!S IN N. A. COHEN M 1'iiHTKIts AND FOREIGN (10-ly.) AND DOMESTIC DRV GOODS, WO. 175 EAST BAY, CHARLESTON, S. C. i ti ki it & ni R.iini:. AND C O M MISSIO N M ERCHANTS, NORTH ATLANTIC' WHABP, CHARLESTON, S. C. $y 0BMHHMfa for selling Cotton Fifty cents per Bale. Sept 23, 1653. 10-ly. RAMSEY'S PIANO STORE. MUSIC AND MUSIC A I. INSTRUMENTS. N UNNS ft CO.'S Patent Diagonal Grand PIANOS ; Ballet Davis t Co.'s Patent Suspension Bridge PIANOS ; thickerinsis, T ravers' and otlicr best Quakers' Pianos, at th Factory Prices. Columbia, S. C, Sept. 23, 185.' 10-ly It II I. T A. ROBStN, FACTORS & COMMISSION MERGHANTS, IVoa. 1 mi' 2 AUitMlic Wkmf CHARLESTON, S. C. Tr Liberal advances ma'ic on Consignment. Peruvian Guano, Farmers' Piaster and Kettle well's Mixture always on hand. June 24 0 J iS U J -I A -I J.l ATTORNEY AT LAW, "At "ILL practice in MccklwAwg and ti e adjoining counties and prosernte Bounty Land and Pension (Maims. Office in Johnston's brick bail. ling, between K. rr's Hotel and the Tost Office, up stairs. M a rc h 18, 1851. :t.-, ly CAROLINA INN, BY JENNINGS B. KERR. Charlotte, Jf. C January 28, 1-5:. 28tf s t m f no. 26, AM KniC AH HOTEL, CHARLOTTE. N. C. jii. A. VU veie:a lax, (Uesidence, on Main Street, 3 doors south of Sadler's Hotel,) CHARLOTTE N. C. C7- Dresses cut and made by the celebrated A. B.C. method, and warranted to fit. Orders solicited and pro wptly attended to. Sept. 1 -l y. BAILIE St LAMBERT, 919 KINO STREET, CHARLESTON, S. C, 1.M POR T KKS c DEALERS in Royal Velvet, Tapes try, PlBianll. Three ply, Ingrain and Venetian C AEPKT1NGS ; India, Rash urfSpaaiah MATTINGS, Ku2--, Door Mat-, Ncc. Iw. Ol I. ("LOTUS, ot all widths, cut for rooms or enti ies. 1UIS1I LIM'.XS, SHIRTINGS, DAMASKS, Diapers, Uu Lawns, Towels, Rapkias, Doylias, cc. Ar extensive assortment of Window CURTAINS, CORNICES. cc, Ac l-y- Merchants w ill do w ell to examine our stock before purchasing elsewhere. Sent. r, 10-ly The American Hotel, CHARLOTTE, N. C. 1BEG to announce to my trit nds, the public, tnd pres ent p;il rons of the above Hotel, that 1 h:i c Icasi d the same lor a tem of years from the 1st of January Best. After which time, the entire property will be IhotOWgh Iv repaired and renovated, and the house kept in first class style. This Hotel is near the Depot ! nd pleasant ly situated, rendering it a desiiaitlc hilWI C fit travellers and families. Dec 1G, 185.. 221 C. M. RAY. CHARLOTTE CARRIAGE MANUFACTORY. .Vo- 53. opposite the Jait. IMIF. subscriber henhy informs bis friends and the public, that he manufactures out of the best mate liaU, and by the best ot workmen, every kind of CARRIAGES & BUGGIES. And he furthermore warrant every article made by ham, to be just what he represents it. H: devotes all his time, talents and means to his trade and Hatters hmibtlt that he can give general satisfaction to all who may call on him. J. TROTTER. November 4. I ;53. 16-if. Jl AKCII 2 SUA UP, AUCTIONEERS axu COMMISSION MERCHANTS, COLVMBIA, S. C, AT "ILL attend to the sale of all kinds of Merchandise, Produce, Ate. Also, Keal and Personal Property. Or purchase and sell Slaves, fee., on Commission. Sai.ks Kwm No. '"2) Kichardson stieet, and imme diately opposite the United States Hotel. Feb 3, ISol thos. h. march, j. m. e. siiart. Livery and BY fe. T the stand formerly" Bales Stable, II. it IK A , occupied bv R. Morrison, in .A I IntMtte. Horses fed, hired and sold M ac friends coiiimod;ill.ns for Drovers. Tiie custom of hi and the public generally solicited. February 17, ISM. 30-y M.trriacre Licenses for sale at this office. Rough Notes on tlic Andes. Tarma, a small town in Peru by Alplia and Beta,Cr-ntauri in latitude 11 25v south, is situated in a rich, well cultivated, narrow valley, between the Andes range of mountains on the east and the lofty Cordillera chain on the west. On the 9th July, 1831, the writer turned south east, accompanied by Henry C. Richards, a native of Virginia, in the United States, and Jose Casas, of Spanish descent, native of Peru. A volunteer mestizo nrriero. with his little son, drove a train j of mules which carried the baggage. Our path wus shaded by willow trees and the way obstructed I with, droves of lamas, loaded with rock sail from : mines in the neighborhood. The leaves of the j trr.es seemed calling for water, while the tempera j lure of the air at mid-day in the shade was 68 i Fahrenheit. Peach and apple tree leaves doubled up, showing both their edges to the sun; the fruit is small, oblong, and unthrifty looking. The ravine through which we ascend is thickly popu lated with Quichua Indians. Their houses are built of stone and wood and thatcbed with coarse mountain grass. The natives are busily em ployed gathering the harvest of maize, which is small-grained, and of four colors, red, white, yel iow, and blue. It is of excellent quality, gone rally used as food, roasted or parched. Potatoes, of which there are numerous varieties, are all now gathered. They grow in perfection, though much smaller than their descendants in the United States. The little estates (chacras) are owned by descend ants of Spaniards, Indians, or Mestizos the latter a cross between the two former. In almost nil cases the cultivation of the soil is performed by the aborigines, at wages from ten to twenty cents a day. As we rise above the foliage the mountain tops begin to loo'x wild and barren, with rocks and red clay. Below we have a beautiful view of the town o Tarma, amidst its green trees and pasture fields. My mule Rose pants for breath; she is so fat and plump that the climbing troubles her. On the mountain side is seated a fine-looking Indian, blowing a semi circular shaped trumpet, made ol a number of cows' horns slipped one into the other, with the joints sealed. Ho does not seem to be so particular about the tune as he docs to the distance ho mav be heard, and he makes the valley ring. Jose thinks he is trying to blow up a wedding w ith a fair one among the flowers below. The Indians celebrate harvest time with merry-making. Their meals are cooked in the fields, where their kitchen utensils are carried. They have music and dancing in the barley stubhle. It is amusing in see these happy people enjoying themselves in the open air us are pass the reapers seated near 1 he road in a barley-field at dinner upon the ground, in rows one behind the oilier, louuliing nud talking among j themselves. When we meet thorn they are ver) j civil, modest, and unassuming in manners. The j men carry enormous loads of barley or wheat on their backs, while the women drive the loaded ass ! and sling the children over their own shoulders. Their horses, muls, sheep, horned cattle, pigs, and dogs are all admitted together with the family into the harvest field. While the father reaps and mother gathers, the boys fend the flocks, and the elder girls take care of the bnhies and the cooking, at the sum.'; time they spin woollen yarn by hand for stockings. One of them offered a cair for sale at twenty-five cents, which were nearly long enough for trousers. They are always employed go to bid early and rise before the sun, as their Incas taught them to do. At the top of the mountain not a house or tree was to be seen and no sign of cultivation. On tufts of coarse mountain grass a flock of sheep were grazing, some of them Merinos and of good size. Their woo! is sent to Lima, where it is sold to he exported around Cape Horn to the manufac turers in t he north. To the cast is a snow-peaked mountain, and as tiie moon rises, as if from the Atlantic ocean, we are followed by a cold north wind. The sky is clear, and of a deep b'.ue. On our left we see the remains of an ancient Peruvian road, used in the times of the Incas. It is said that good roads arc murks of civilization ; could my mule Rose give her opinion, she would certainly decide in favor of the I oca road in n reference to those found in , Peru at the present time. These remains show a width of thirty ieet of rock pavement, with well placed curbstone, on each side. Where the road lias considerable inclination rows of stone are placed across, higher than the general level ol the pavement, so that it appears like a stair-way on the side of a hill. That it was not a coach road is no argument aruinst it. It was made before the f O O horse, the ass, or the cosv were introduced into South America from Europe. It was constructed lor the Indian and his lama, who is the surest of the rare-footed, and therefore the improvement speaks well for the civilization of those times, of which we have but a traditionary record. Passing over a plain on the mountain top, there was a cistern by the side of our path where water is caught during the rainy season to supply the thirst v, in the dry. The rainy season commences here about the middle of September, sometimes later, and lasts six months; the remainder of the year is dry. ATight had overtaken us where not a living thing was to be stn, except a black eagle returning to its roosting place under overhanging rocks. 04j the west side of a lofty peak our little tent was j pitched ; the baggage piled up and covered at the door ; the mules let free for the night to teed upon I he mountain prass around us. A fire was kindled and water Irom a small spring heated ; tea was made. Jose produced bread and heese from his saddle wallets, placed upon a clean cloth over a trunk. Looking into the tent, he says, very slowly, "Seuor, la hora decena" sir, it is the hour of supper. Both men and beasts seem tired. We h ive ascended all day. The first day's travel is always the most harassing. Our Arriero Fran cisco, a mestizo, is a small slim built man, with respectful manners ; he and his little son Ignacio keep watch by turns over the mules. The little boy is out while Ins father gets supper. The night was cltar and cold, the moon shining brightly. The world is not so silent in ihe middle of the ocean. I do not thiuk I heard anything. I almost listened to hear the globe turn upon its axis. Long alter the people were asleep little Ignacio was sinking to liimsell, wrapped up in his home-spun poncho, as he followed the mules. At daylight in the morning we found heavy frost and ice about us, with thermometer it 24J and wet bulb 30. The mul-.s wtcc loaded, breakfast, over, observations made, and we off soon after" sunrise. This is the way to travel at an elevation where we find no inhabitants. The mountains become more rounding, and are covered with a fine sort of grass. Shepherd- esses are following thousands of sheep and lambs, The girls spin wool and chat togehter, while the dogs follow lazily after. If we pass close to the flock and the sheep run back, these dogs make a furious attack upon us, keeping between us and their flock. The temperature of a spring of ex cellent water, near the path, was 48. To the southeast snow peaks stand up in full view. The day is warm and pleasant. Here comes a cheerful nartv of ladies and gentlemen on horseback. As i we pass each other the gentlemen take off their hats, and the ladies look prettily under their white straw ones. Their figures show to advantage in ridiDg dresses, and they manage and sit their horses well. The cool mountain air gives them a fresh color which contrasts well with gazelle eyed beauty and long black hair. I thought their dresses rather short, but a sight of the foot of one of them, small as it was, reminds one there is proof positive against the propriety of a man's travelling through this world, alone. Now we meet the market Indian driving asses, loaded with potatoes, corn, and saddles of mutton, to Tarma. 1 wanted some mutton for the party, but Jose was positively refused by an old woman, who got out of his way by twisting the tail of her donkey, who was disposed to come to a stand and be relieved of his load. I was told Indians scarcely sell except after they arrive in the Plaza. 1 can account for it by the woman's wanting an excuse lo go to town, for Jose offered her more than the market price. At the end of a thickly-populaled valley, which stretches off to the southeast, we halted at an In dian hut, for dinner. The wife was at home with her children fine, healthy looking little ones. Boiled mutton, potatoes, and eggs, with good wheat bread, were placed upon the ground at the door. The children and dogs formed an outside circle around us. After dinner the woman gave me an orange, which she said came from the woods, pointing to the Andes to the east of us. Some of these Indians cross the range of mountains and garden on the eastern slopes for the market, on these table lands Puna, as the Spaniards call the elevated flats. The husband was threshing barley with his neighbors. The grain is separated from the straw by the tramping of oxen and horses. Over the surface of tins level valley there are numbers of such threshing partips. The grain is cleaned from the chaff by being poured from the top of a man's head or. a windy day ; many of them suf fer with inflamed eyes, and even lose then: some times hy a shift of wind which blows the barley beards into the eyes. Black cattle are numerous here, and at the foot of the mountains ; so are white churches, which stand in the midst of a thick population of In- dians. "We meet a number of tax-gatherers go J ing among the threshers, with silver-headed canes, j receiving a measure of grain instead of contribu i lion money. They are old Indians, very well j dressed; with standing collars and broad-brimmed hats, and a respectable Quaker-like air about them, j It is an ac'.ive lime with the priests also, who go : abroad among the farmers, for tithes. The valley is all activity, and merry are the ! people, w omen are visiting about Irom place to j place astride of plump little jackasses. This is I a plentiful season. When the crops fail on these table lands the suffering among the Indians is very great. Seed time is in September, just before the rains com mence. If there are hard frosts in February the chances are that famine follows. Crossing a small ridge on the east, we come in full view of the great valley of the Juaja, stretching away south. The snowy peaks are represented in a sketch from our camp near the town. Jose's wife and children came to the tent and brought us supper and lucerne for our mules. One of the sons, a fine looking boy of eighteen, volun teered to go with me. Jose desired I should let him go, and I had no objection ; but when his mother came to ask me, if I was not satisfied to take her husband without taking her son and only protector, also, I referred Jose and his son to her. She settled the case in her own way, and gave me her blessing. Juaja has a population of about twenty-five hundred inhabitants. I say about because there is no such thing as a census known at this eleva tion. The houses are built one-story, of adobe walls, or of unburnt bricks, and tile roofs; the streets are well paved, and run at right angles with each other. A pretty little whitewashed chinch stands upon the plaza, where the women sell their marketing and say their prayers. The Indians come to market and church at the same time. Sunday morning is the great market day. A drove of small horses arc most miserable look ing rats. The horse of Ihe lowlands and coasts are much their superiors. Men live to a good old age in this climate ; seventy, eight', and ninety years arc common; some have arrived at one hundred and twenty and one hundred and thirty. I am under the impres sion that the Indians live longest. Mestizo and Spanish Creole girls have been known to bear children at eight and nine years of age. The Spanish Creole population is small. They are generally shop-keepers, the only dealers in foreign goods, winch are retailed to the Indians at j enormous profits. They travel to Lima and pur- j chase goods, whirh are used as an inducement for the Indians to work silver mines, existing three leagues to the eas! of Juaja, in the Andes range, j but which at present are little worked. The In diana prefer blue in their dresses to any other i color, and consume considerable quantities of in- diy;o. The demand for wax in ihe churches is of some account, Eggs and wool are the principal exports lo Lima, and are carried over the Cordil leras on the backs of jackasses. Travellers do not know why they meet so many bad eggs at breakfost in Lima. It is customary to pass them round the country as current money, or coins, for some time before they are sent to the coast to be eaten. Mrs. Jose says three eggs will buy her a glass of brandy, or sixpence worth of anything in market. The carrying trade is superintended by the Indians. The Mestizos are shoemakers, blacksmiths, and saddlers ; they seem fond of music and danc- ing, and assume the pride of a superior, and lord ! l over the honest Indian. j Our road lies through a rich valley, often four j miles wide, and level as a floor. The mountains J on both sides are dry and unproductive, except in j the ravines. The half yearly displacement of i earth is very great. During the rainy season the mountain toirents come down from the summit loaded with soil. The decrease in the size of the mountains from fhe time of their creation to the present day, and the filling up of this basin, natu rally leads one to wonder, whether the present valley was not once a lake. The Junja river, which takes its rise in Lake Chincaycocha, to the north of J arma, flows sluggishly and serpen'.-hke j through the whole length ol the valley, and creep- ing through the Andes suddenly rushes off at a rapid rate, as though sensible of its long journey, by the Ucayali and Amazon to the Atlantic ocean. These waters descend over 11,000 feet before they mingle with the briny deep. The bed of the river is half a mile wide, and in the wet season is probably fifteen feet deep. There is very little water in it now. The banks break down perpen dicularly. The growth of small trees and flow ers gives a fresh appearance lo the valley, but the sun is very warm as we pace along the dusty road. 7'he apple trees are about the size of raspberry bushes. There are few varieties of birds in the valley ; some pigeons and doves keep the table prelty well supplied. Little Ignacio takes great interest in the sport, and his sharp eyes are constantly on the look-out for a shot. By the river snipe, are found, and among the flowers the humming bird is seen and heard. The road crosses a number of dry beds of streams of considerable size in the rainy season. There is only water enough at present for the wash-women, whose soap-suds spoil the water for our beasts. We pass through the village of San Lorenzo and the small town of Concepcion. A death-like silence pervades these places. The people are in the fields, except some Creoles seated among the flowers in their neat little court yards. The streets are narrow and the houses small. All the towns of the "Puna" are built much after the same fashion and of the same ma terial ; the only difference in their outward ap pearance being produced by the cultivation of foliage and flowers, where ihe climate and soil permit. When this is not the case, the town pre sents a stupid, uninteresting aspect. Children, dogs and pigs, eanhen pots, and beds of straw surround a smoking fire on the ground-floor of a one-roomed house ; the smoke escapes through the doorway, the only opening for light or a change of air. During storms or at night the door is closed ; one peep inside satisfies the North American he can find no rest there. But here in the valley the cooking is done under the trees, and the inmates of the house wander out in the shade. We have often noticed expressions of friendship between the children and dogs; the latter show, ing his pleasure by wagging his tail, while the smiling child pulls his ears. The pig is the most restless creature at this height; while by himself he is seen tossing up the bottom of the valley. When he sees the child and dog together, he gives a cork-screw motion to his tail, jumps and swings his hams about, with an inviting grunt to play. Before long he is laying on his side, with the child on top of him, while the dog is pawing and snap ping at that laughable twist of the tail. The af fection the different species of animals have for one another in these associations, is remarkable. The dog in any other place will sometimes kill and eat the sheep ; here he protects it by night and by day. The pig forms an attachment to the jackass, who leaves it at this season of the year, lor the female of his own kind. The ram becomes intimate with a horse or a bull, and it is with dif ficulty they can be separated. The lamb follows tho Indian girl in direct disobedience and neglect of its mother's call. Domestic cats are few ; they cannot live on high elevations. There is no part of Peru which is more densely populated than the valley of Juaja. There, close under the mountains on the east side, stands the town of Ocopa, with its conven's and schools. From that place missionaries have branched off in different directions to the forests in the east, at greast risk of life and loss of all its comforts, lo j leach the savage red man how to change his man- j uers, customs, and belief. Some have succaeded, ; others have failed, and were murdered or driven ! back by the battle-axe, their settlements destroyed j by fire, and years of labor lost; yet some never j tire. Ignacio carries our tent-pole across the pum- mel of his saddle. His thirsty mule ran between 1 two others loaded with baggage, the bov was swept off" and dropped over the creature's heels into the middle of the stream ; he regained his saddle in a short time ; his father laughed at him, and took the pole himself. In the centre of the valley are the remains of an ancient city. The stone walls were twelve feet high and from one to one and a half feet thick ; those of the present day are generally adobe, from three to four feet thick. Some of the buildings have been round, others oblong, but ! generally square, twelve by eighteen feet ; the round ones are largest and best situated ; the Streets very irregular and narrow ; no appearance 1 of plaza or church. The ruins extend half a mile porth and south and two hundred yards east and west. On a knoll, which may have been an Udand before the Inca road was built, we are trav el ling, hedged in on both sides with cactus. As j the land about this ancient city is now cultivated j as a cornfield, no remains of curious things could i be found. The mason work is very rough, but re mains of mortar are :here. How the houses were roofed is doubtful ; but by the slanting down on the inner side of the stones of those houses which were round, the mason-work may have been carried up till it met at a point, which would j give the house a sugar-loaf shape. Besides door ways, there were window-openings. Droves of jackasses pass, loaded with small raw hide bags, filled with quicksilver, from the mines of Huaccavelica, on their way to the silver mines of Cerro de Pasco. Marks of small-pox are seen among the peo ple ; but there are no ch'lls and fevers here. Some of the women have dreadful swellings in their necks, called " goitre," caused by drinking bad water, or snow-water deprived of salts. But why it is confined lo the women I cannot say, unless the men never drink water ! It was very certain, from (he noise after church, that they find something stronger. I do not think the people are generally dissipated, except on Sunday afternoons, when both sexes seemed dis posed to frolic. During the week they are other wise employed. Leaving the Juaja valley, we passed through a rough, hilly country. In barley stubbles, ewes are giving their young. A woman planting beans after the plough, has IiPr bably slung over her shoulders. By the noise it made I donbt its par tiality to beans! The plough is drawn by oxen yoked by the horns. It is made of two pieces of wood ; the handle and coulter are of one piece, into which is jointed the beam. The coulter is shod with a square plate of iron without a shear, so that the furrow is made by throwing ihe soil on both sides, like the North Carolina bull-tongue. On a hilt some Indians are planting beans, while others are carrying up water in large jars from a stream, for the purpose of irrigating the vegetables just peeping out of the ground. The small towns of Cuayocachi and Nahuin pucyo are inhabited solely by Indians and have a ruinous appearance; the streets are pasture grounds, and decaj'ed old houses serve as roost ing places for buzzards. We had thunder, rain, and hail ; the hail stones as large as peas, soft like snowballs. Lightning dished all around us in the valley, while the black clouds brought up by the southeast winds were hurried back by a northwest squall. Thermometer 45. The In dians gather the dung of animals for fuel ; wood is too scarce to burn here. The green waters of the Juaja rush down1 through deep ravines ; its power is used for a flour mill ; the grain is mashed. The branches of a few large cedar trees give shade to the door of ihe polite old Mes tizo miller. Descending the river we come to a beautiful white-washed new stone bridge, with one arch thirty feet above the stream. Paying a toll of a shilling per mule, we crossed the Juaja into the small town of Iscuchaca. Near the river there are patches of lucerne, and peach trees in blossom. A native of Copenhagen, ir. Denmark, came forward and invited us to his house. The people had old him his " countrymen " had ar rived. He was a silversmith and apothecary, but had been employed by the Peruvian Government lo construct this beautiful stone bridge, which he had finished, and married the first pretty girl on the street leading therefrom, daughter of a retired officer of the Peruvian army. The bridge across this stream was formerly built of wood. During a revolution, one of the parties jet it on fire, and the ends of the beams while burning set fire to the stone foundation ! The Copenhagen man gathered a quantity of this stone, made a fire of it in his forge, and heated a piece of iron red hot He called it brown slate coal, rather hard, nol good for blacksmith work; but the same is used lor running an engine at ihe mines of Castro-Vir-reyna, in which he is interested. There are ther mal springs near, and specimens of magnetic iron were collected from a mountain one and a half league to the northeast of the town. The "matico" j bush is found here. Many stories are told of the j effects of this medicinal plant, which has been in use as a tea among the Indians, and as a poultice for wounds. Iscuchaca is pleasantly situated amidst wild mountains, which seem to lock it up. The Juaja winds its way towards the Atlantic wh'le wc climb a steep towards the Pacific. Manv fine mules are dashing down the narrow road. The drover tells me he is from Ira, bound to the Cerro Pasco mines, where he trades mules for silver, lea is situated inland from Pisco on the coast. Among the mountains, at the top of a dangerous and precipitate pass, there is a wooden cross erected by the people in the neighborhood. Travellers invariably take off their hats as they pass, praying bra safe passage, or feeling thank ful for one. The women often decorate these em blems with wreaths of flowers, cross themselves devoutly, and pass on. Jose begged me to hang the mountain barometer to one arm of the cross. While I took the reading of it he looked on in great admiration. The small Indian town of Guando is the first we have seen built of stone. It is situated high upon the mountains, and presents a mnst dilapidated ap- pearance. On one side of a narrow street, little schoolboys were seated saying their lessons to the teachers, who were on the opposite side. As we passed between them the boys nl! rose and bowed politely. Among the inhabitants were an unusual number of elderly women. The temptation was great to ask their ages; but, as some disliue ques- lions of that sort, I might make an enemy without getting a fact. We ascend the top of the mountain and see per- petu .1 snow in all directions, overhung with heavy black cumulus clouds, above which the Cirrus shoots upwards ; in the zenith the sky is clear and of the deepest blue. Spring water 44, air 45. Richards shot at four wild geese with his carbine and single ball ; two of the geese flew off, leaving the others much frightened. The geese flew across a small snow-water lake. These birds are white, the end of wings and tail being black, with red bills and legs as large as the domesticated goose, though not so tender. Tadpoles, but no fish, were to be seen. Wild ducks kept at a distance. The lama is pasturing and giving birth to its young close under the perpetual snow-line. The Alpaca and Huana cos species of the lama are in nuinbejs also. La mas occupy the useful position among the aborigin al race of Sout America that the camel does to the wandering man in Arabia. These animals carry loads of one hundred pounds, over roads too dan gerous for the mule or the ass, and climb mountains difficult for man. They are principally used for con veying silver from the mines. The Indians are very fond of them. Though they drive with a whip, it is seldom used. When one lags behind or lies down on the road, the Indian talks to it and persua des it to forget its fatigue and get up again. They hang little bells about their graceful necks and decor ate the tip3 of their ears with bits of colored riband. Their dispositions, like those of their masters, are gentle and inoffensive, except when too much hur ried ; then they cast saliva at Ihe Indians, or at each other. This is their only offence. It is thought to be poisonous. They require very little food, which they pick up on the mountain, and are much more temperate than their drivers. They require very little water. Their loads are taken off at mid. day that they may feed. I am told they never eat at night. They seek the cold re gions of the Andes; nature has provided a warm fleece of wool, and they need no shelter. Though they are feeble animals, their usual daily travel is about fifteen miles ; but after three or four day's journey they must have rest, or they perish on the road. The motion of the head and neck at they cross the mountain crags may be likened to that of the swan ns it floats over smooth water. Tho wool makes good coarse clolh of various colors, seldom all of one color. The huanaco is known by its being rather larger than the lama ; il is said to be difficult lo train, even if taken young. It never gives up its ideas of liberty, and will regain its companions when ever an opportunity admits. Thealpaca isthe smallest, with the finest long wool. Its body resembles the sheep, with the head and neck of the lama. Jose tells mo they are good to eat; but, l:ke, the others, the meat is not very pa latable. Alpaca wool is well known in the mar kets. The Indians make clothing of if, and trade it off on the coast. In this department and further south, great numbers of these new-world camels are raised. It has bpen remarked ihey seek the south side of the mountains ; probably there is less evaporation than on the north side, and the pas ture is more fresh and inviting. Barley is gene rally raised on the north side of the mountain. After a long and tiresome descent we hailed in the main plaza of the town of Huoncavelica, in front of a small shop on the con er. Drawing out a letter of introduction to the owner of the house, given to me by his friend, my Copenhagen coun tryman," I bunded it to a very pretty young wo man seated in the doorway, sewing. She invited me in, and I followed to the bedroom of her hus band, who was napping. There were so many female dresses hanging around I was obliged lo bp seated on the bed. The husband shook hands, rubbed his eyes, gaped, and then laughed. He said he w;is very glad to see me; that every ihin - a . " in his house was mine, uur Baggage was put imo a room, and preparations at once made for dinner. While I was resting an officer, with a gold-lacd cap, gray trousers, and a half-buttoned military jacket, came in and inquired from whenco 1 came, and as he was a lieutenant of police he would thank me to show him my passport. In return I inquired "whether, in his opinion, ihe world was not sufficiently civilized to permit people to pass without such documents ?" It is very certain the lieutenant never had such a question put to him bo fore. I told him to call when my baggage was un packed ; but never saw him agnin. Though I heard that Don told, " that North Americans required different treatment from those of some other parts of tho world, they did nol know what passports meant, notwithstanding they were a very intelligent people !" India. The history of India is made up of a series of bloody wars and cruel oppression, in which the inmate ferocity which seems to bo an abiding ele ment in the eastern character has displayed its ut most powers. Divided into many pretty princi palities whose rul s, depending upon the fear ihey excite among their own people, and their neigh bors, for the security of their persons and their thrones, have at no time lei pass, unimproved, op portunities of enriching their treasuries by ex tortion or conquest, it has fallen an easy prey to tiie all-absorbing influence of the East India Com pany, which, by fermenting native jealousies and attacking the etates in detail, has at length pos sessed itself of nearly the whole of its territory. From the remotest antiquity the East lias been a land of fabled riches. A thousand years before the Christian era, King Solomon obtained from thence his stories of spices and precious stones, and the circuitous routes ol traffic, tho wild and savage tribes that cut offall direct communication with the then known world, gave an opportunity for the fancy to revel in its wildest conjectures, and peopled it wi'h a race totally different from the other inhabitants of the earth. Alexander the Great first destroyed these illusions by his famous expedition about B. C. 331, in which he penetrated to ihe borders of Ilindostati. Intercourse was es tablished, which has been maintained until the present time with ever increasing freedom, suc cessively enriching the nations who in turn be came its patrons, and pouring its untold millions into the treasuries of the old world. At length the discovery by Dmz A. D. 1486, of a route by tho the Cape of Good Hope through the open sea, put an end to all further monopoly on the part of those w hose favorable locations, or power of controlling the avenues of traffic, had enabled them loengrosa this trade lo tho exclusion of all others. The thirst for discovery and adventure was rife, and a Portuguese fleet was ere long ploughing the waters of the Indian seas. But the trade was loo impor tant lo be given up without a struggle. The merchants of Egypt and Italiy tow too well their fate if their western neighbors were allowed to improve the immense advantage ihey possessed, and endeavored by dint of superior force to destroy the ships of the Portuguese. The latter, however, triumphed, and enjoyed the fruits of their adven turous daring till 1509, when the Dutch, lured by the prospect of a share of these gains, fitted out a fleet of merchantmen laden with good' for merchandise and barter. Following closely upon their footsteps came the English, seeking their share of the wealth of these fabled regions. The merchants of London had lent a ready ear to the marvellous (ales of the boundless wealth of these lands lying under the sun, and anxious to shake off' the restrictions and impositions of the Vene tians, through whom alone their traffic had been carried on, eagerly embraced this opportunity of transferring to their own coffers a portion of the enormous profits which were reaped in its pursuit. In 1600 an association was formed with sufficient capital, which was incorporated by Quern Eliza beth, under the designation of' The Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading to the East Indies." The French followed, and for a time so success fully prosecuted their undertaking, that the envy and jealousy of their island rivals were highly ex cited, and upon a rupture between the mother countries an appeal to arms was resorted to, to determine which should be masters of the field. Various foitunes befel each party, until May, 1760, when Pondieherry, ihe last retreat of the failing French power in India, was taken, and the Eng lish were left in undisturbed possession of their hard earned trading ground. From that period to the present time, the history of the country has been inseparable from that of the East India Com pany. Boston Transcript.