9II?rERI§i’ & FARMERS’ JOVR?TAli.
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I WllX TCAOH »0U TO PUCKCC Tl« lOWKI^ OF Til* BARTH AHO >Rim> OUT niOM Tilt CAVMNS OF Til* MOL'STAINR, MltTALII Wlliai WIIX OIVE BTIirNOTH TO rM'» HANKB AND BI'BjrCT ALL WATURB TO OUR OST. AND PLEABDRE. DR. JORNBON.
VOL. Ill*
SATURDAY, APRIL. 27, 183:i.
NO. 135.
Government, and on the equal rights of
other Stutr^, a violation of the constitution,
and a proceeding essentially revolutionary.
This is undoubtedly true, if tlie preceding
proiKMsitions be regarded ns proved, if th^
the j to flocure deliberation and caution in legiB-
nfnt’ At Joiumal ^ lativc proceedings. But to resist the will
prinUHl tiid publiJHid .verjF Saturday inorning ro«j«rity in both tluuses, thus con-
at Tuo Mi»n p«r annum, if ^id in advance; ^ gtitutionally exercised; to insist on the law-
Ticrt DolUrt*"^ CeHtt if not paid in od. fyinejg of mterpusitioa by an extraneous
wic«; r»rM j power; to claim the right of defeating the I Government of the U. States be trusted
VEHTI8EMENT8 will be inserted at Fifty ^j|j ©f Congrew, by setting up against it | with the duty, in any deportment, of declar-
cenl*periqtiare(note*c*.dinf 30lin«.,)forUi«||he will ofa single State, is neither more i ing the extent of its own powers, then a
£r«t iofertion, and 25 cents foreaeh (uccofding j strikes me, than an attempt
week—or II for thre. week*, for one aquare.— i jq overthrow the Government. 'I’he con-
X liberal di»count will bo made to thow who i gtituted authorities of the U. S. are no lon-
tdTerti»ebyihejT«r. CT(^anadverti»emcnU j ^ Goverurnent, if they be not inanters
eommunicat*d for publication, the miitiber of
iDKrlioni muat be noted no the mar|rin of the
mtniwrript, or they will be continued until
forbid, and charjH accortJingly.
,• All communicatiooi to the Witor must come
*fr«eofywfr.«>f attrnd.-d to.
TUK Jf ARKETti.
of their own will; they are no longer a Gov
emment, if an external power may arreat
their proceedings; th«-y are no longer a
Government, if acts pas^ by both I louses,
and approved by the Prrsieont, may bcnul-
! Iilkd by State vetoes or State ordinances,
j Does any one wippose it could make any
; difliirmce as to the Uiiiding authority of an
CHARl-lSTON, APRIL 16, 1833. i net of (3ongrc», snd of the duty of n state
Cottnn.Sea Ui»nd, IB a 30; upland, new. |0J a j rej,p,^t ii, whether it pasaed bv a mere
l^ee. a *|: infcrijie to g^4, 9U | ,y ^^oth Houses, or by thn^r fourths
: floc»r, •opertine, 6 • 00; lorn, W t 65|i . • r i
-..i-'aiO; Whukey, 33 a Mi N. t:. Kuin, "f or the unanimous vole of each?
37 a 38; Apple Braiidy, 40 a 42i B«e«. i Within the limits nnd restriction* of the
I, 17 aOO; Tallow,(’arolina, 11 a ll|; Mack.' Constitution, the Government oftlie I’. S.,
cl. No. I, 7} No. 2.*; Bacon. 6 a 7; >i»n«.. act* bv
mac braiidy. 150 a WO; iUland din, lou a ever, therefore, denounce* the Government
^ Irnn, Kuaaia aod Swede*, #4 a 41 per Ibt.; rif niajoritiea, I«ihhjuc's the (Jovemmcnt o4
1. Liverpool.in bag«or4 bu«h. I| a I}; in bulk, own country', and denounce*! all free
l.iS aOO, ^
, - ^ GovemmenU. And whoever ^.wld re-
brow., 7 a 8; HL Cro.. and Ja... 7 a t|; «hile .et.n« wi
a 00; T. Mand
11^; brow., 7 a
•«4^rluin«. 6 a 7|i Cub.. US m 00;
State ordinance, or net of legislation, au
thorizing resistance to an act of Congress,
on the alleged ground of its uroonstitiilion-
aUty, is manifestly a usiurpation u|>on its
powers.
ff the St.ifes have pqnal rights, in mat
ters concBrning the whole, then for one
State to w't up her judgment against the
judg'nent of the r«*st, and to insi«t on ex
ecuting that judgment bv force, is also a
innnif'-st uburpation on tlie rights of other
States.
If the constitution of the T. Stales he a
Government proper, with aiilhority to pxss
laws, and to give them a uniform interpre
tation and cxecutiw, then the interposition
of a Slate, to enforee her own construction,
and to resiM, a« to herself, thal law which
bindx the otlicr States, is a violation of the
conMitiition.
And if that bo revolutionviry which ar
rests the l»‘gi.s|Htive, executive, and judicial
piwer of (lovommeiit, disjicn**oe with ex
isting oath* and obligations of ohedicnre,
Slid elevates another p^wer to supremo
dominion, then nullification is revoliition-
alrain tbe»e mnjiriti'*, while acting within
Of’«.n».26ia«;r4i!e. rrimefiwi. I3al4; llieir conMitulMMial limits, by on external
frfiof lo (pi^. 12a I3i ; HtwoTea,?? a'JOcta. power, whatever lie mny intend, asaerIs | nry. Or if that be revolutionary, the na-
NoMhCamlioa money. IJ a par cent, dii- p„oci^i-a which, if adopted, can lead to i tural tendeni v and practical effect of which
"oL^r“t^ru£^k rK.thuieel«o than the dc^Uuction of the u to hreak the Tnion into fragirmnts, to
^ Government lUelf. sever all connexion among the people >f the
CAMDEN. APRIL m Dom not the gen»W*man perreive, «ir, r.i^live Slates, and to prostrate this Ccn-
CMntry ^ * * *; ^ » how hia arifutnent agaiitft majorities might
; W hr*L do t ff7; Floor, eoontrr, 41 a 4J ; Ra- . . . i n ^
. 7 a l»; WhHkey. 34 a 40; 6rJdy, Apfk ^ retorted upon him? Does he not
a 45; Peach. 4U a 63. aee how cogently he mi/ht be asked, wheth
er It be thecliractei of nullification toprac-
DKBATE tiae what It preaches? Look to S. Carollua
oral Government in the dust, then nuihfica-
tion is revolutionary.
NullifiicBtion, sir. is a« distinctly revolu
tionary a* secewtion; but I cannot say tliat
ihc revolution which it seeks is one of so
the Senate of the I’niied StaiM Ofi the bill fur. „ prenent nKMncnt. flaw far are the ! respectable a character. S-ceii«ion wo»ild,
ther b. provide far the collrrtioa of dotie. on minorities there renpecled ? I ; it is Ime, abondon the constitution altogelh-
8ir, thoee who
lliticalion, reject
t great pnnciple
; that IS, thal the roafririly must govern
on bv tlie al*>hite necoa^tv of the ca«-; o, me ; . m..H,ri.y, ......, umlertnke
.f iK..n. i. p/ehending, in its numlien., men who have ; tty, a« to it!«.-lf. It would not un errake
liT i “P®" It, there is no ,*„c-uited with him, aod with ut, in to reconcile olK^iehce to public auf.ionty,
«hihl? of mainUimng amr (•ovemment ‘7'" " , u t. -
. deapo,«n. We ISar IoimI and re- the* ImiIUi oI legislal..^ ZLnZ
t«7L.»c.al.oo..gnin«whal I. called the.r cooniry at
. . . i. I 1 ■ .L cd It abroaii; men who wouldch»’erlulfv lav
■jiritygartnmmt. !t is declared, with 11 aoru«», ,
h warmth, that a »Ki7«Tt/y forrrnptent
with an asserted ri^ht of command over the
(wme authoritv. it wnuld n«t lie in the
(Jovemmont, aod aSove tho (loverniiient,
down Iheir livea for their native state, in 1 at the sn.-ne lime. Hut, however more res-
r anv cause which they could regard as the ' pect.ible a moile secession may be. it is n*t
'not be maintained in the I nUed . late*. ^ . pirn above fear; I niore truly r* voliiti»nary llian the actual
b«t, llKHi, JlpiHkni.nwi.bl Do tli-v , |„«.o .|m.|iert piefl (•jrculi.m'of Ihc "f nnlliri™'™'
«njd...™.pc,„,r™m,h.co.v,c.,«.i,., B-h. .»i -.1,, .h^
10 ih. ..II «f .h- fr. • Thr honor. >1>' P"T”‘ "f. ‘ ?“ .T“
fro.. 8™.l..C.ro„n. h..
r w ihia minority, how are these men regar
ded I 'I hcv are o«ithrall«d ami disfranchis-
pnken of abwilule majoritie*. and majori-
anthoritiei; Iwth, anl each, would sever
the I'nion. and (•ubvert the (Jovernmenf.
iMr. President, having detained the Sen
ate .«r» lung already, I will now examine, at
length, the ordinance and laws of South
('ar«Jinn. ’i'hese papers are well drawn
for their piirjHw. Their atilhors under-
whenever necessary, in dispossessing the
custom-house otficers, and in seizing and
holdingihegoods, without paying theduties.
This is the second step in the pcaceable
remedy.
Sir, whatever pretences maybe set up to
the contrary, this is the direct application
of force, and of military force, it is un
lawful in ilself, to replevy goods in the cus
tody of the collectors. But this unlawful
act is to be done, and it is to be done by
power. Here is a plain interposition, by
physical force, to resist the laws of the U-
nion. The legal mode of collccting duties
IK, to detain the goods till such duties arc
l«id or sccured. But force comes, and
over|K)wers the collector, and hisa!wistants,
and takes away the goods, leaving the du
ties unpaid. There cannot be a dearer
case offorci’ile resiBtanee to law. And it
is provided that the gools thus seized shall
lie held against any attempt to retake them,
by the !«me force which seized them.
(laving thus dispossessed the officers of
the (Jovernrnent of the goods, without pay
ment of d-',ties, and seized and s‘cured them
by the stron^ arm of tho State, only one
thing more remained to be dune, and that
14, to cut off all possibility rrf legal redress;
and that, loo, is accomplished, or thought
to bo accomplish'd. 'I’he ordinance de
clares, thnl aU judicial proccfdin^a, form-
tied on the rtrertvc laws, (including, of
course, proceedinir* in the courts ol the
United Slates,) .thnll be nvll and void.
'I'his nullifies the judicial jwwer of the L’.
(States. Then comes the tcst-onth act.
' This requires all State judges and jurors in
{the State courts to swear that they will exe-
j cute the ordinance, and all acts of the Legis
lature passed in pursuance thereof. The or
dinance declares, that no appeal shall be al
lowed from the derision of the State courts
to ll»e Supreme Court of the United States;
and the replevin net makes it an indictable
olieiice for any clerk to furnish a copy of
the reconl, for tin? ptirpose of such appeal.
The two principal provisions on which
S. t'arolina relics, to resist llie laws of the
r. Stat», and nullify the authority of this
Goveminont, are, therefore, these :
1. A forcible seizure of goods, before the
duties are p:iid or secured, by the power of
the State, civil and military.
2. 'I'he taking away, by the inost effec
tual means in her power, of all legal re-
I dress in the courts of the U. States; the
cunnning all judicial proceedings to her
own Sinte tribuiiahi; and the compelling of
her ju*!ges and jurors of these, her own
courts, to fake an oath, befiirehand, that
they will decide all cases according to the
ordinance, and the acts fia>-sed under it;
that IS that they will decide the cause one
wav. They do not swear to try it on its
own merits; they only swear lo decide it,
as nullification requires
[**t cuorurrenl; lan;ni»re wholly unknown ,i_,.
our constitution, and to which it i. not finances a , f iw-on'ii.iihle'
..V t. .ffi. .4-.., A. hr .. I ■"?
,'7*'"" ... .. «el. ,b- H„.,r„.. 0^^,. •rhc, .r.™,l.l
t 1 wiia«d ; they are pr.-cnUd and driwMiiice,!! a p*-areahle remedy, and we have be n mid
h::;!? r. recr;anli to duty and ,«trK.tism, and I .hat Sou,h Carol.,m. arter all, intends iioth-
for ID the Slat.-.. That is to *a.^ ^ j a „ "
lew words, sir,
which purges them, and the po^live mca-1 will show tho nnture of this ,y>acenble rem-
. . Mures which einaniite from that spirit, are ' ody. and of the law suit which S. Carolina
I Sr^ rha^ harJ.arKlproNcriptive bay ofwJ all precedent icontemplHtes.
7’ J . Wiihin my knowledge, except in periotls ufj In the fir^t plaee, theonlmance declares
•: pn^;U!i r. v..lutu>nf I the law of Iasi July, and all other laws of
It IS nt»l, sir, one would think, fi»r th-m* j the T. Stales, laying duties, to be nhsolnte-
who apf>n>ve llmse pn>c.‘edings, to complain
ly mill and void ; and makes it unlawful for
the coirstituted authorities of tho I'. Slates
to enforce the payment of such dnties. It
IS, Iherrfore, sir, an indictable offence, at
this moment, m S. Carolina, for any person
to bo concerned in collecting revenue, un
der the laws of the I’. Slates. It being
deelan*d unlawful to collect these duties by
what I* considered o finuiamental law of tho
State, an indiclnient lies, of course, against
r, stripping the matter of this novelty of
iTiw, thiit the dissent of one or more
'il/ffs, as Slates, rentiers void lh«' decision
‘a msj'.rily of f'on^fre
ijte IS concerned. Aim!
uwiinp hut a short care«*r, like olher dog
n% of the day, terrninatea in nullification
If this vehement invective against major- „ ,
.es meaw no m.,re than that, m the con- « * p^Iulilnl^Tr't.uiar governments
nictioo of government. It Ml wise to pro- * i...
H^ksand balances, lhal there re«t ontwo principles, or fo aasumpt,o.is.
...W be various lin.ilation. on the power First, Tliat there « ao fa^r a comm.«.
( the mer,. majority, il w.xild only mean interest, among lb.««- over whom the Gov-
■hat Ihr Constitution of Ihe I'. S.'hosal- eminent extends, as that il may provide tor
N lv ahundantiv provi.led. It is full of ‘he defence, protection, and ko,k1 govern-
h rWL, ani balances In Us very or- «>«*«« ‘^e whole, without injustice or op-
k anl hftlan^. in I s ry n„„,on i Mate, an iiMiicini« iu nv«, .-i cwursrr,
r.nizalM.n, it adopts a br«d and m^t efllr- representatives of the anv ^;e coiK-eriK^d is siu h collection, and
nl principle m restraint of the power ol on general principles, liable to be
mnjorities. A maji.rily of the people Lrru.u»n. ainl ! i>onished bv fine an.l imprisonment. The
unlawful “lo
but every
THivwifn/ w hde
^;e.pee. an •'.-1 ^wer. No law,
nerrrore, ran pass without the assent of a * ^ovrnno . i 'I’hp ordinance theretore
~ j >rilv of the llepreNentalives of Ihe peo- admits these, ^ ''conceriK'd in the col-
^Ih' Siaioa .|«o'_ A maioritv of the Re- grf« " ' . , . ^
^r--'nt:.,iveaof,he people must'concur, and bodies. Congress is not irres,H.nsible. Its This is the hrst step m the p^^
‘ mninrilv of the Slates must com iir members arc agents of the people, elected , the |>eaceal)le rem^lj. Ihe second s
net of ('ongress, awl the President by them, and liable t» I* displaceil or su-1 more decisive. Bv tiie act,commonl_v call-
on a plan compounded of both rrcetled at their pleasure; and they jws-
hrv prinripli^. ^ clnim to tlio conlKirnce ol the
R'lt, having compo*«! one ll.njse of Re- p««ple. '»hiie they contimie to c^servo it,
’^'“'witnlives eho.-n by the pople in each »• “"V other public political agents.
arcordinK to ils numbers, and the If, then, sir, the manifest intention of the
fher „f an equal number of twinbers from convention, and the colemporary admission
‘yerv Siiie, whether larger or smaller, the of both Iriend* aml- fiies, prove any tlmig;
^ftisliiiilioii gives lo majorities in these if the plain text of the instrument itself, as
Hrmses, thiisconstniited, tlie full ami entire well as the necessnr)’ implication from oth-
^wnr of passing laws, subject always to er provisions, prove any thing; it the early
the ronstitntional restrictions, and to the legislation of C'ongress, the course of judi-
"PPrnvid of the I*re«idont.—'I'o subject cial ilecisions, acquiescetl in by all the
'heni 10 any other power is clear iisurpa- Stales for forty years, prove any thing,
tion. 'I’h*. iniijdriiy of one liouse may lie then it is provetl that ihero u a aupreme
pntrollrd by the majority of the olher, and law, and a 5nal interpreter.
*”*h may be restrained hy tho President’s i My fourth and last proposition, .Mr. Presi-
^g'Hive, Them are checks and balaneos | dent, was, that any attempt by a State to
provided by the ('onstitution, existing in j abmgate or nullify acts ot Congrew, is a
^ Governmeut itself, and wiselv intended I u»urpation on the powers of tho General
sue of this controversy ; thoM who hate
free institutions, with malignant hope; thoe©
who love them, with deep anxiety and abiv-
enng fear.
The cause, then, sir, the cause! Let
the world know the cause, which has thus
induced one State of the Union to bid de
fiance to the power of the whole, and open
ly to talk of secession.
Sir, the world will scarcely believe that
this whole controversy, and all the despe
rate measures which its support requires,
have no other foundation than a difllerence
of opinion, upon a provision of the constitu
tion, between a majority of the people of S.
Carolina, on one side, and a vast roajonty
of the whole people of the U. States, on th«
other. It will not credit the fact, it will
not admit the possibility, that, in an enligh
tened age, in a free and pr>pular republic,
under a Government where the people gov
ern, as they must always govern, under
such systems, by majorities, at a time of
unprecedented happiness, without practical
oppression, w ithout evils, such as may not
only be prelendedv but felt and experienced;
ovils, not slight or temporary, but deep,
permanent, and intolerable ; a single State
should rush into conflict with all the rest,
attempt to put down the power of the Un
ion by her own laws, and to support those
laws by her military power, and thus break
up and destroy the world’s last hope. And
well the world may be incredulous. VVe
who see and hear it, can ourselves hardly
yet believe it. Even after all that had pre
ceded it, this ordinance struck the country
with amazement. It was incredible and
inconceivable, that S. Carolina should thus
plunge headlong into resistance of the law.*,
on a matter of opinion, and on a question
in which the preponderance of opinion,
both of the present day and of all past time,
was overwhelmingly against her. The or
dinance declares that Congress has excee
ded its just power, by laying duties on im
ports, intended for the protection of manu
factures. This is the opinion of South Ca
rolina ; and m the strength of that opinion
she nullifies the laws. Yet has the rest of
the country no right to its opinions also?
Is one State to sit sole arbitress? S!ie
maintains that those laws are plain, deliber
ate, and palpable violations of the constitn-
tion , that she has a sovereign right to de
cide this matter; and that, having so de
cided, she is authorized to resist their exe
cution, by her own sovereign power; nrjd
she declares that she will resist it, thwigh
such resistance should shatter the Union
into atoms.
Mr. President, 1 do not intend to discu^'i
the propriety of these laws, at lar^; but I
will ask, how are they shown to be thus plain,
ly and palpably unconstitutional T Havo
they no countenance, at all, in the constitu-
tiot) itself? Are they quite new in the his-
'i'he character, mr, of lhe.se provisions, jtory of the Government? Are they a sud-
defies comment. 'I'heir object is as plain
as their means are extraordinary. They
propose direct resistance, by the whole f»ow-
er of the State, to laws of Congres-s, and
cut i4r, by methods deemed adequate, any
redn-ss by legal and judicial authority.
Thev arrest legisi.ition, defy the executive,
and banish Ihe Judicial power of this Gov
ernment. They authorise and command
acts to be done, and done by force, both of
numbers and -f arms, which, if done and
don«‘ by force, are clearly acts oC rebellion
and treainon.
Such, sir, are the laws of S. Carolina;
such, sir, is the peaceable remedy of nul-
lification. Has not nullification reached.
den and violent usurpation on the rights of
the States? Sir, what will the civilized
world say, what will posterity say, when
they learn that similar laws have e*i.«tcd
from the very foundation of the Grovern-
nrent; that for thirty years the power was
never questioned ; and that no Slate in Ihe
Union has more freely and unequivocally
admitted il than South Carolina herself?
To lay and collect duties and impoets. is
an rrprrss poirer, granted by the constitu
tion to C'ongress. It is, also, an txcluairc
potter; for the constitution as expressly
prohibits all the Slates from exercising it
themselves. 'I'his express and exclusive
power is unlimited in the terms of the grant.
sir. even thus early, that point of direct j ,g attended with two specific restric
ed Ihe n-plevin law, any person, whosi'
gK>ds are seized or .ielained by the collect
or for the pn^ment of duties, may sue out
a writ of replevin, and, by virUie of th it
writ, the go«Is an' to be restored to him.
A writ of replevin, is a writ which the
sherifl'is bound to execute, ami for the ex
ecution of which, he is biiund to employ
force, if necessary. He may call out the
and must do’so, if resistance be made.
This po»st mny be armed or unarmed. It
may come forth with military array, and
under the lead of military men. Whatever
number of troops may be assembled in
Charleston, they may be sumnwned, with
the Governor, or rommander-in-chief, at
their h«*ad, to come in aid of Ihe sherilF.
It is evident, then, sir, that the whole mili-
tarv power of tho State is to be employed,
and forcible resistance to law, to which I
intimated, three years ago. it plainly tended ?
And now, .Mr* President, what is the
reason for pssing laws like these? hat
are the oppressions experienced, under the
\ I'nion. calling for measures which thus
Ithi'aten to sever and destroy it? N\ hai
1 invasions of public liberty, what ruin to
I private happines.s, what long list of rights
violated, or w rongs unredn-ssed, is to jus
tify to the country, to posterity, anil to the
I world this assult ii}K>n the free constitution
I of the U. States, this great and gUirious
I work of our fathers ? At this very moment,
jsir, Ihe whole land smiles in pence, and re
joices in plenty. A general and high proa-
i pcrity pruvades the country; and, judging
' by liie common standard, by increase of
fKipulation and wealth; or, judging by the
opinions of that portion of her people not
enibarkrd in those dangerous end desperate
measures, this prosperity overspreads South
Carolina herself.
Thus, happy at home, our country, at the
same time, holds high the character of her
iiislitutions, her power, hor rapid growth,
and lier future destiny, in the eyes of all
liiri'ign Slates. One danger, only, creates
hesitation; one doubt only exists, to darken
the otherwise unclouded brighlness of thal
ii>|>ect, which she exhibits lo the view, and
to the admiration, of the world. Need 1
>ay, that that doubt resfiects the perma
nency of our Union ; and need 1 say, thal
that doubt is now caused, more than by any
•liing else, by these very proceedings of S.
Carolina ? Sir, all Eumpe is, at this mo
ment, beholding us, and looking for the is*
tiiMis ; first, that ell duties and imposts shall
be equal in all the States ; second, that no
duties shall be laid on exports. The power,
then, being granted, and being attended
with thes‘ two restrictions, and no more,
who is to imp»)se a third restriction on the
general words of the grant? If the power
to lav duties, as known among all other na
tions', and os known in all our history, and
as it was perfectly understood when Ihe
constitution was adopted, includes a right
of discriminating, while exercising the pow
er, and of laying some duties heavier, and
some lighter, for the sake of encouraging
our own domestic products, what authority
IS there for giving to the words used in the
constiluiion a new, narrow, and unusual
meaning ? All the limitations w hich the
constitution intended, it has expressed; and
what it has left unrestricted, is as much a
j>art of its will, as the restraints which it
has imposed.
But these laws, it if wiid, are nnconstitutioDal
on account of the mo/ire. How, sir. can a law bo
examined on anv such frround T How is the mo-
to t»e ascerUiincd ? One House, or mem
ber, may have one motive; (he other Hou#t\ or
nother uu'iiiber, another. One motive may opc.
rate to-duy, and another to-iiw>rrow. Ipw any
such nicxic of rcasoninj; a** this, one law might w
unconstitulional now, and am>ther law, in exactly
tht' same w ords, perfectly constitutional neit year.
Hcsiiic^ articli'a may not only taxed, foi the
l»urpo!»e ol' protectinu home producta, but other ar
ticles n.ay tn' Icrt tree, tbr the same purpose, and
with the i*amo motive. A law, therefore, woUd
ht'come uiicnnirtitut*onal from wlial il omitted, as
well »■ what i' coniaincrf. Mr. Pr aiden , il ia a
•l Uli-d |irincipU'. acKowlcdtcd in ail It^is itiv*
halls, recogniictl betbrc all tribunals, aaiicuoDed
bv tiie jfcncral ftnae and^uiidcrstauuiDg of man-