L SNOW THE TRUTH, AND THE TRUTH SHALL HAKE YOU FREE/'—John viii:82.
CHARLOTTE. N. C. THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 1936.
VOL. LVU.
EARLY NORTH CiJtOUNA HISTORY
(From The North Carolina
Numerous requests have
reached the Editor of Publica
tions, State Department of Ag
riculture, for materials concern
ing the early history of Notafth
Carolina. As many of these re
quests have come from stu
dents living on fauns, the fol
lowing sketch is given, with
suggestion that it be filed away
for future use:
North Carolina is inseparably
connected with Sir Walter Ral
eigh and the beginnings of the
English Empire in tne New
Wjjrld. Raleigh formulated his
plans for exploration and settle
ment in 11684 and sent out Phil
ip Armadas and Arthur Barlow
in that year. July 4, 1684, they
landed on what is now Roanoke
Island and took possession of
the new land in the blame otf
Elizabeth. Their explorations in
this vicnity lasted two months.
They made friends with the na
tives, received glowing impres
sions of the land and fchjpf i p$o-*
pie, and, taking two natives,
Manteo and Wanchese, back
with them, gave Elizabeth the
first authentic tidings of her
new Empire, named Virginia,
in honor of her. the Virgin
Wueen.
Raleigh immediately prepared
a colonizing expedition of 108
men under Ralph Lane. This
expedition landed on Roanoke
Island, July 26, 1685. Lane’s ex
perience was the exact opposite
of that of Amadas and Barlow,
lie incurred the enmity of the
Indians, and thus cut off hi;
most important source of food.
He spent his time searching
for gold, and thus entered ajhard
winter without raising provis
ions. The result was death to
the larger portion of his party
and discouragement to the re
mainder. They abandoned the
«l«0ny^lW6r wtid rtttirned to
England with Sir Francis
Drake who came by at that
time. Just after Lane had gone
Sir Richard Greenville came
with supplies and reinforce
ments. In order to hold the po
sition he left a post of fifteen
men. These have never been
heard from since. Though dis
astrous as an attempt at per
manent settlement, Lane’s ef
forts produced the following re
sults: a thorough study and
description of the country and
the natives by Hariot and
White; the introduction of to
bacco, the Irish potato, and In
dian com into Europe; the con
clusion that the Eastern coast
of North Carolina was not suit
able for settlement; and the
conclusion that the next colony j
should be an economic and so
cial unit. I
Raleigh immediately fitted out
another colony of men. women
and children, equipped wfftjh!
such cattle* and implements as
were necessary to begin farm
ing. The colony, under John
White, was instructed to settle
on Chesapeake Bay. But the
commander of the fleet which
brought them over treacherous
ly set this colony down to Roar
noke Island, too. There they
came to grief in much the same
way as Lane’s colony had. It was
necessary for W|iite to return
to England for supplies. He was
held in England for two years
by the war then raging with
Spain, ahd when he returned to
Roanoke Island his colony was
gone, leaving no trace except a
few broken pieces of armor and
the word Croatan carved on an
oak, which words continue to.
conjure up romance and specu
lation about the fate of the Lost
Colony, and particularly about
Virginia Dare, bom August 18,
1687, before White left hi® col
ony, the flilslt iEngpueftt ;$iild
bom in the new world.
Raleigh failed in his personal
attempts to settle in the New
World, lost his fortune and his
life. His spirit and wisdom,
however, lived on jn the London
Agricultural Review)
Company which successfully
settled Jamestown in 1607.
The Jamestown settlement
naturally expanded Southeast*
wardly along the river to Al
bemarle Sound, and by 1663
there was a small settlement
at the mouth of the? Chowan*
River. Though at first an inte
gral part of Virginia, this set
tlement fell into the boundaries
of a grant called Carolina,
which Charles II, in 1663, gave
to eight of his courtiers. This
little settlement became the
! nucleus around which the pro
vinee of North Carolina grew.
Carolina, as the new province
was called, was a princely grant,
extending from what is now
the southern boundary of Vir
ginia and Florida on the south,
and from the Atlantic on the
1 east to as far west as land went
in the New World. The Lords
Proprietors had many theories
about the best way to sigtiblfel
their grants. They planned to
3et up at least eight separate
governmental units. But the
course of history was otherwise.
Around Albemarle grew a body
of people that eventually be
came North Carolina. Around a
settlement made on the Ashley
and Cooper rivers grew South
Carolina To the south of this
eventually grew Georgia.
The Lords Proprietors Jwere
unable to hold their grants to
the satisfaction of the King and
Parliament. South Carolina re
volted from them in 1715, and
they sold North Carolina to the
King in 1729. There is much
interesting history concerning
the fixation of the present
boundaries of North Carolina,
but there is not space enough
to give it in this article?
North Carolina grew slowly
in population and wealth because
of natural and artificial diffi
culties, the most severe fafead
by any colony in the new worid.
The Indians of this section were
fierce and unrelenting foes to
the white men. The Tuscaroras
came near wiping the colony out
in 1711. It was saved only by:
prompt aid from South Carolina.
The very next year North Car
olina repaid South Carolina by
aiding that colony against the
great Yemmassee conspiracy.
The Cape Fear Indians remain
ed a menace for years, and the
powerful Cherokee Indians har
assed the colony until after the
Revolution. The colony had no
free economic life because it had
no ports, and because there was
always trouble about getting
Land. Virginia harassed the col
ony by unfair law relating to
the use of her ports and tobacco
markets, by encouraging a band
of Meherrin Indians to prey on
it, and by disputing the juris
rlirtinn of North Carolina over a
large territory along the north
ern boundary. These disputes
continued until North Carolina
became a royal colony in 1729.
The Lords Proprietors interest
ed themselves solely in making
money, and never established a
.stable government. The result
was a s *" ^s of wars and rebel
lions, f e v schools, churches,
roads, or other internal improve
ments. Pirates infested the
coast for the whole of the first
fifty years of the colony’s life,
even capturing towns and ham
lets. Even under royal govern
ment there was continual strug
gle for fair representation *in
the Assembly, just taxation,
honest officials and adequate
courts. Some of the greatest
scoundrels that over misgov
ered held the office of govern
nor for years. Sometimes $he
people were united in opposition
to unjust government. Some
times, as in the unfortunate
Wfar of the Regulation^ they
were divided against them
selves.
It is, therefore, to the undy
ing glory of the peoj/lel (that
they won out under these diffi
culties. They conquered the In
dians, maintained their stand-'
i*jg against Virginia, preserved
their chartered liberties againsi
both Proprietary and Royal pre
rogatives, bore an honorable
part in the French and Indian
War, and, by the outbreak of
the Revolution, put North Caro
lina as third in population and
importance among the Ameri
can colonies.
There were three great ele
ments in the white population
of North Carolina. Although a
few Swiss, Germans and
French came in about 1711, the
East from the Piedmont to the
Atlantic remained English in
character. The second great ele
ment w*18 the Scotch. By 178*.
thousands (of Highlanders set
tled on the hills of Cape Fear and
in the Sandhill country. About
the same time the Scdtch-Irish
poured into the center and the
West. The third element tyas:
German from Pennsylvania.
They settled largely in) j the
Western portions of the pro
vince. Slavery was introduced
into the colony at the very first.
The following table shows the
proportions of these elements
in 1760:
English- 46,000
Scotch__40,000
German--16,000
Negroes-31,000
Total__131,000
Since this time there has been
immigration. The various white
elements have blended into a ho
mogeneous whole and have in
creased as follows:
Year
Population
1790 - 393,751
1800 _- 478,103
1*10_ 555,500
1820 _-_ 638,82
1830 _ 737,987
1840 _ 753,419
1860 — __ 869,038
1860_:_ 992,622
1870 _ 1,071,361
1880 _f;_ 1,399,750
1890_ 1,617,947
_ 1,893,810
SSL — —_ 2,206,287
1920 __„ 2,559,123
North Carolina has furnished
a great numbv: of settlers to
newer Stales to the West and
Southwest. In fact, so great
was the emigration to these
new sections that from 1800 to
1830 the population of the
State remained practically sta
tionary.’ Nine hundred thousand
heads of families are estimated
to have gone out from North
Carolina. <
North Carolina’s struggles un
der the Proprietors and Kings
developed a people of stur
dy spirit, rsulting in this
State’s taking a leading part in
declaring independence. The
early rebellions undefc (Durant
and his associates around 1670
were successful battles for the
same principles that animated
the patriots of the Revolutiop
in 1776. In 1776 the people ,op
enly by force of arms prevented
the operation Of the Stamp
Act. -August 25, 1774, the peo
ple, in open defiance of the roy
al government, held a conven
tion at New Bern to formulate
plans of resistance and to elect
delegates to the Continent'
Congress. ^February 27, 1776,
at Moore’s Creek Bridge they
defeated the royalists, and from
that time on successfully de
fended the independece of North
Carolina. Tn May, 1775, the
people of North Carolina de
clared their independence. April
12, 1776, the Convention in
Halifax instructed their dele
gates to join “with the other
colonies in declaring indepen
dency.” Our State flag bears the
dates May 20, 1775, and April
12, 1776, in commemoration of
these first Steps' of |infc|eipdtt-'
dence in America.
North Carolina troops helped
drive Lord Dunsmore from
Virginia in 1775-1776. They
helped drive the British from
Charleston. Her militia under
Rutherford conquered the
Cherokees in the West. Her con
tinental regiments fought un
der Washington at Brandywine,
Germantown and Monmouth,
and were among the picked men
to storm Stony Point under
Wayne. Against Ferguson at
King’s Mountain and Cornwal
lis at Guilford Courthouse, her
troops served faithfully and
[well.
The Revolutionary struggle
left the State prostrate. Cur
rency had depreciated to 800 to
1 in gold. Courts had been dis
established for years. There
was hatred between Whigs and
Tories that resulted in stem
oppression of the latter. The
chief'problems before the peo
ple, however, were: (1) the re
lation of North Carolina to the
Uniof; (2) the function of the
State? government in the mat
ter of internal improvement.
The jealous regard of the peo
ple for their newly-won inde
pendence made them chary of
favor toward any federal
scheme of government. In. con
vention assembled at Hillsboro,
July, 1788, they rejected the
new federal constitution, mak
ing suggestions for its amend
ment, however, that were im
mediately put into effect. Opin
ion modified by Nov. 1789,
to such an extent that at Fay
etteville at this time North Car
Carolina came into the Union,
making the twelfth State. The
long war for their rights against
usurpatory royal and proprie
tary taxes and the memory of
the Regulation made the peopY
oppose any expensive govern
ment, and taxes for anything
but the expense of keeping the
peac0. Though the minor proo
lemifof currency and politico
werejjpettled in a few years, the
problem of education, roads, ca
nals; fas State enterprises, sup
port^ by taxation was unsolved
until^'1835 when the Constitu
tion §was revised, giving more
power to the progressive West
and fee newly organized Whigs.
Them came a large expansion of
internal improvements. Public
S were opened in 1840.
esent State capitol was
wffia cost of over
$500,000 The State Hospital
for the insane, and schools for
the deaf, dumb and blind were
founded. Canals and roads were
built, and rivers and harbors
were improved for navigation.
The most important develop
ments of the twenty years af
ter the Convention were in rail
roads. By 1840 the Wilmington
and Weldon and Raleigh and
Gaston Railroads were in oper
tion. Before 1857 the North
Carolina Railroad extended from
Raleigh to Charlotte. Before
1860 this road extended from
Charlotte to the foot of the
mountains, and from Goldsboro
to the coast. A host of small
er roads connected with these
lines uniting the State socially,
politically and economically.
Population and wealth increased
by bounds.
NORTH CAROLINA DAILIES
RESENT FIGHT ON WARREN
Raleigh, N. C., August 14. --
Daily papers of this State are
giving considerable space to
the protest being made by the
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored Peo
ple and other organizations and
individuals against the possible
appointmeriit of Representative
Lindsay C. Warren, of this
State, as Comptroller General
of the United States.
Hie compti*aller generalship
is a !l5-year appointment and
carries a greater degree of in
dependence fbom feny kind of
control than any other federal
office^
Representative Warren is be
ing opposed by the National
Association for the Advance
ment of Colored People and
others because as chairman of
the House Committee on Ac
counts Mr. Warren has super*
vision fever {the restaurant {in
the Capitol and in this capacity
he hits refused to permit col
ored people to be served in the
restaurant, although the white
(Continued oh page 4)
w.**
tONFERENCE
__
By Rtr. Thos. B. Hargrave
The Synodical Young People’s
Conference met at Valliant,
Oklahoma, August 3-10. The
young people came from three
State*, with the us ml vim mJ
enthusiasm, and the Confer
ence was not lacking at any
point. The class room work
was on a higher order mid the
general deportment was of the
very best. Rev. and Mrs. Stari
back spared nothing in making
;our stay pleasant and comfort
able. The food was fine and tb
general atmosphere was rest
ful. Those who missed thh
Conference missed a treat.
Drs. A. B. McCoy and L. B.
West, also Miss Agnes B.
Snively, representatives Of the
Board, were present and their
contributions wett'e (inspiring.
Rev. and Mrs. J. T. Douglass
and the large delegation from
Springfield, Mo., were greater
missed at the Conference this
year, but their {daces were
filled by the large delegation
from Crockett, Texas, led by
Dr. Byrd Smith. We were de
lighted to have Ma!ry Allen
Junior College so well repre
sented >, and tthe ' enthusiasm
reached its highest peak dur
ing the stay of Dr. Smith and
his group.
Class Room Work
Much interest was manifest
ed in the discussion of the Ne
gro in Africa and America, led
by Mrs. Snively. All the Con
ference was given the benefit
of this discussion. Miss Helen
G. Cousins was on the faculty
this year and, as usual, the
young people received much in*
I spiration.
Mrs. Cecelia McCoy Jamison
was a great inspiration to the
She brought
•AtUmtic spir
it, and,/bseiess tosay, the en
thusiasm was at it height at
all times. Mrs. Jamison met
with an accident while rallying
her forces on the athletic field
and was forced to leave. She
was greatly missed by ali and
we pray for her early return.
Other members of the faculty
were Mrs B. L. Glenn, Miss
Vivian (Gamble, Dr. W. E.
Houston, Rev. J. W. Starks,
Mrs. McKenzie and Professor
Locust.
The Rev. L. W. Davis, of
Cotton Plant, Ark., spoke each
day at the assembly period on
the work (of the Presbyterian
Church. His talks were practi
cal and helpful.
Two meetings were held on
the beautiful lawn. Rev. Mc
Kenzie, |of Lima, Oklahoma,
made a masterful address on
“How the Young People
Think.” This address was a
credit to .-the Convention (and
we are proud of this new young
minister and feel tha; he has
the Canadian spirit.
Rev. L. N_ McNeal, of McAl
ester, Okla., made a forceful
address on the subject, “Four
Anchors.” These addresses
were helpful and every one en
joyed them.
erenee
the old
The Social r
The social night was a lovely
spectacle. The young people
turned out in all of their splen-l
dor and gay colors. Many
games were led by Mrs. Glenn
and Mss {Helen Cousins. One
(of the features of the social
was the young men’s quartette,
composed of the following:
Revs. W. E. Houston, . T. C.
Boyd, B* L. Glenn and {Elder
J H. Crowell. In the selection
of tMs quartette the commit
tee .'went by activity and not
by age. The refectory was dec
orated in bright colors and a
gay evening was enjoyed by all.
Reds and Bines
One of the . greatest battles
ever fought was the contest
between Jthe Sleds and Bluest
Dr. H C. Cousins and Rev. Boyd
lined up against Rev B. D.
Glenn end Rtev Kennedy as of
ficials. The battle raged until
Friday and ended in a victory
for the Beds.
Young People’s Night
We are proud of the talent
displayed on Young People's
Night under the direction of
Miss Theopa Stinson and MiBS
Cousins. Miss Ruth Smith,
daughter of DH Bytd Smfcth,
played a great part in making
this night a success. Everyone
enjoyed the performance of the
young people and it will be long
.emembered.
The Outing
Wje had our grand outing on
Little River. The water was
tine and the entire Conference
went in for a swim. Rev. Mc
Kenzie and Rev. T. C. Boyd
acted as handsome life guards
but there was no occasion fto
test their skill; however, we
had a {little nurse present,
Miss Glorine Kennedy, of Kan
sas City, who did have a
chance to adihinister aid. ’ A •
heart attack, derived from a
desire to have her First Lady
of the Manse, caused the pastor
from McAlester to fall off a log.
Well, this is one of the func
tions of the Canadian Confer
ence, to furnish opportunity for
our young Presbyterians to
meet, and we can point to many
happy homes as a result of such
meetings.
Dr. Byrd Smith
On returning from the lake
we were favored with a real
treat. Dr. Smith gave a talk on
the work at Mary Allen Junior
College. We are proud of the
record of Mary Allen and it
stands as a monument in Ca
nadian Synod. For a long time
v/e wondered how.. JJr, So^th
could go in the desert arid
make it blossom as a rose. We
can see it now; personality
with a special gift of gab and
true power makes him a real
college President. Indeed, he is
a real mystery man, for he does
things on a large scale. Hats
off to Dr. Smith!
Board of Directors
The Board of Directors are
as follows: The Sunday school
missionaries, Dr /H. C. Cous
ins, Rev, C. N. Shropshire and
Mrs. Cecelia Jamison; Rev.
B. L. Glenn, Mrs. J. H. Crow
ell, Mrs J. D. Stanback, Miss
Vivian Gamble, Secretary
Treasurer; Rev. T. B. Har
grave, Chairman; Rev. T. C.
Boyd, Rev. G. E. Caesar and
Rev. W. E. Houston.
Sunday Service
Sunday morning at 6 o’clock
the entire Conference' was
present at the celebration of
the Holy Communion. Tftye.
Evangelist had charge of this
service, assisted by Dr. Starks,
of Langston Uriiversity. The
elders were Mr. J. H. Crowell
and Dr. C. P. Wallace. At 11
A. M., Dr Starks delivered a
powerful sermon as the closing
message, and the delegation de
parted highly inspired. cJ.
Here a Little and There a Little
Dr. McCoy is a man of vis
ion. He is training jothers to
carry on the work of the
Church.
Dr. H. C. Cousins was elected
by the Board as associate Di
rector of the Conference. As .a
missionary we think of Henry
Cousins along with Wm. Carey,
Robert Morrison and E. Stan
ley Jones.
W© had a few new faces
among us this year: Rev. and
Mrs. McKinzie and a theologi
cal student from Lincoln Uni
versity, Rev. Kennedy. These
JrtHing people entered into the
spirit °f the Conference and
their presence was enjoyed by
all We need more young pion
eers in our Synod, men and
women who ar© good mixers,
(Continued on page 4)