North Carolina Newspapers

' - . . - V . : . ..'.'.,'"-; - -."' -.' " " -. . - .. - --',--' , . . . - "'. I - , - ..- - - ' - ' t , . 'i j - " K - , , - - - - ' I- .' - - - -. . t- .. " , r i 1 4 - - . r - ; 5 . ; ,.-..-..-4 . ' Tur Dollars per annum in advance ' . rtinient3 inserted t 81 fwrsq-jare for the first, AJvint fur leach subsequent Insertion. Court Or-. i deduction of 33jj)erc Advertise bMe year. ; cent, will be made to those Frottf the National Intelligencer. CAFTAN J?REMONT'ST SECOND . i . . v i ! - - EXPLORING -EXPEDITION." , i COXCU'DED. !.Vy 10.-4tThis morning, as soon ai3 there yis1ight cnotigb (oWqw tracks, I set out ray. ,elf, tvith Mr. jMtzpatrick and several men, in fdarch of Tabcau. ;Vf Wnt tothe pot xhcre jjppearanccj of puddled blood had been seen ; nd this, we -saw nau oeen no place itiu. u w rr r , t frlUnd that he ball fetrugsted for his life He Lad probably been; shot through the lungs' iith .an arrowy ir rom jne piace wnere ne lay and bled, it could be seen that he had been drag, red to the river! bank, add thrown into it.- No tesiic of what had belpnged to him could be hand, except a fragmant of his horse equipment. Horse, gun, clothes a! became the prey'bf these Arabs ofllne Ne WWorld. z I ; ,"Tabeau had been (One of our best men. and unhappy dcau spread a gloom over our par- .!) Men, wnojjpave-..goi)e through such dangers and ;8uflenngsrjFis Jwe ;h'ad seen,' become like brothers, and feci each Other's loss. To defend ind arenge eacH other is the deep feeling of all. nei wisnca to aTenge flis aeattLj ouyhe condi lion of our horses, Janguishitig for grass and rc- nose, forlrtide art expedition into unknown moun taiflj. We knew tjhe tribe who had done the mijchief-the same w-h!ich had been insultincr iur camp. ? They kpewwhat they desened, ind haLthe discretion to show themselves to us no mpre. ;'The! day beore, they; (nfesfed 'our camp ; liow, nft oije aipeard ; . nor did ytp ev. er afterwanJs.'seeJjut oue whojeven belensed to the same ;trtbei and, he.at a .distance.' ' On the 12th -May the' expedition reached -1 las 'Vegas ?e,i$ana'Cara, w;hieh had been so ling presentedj o us aa the terminating point of the desert, anIvhere the annual caravan fiomj California to N ;w Mexico halted ; and recruited for some weeks, 'It was a very suitable, placej to recover froirji tfiib fatigue and exhaustion of a month's suffer iigin the hot and.steril desert. The meadow 4 is aboi t a'mile wide, and some teo miles . long, .-bordered by grjassy iiills and mountains so jiie of the latter rising two thou sand feet, and W.hite wi ill snow down to the le f el of 4h'e .tegaL.3 elevation bovefne sea Ms 5,280, feelj ;t latitude, by observation, 376 29' 23", and it? 'distance .from where we first struck the Spahish trail about 400 miles. Count, ing from ib'd tir e we reached the desert, and Ipgan to skirt, i t -pur descent from Walker's Pass in the Sie Tal; Nevada;' wo had travelled 5.r)0 miles, occupying 'twenty.seveii d.iys, in tht inhospitable region. In passing bejfore the jjreat caravan,' we had j the advantage of find in j ''more grassj but tlie disadvantage of -finding also the ma -auding Savages, who had gath ered down upon;th trail, waiting the approach of that prey. This greatly increased our labors, besides costing us the life of a valuable man. We bad to. movj'aI "day in a state of. watch, jiiid prepared for combat Iscouts and flankers nut, a front and rear division of our men, and vn" "t" o an una is in incur mi r. j iiiHtu, uii.iijj diifjr was" sever?e. fFhose who had. toiled aln 'dav, haato,guaid, py turns, the camp and the -lores all night : Jreijuently one-third -of. the vhole party were on guard at ome ; and noth ing hut ibis vigilance tiaved us fntm nitack. We were constantly ddired bv bands, and even thole tribes ofi the .marauders : and although Tabeau was kijled and our camp nnfested and insulted by son)e I while swarms of them re- mained on the hills and mountain, sides, there was manifestly It ..consultation and calculation ping on to decide jlheHqueUon of attacking Us. Having reached! the rating place of the Vegas ie Santa Claral wie had complete relief from ibe heat and privations of the desert, ahoTsome relaxatiog fiomjthe severity of camp i duty. Some relaxation! and relaxation only (r camp guards, horse trilards. and scouts are frrdisnen- Jable from the t me pi leaving the frontiers of Missouri until v$b etu!rn to them." i .'W M0n the 17ilf MavJ aflef 440 miles -of trav eling on a trail which served for a road,, we .agaiq found ourselves tinder the necessity of ex ploring a track jihrpugh the wilderness. The Spanish trail had borne ofTJo the southeast, erossinsr the Wahisatch ranare. X)ur course led to the northeast) ajonrf the foot of that rangC, W leavinir it on the nfrht ' The moudfain ore- ented itself .-tjful under the form of several rilges, rising one aboti'o the other, rpckv, and hooded with nine and cedar t the lait ridire cov. 'red with snowi j Sevier river, flowing north- hardly to the lake of "I Drinr1n.nl w-ltJpQ sit I the same name, co )!!ects Cmm this spefion of the Wah-satch chdiLj AVe had now entered a re gion of great pa.stpral promises-abounding with "reams.' the ricli bunch nrass. soil that ould produce ( Wheat, and indigenuous flax ovving as if M hadibecn sown. Consistent ith tho general character of i it bordering fountains, thia ertiliiy-'bf soil and vegetation fa r into the 0 rent Basin. Mr. our gjuide, who joined us on the Qoes not extend -Joseph Walker! vthjand who nas niore Knowieuge 'Ot mese r" ioan any man l know, informed mo that all c country to Jhe Icli was-unknown tojiim, and j Uke Sevier could tell him notching about it. ;,tt20i4Vle:met a Land of Utah Indians, waded by a well kniwn chief, who had obtain, p Arnericabr English name of. Walker, I 'hich he isqliote!d and well known. . They ere all mounted, armed, with tiflesartd use Yxt rifles wellJ l Tie chief bad a fusee, which ?e Weref journeying slowly, towards the Span. h trail, to le'ftheir usual tribute ujon the Califortdan ciravan. 'They were rob- of a hightorder than thosepf the deserU W condircted jthpi depredations with, form, M'under he cblbf of trade and toll for passing Jjjgn their ijuntry. ' Instead of attacking wiling, thev affect to purchase taking the ?0f8e they lik!et,!andgiving soraethi ng nominal jJretnrn. THechif was quite civilfto me e was personally abauainted with .His1 name.- y iout guide, who Imade my name, know'n to'J He kftefv of my expedition of 1$42 ; and; tkens Of f'ihrlalfin 'unit nrnftf that wiv-tiiifl r Proposed an interchange of, presents.' We . 8 Mexican blanket, arid I gave him a. rery fine fi which 'T. had oVttained at Vfthr.riirpr.' Crossing (on the 24thjMayt a slight ridge ?ag the river, we entered a handsome moan. 10 valley cojrered with fine grass, and directed fr!COUrse towaras a high snowy pak, at the which;lay thd Utah Lake. : pn our right ered Sn mountains, their sutrimit's cov ,a fh inoiv 'conistituting the "dividing ridgo vberc he leu anaaieu. j liiooanpon the leaver, sn3 beaten doiyii Tjushes, showed I that Ke Tad lj k!a tvniind iiboilt twenlV niipjp frnm'' wKorn t ft i j ri I . w ro I i " I ! ". 1 1 II c r " . ' i : ' m . i r - - '' - 1 . .:, ' j i i i i ii -i - i ' - - ' '- ; -. ! 4 - - - J . . r j- .,-- ... ' " , ' S rsV'-'- r:.- S't.K LiiWtwrt,.. h V A- ..: . . , - ' - ...i". " " .' f " .'1 -.- -") i i j ... . -- ' ' j . , ... . rBRUNE& JAMES, - , Editors rf Proprietors. - r J. between the liamwaters and those of the Col. prado. At, noon. we fell in with a party of In. dians coming put of the mountain, and in the af. ternewn encamped biia tributary Ah the laki. vhich i is sepmfeld fromhe waters of the Se. ?ler v.e-8ligt lividng grounds; x.. . , r "iarly the .nextUJay we;came in sight of the lake ; and, as wo descended to the broad bot toms of the Spahish fork, three horsemen were seen galloping towards us, who proved. to be Utah Indians sco its from a village, which was encamped near the mouth of the rivef. They were armed witt)Tr'fles, and their horses were iri good conditiojT We encamped near them, on the Spanish ftrl , which is one of the priori, pal tributaries ta thp lake. Finding the Indi. ans troublesomei arid desirous to remain here a wlay, we removed the next morning further down the Jake, and encamped on a fertile bottom nea the toot ot the same mountainous ridiro which borders v thereat Bait JLake aud along which w e hacl journeyed ho previous September.---Hero .-the -brincihaf Dlants in Unnm wpfa twn which " were " rethaVkable as 'affording to the Snake Indians th one an abundant supply of .d a VP"C food, and the other the most useful among the ications which they use for Wounds; ""These Were'the kobvahJDSant. irrowintr in fipld tC or. trardinary luxuriance, and conrallariastellaUa. tTiiicu, n uiii lue ye.perieuouui iur. v aiKer, IS the best remedial pliant known among those In- uians. j; . ?i 1 i .. .. ans.. . A few m$s below us was another vil ge of Indians, frqm which we obtained some lage 'fish athong th'e?n a few salmon'trout." which were very much inferior in size to those 'along the Califbrnian moun4ns The season for taking them had not yedujjriyed ; but the Indians were daily expecting tuejn to come out of tlie lake. " We had now accomplished an object wc had in view when leaving the Dalles of the Co lumbia in P"joverribr last : "we-had reached the Utah Lake ; but h$ a route very different from what we had interjded, and without sufficient time remaining td make the examinations which were desired. It jp a lake of note in this coun try, under the jdolhinibn of the Utahs, Who re sort to it for fish.j ts greatest breadth is about fifteen miles, stretching far to the north, narrow, ing as it goes, arid connecting with the Great Salt Lake. This is the report, and which I be xlieve to be correct i but it is fresh water, while theother is not only salt, but a saturated solu lion of salt ; and hero is a problem which re quires to be solved;! It is almost entirely sur rounded by mountains, walled on the north and east by a highVpd no wy range, which supplies to it a-fan of uiuta!ry streams." ' " Jii 'arriving jiMJie Utah lakewojhad corn pletgd an imnielise circuit of twelvd degrees diametdrnorth a"nd south, and ten degrees east and west ; and fpuiill ourselves, in May, 1844, oix the same sheet qT water whichT-we had left hi; September, ljl!j. The Utah is thesouth- ern limb ot the tireiit Salt lake ; and thus , we had seen that. rma-kable sheet of water both' at its ''northern!! arid southern -extremity,- and were able to fi itsfposition at these two points. The-circuit wlfich we'Jiad made, and which had cost tis eight months' of time, and 3,500 miles of travelling, had given us a view of Or egon and of Nortli California from the Rocky iTiuuniains toiqe racinc ocean, ana ot tne two principal strearjfis Avhich form bays or harbors on the coast of that pea. Having completed this circuit, and befog ifow about to turn the back upon the Pacific, slhpe of our continent and to. recross ihe Hockey Mountains, it is natural to. look back upon or footsteps, and take some brief view of tjie leading features and general structure! of tlie cbuntry we had traversed, These are peculiar! and striking, and differ es sentially from Jhe Atlantic side of our country. The Mountains all, are higher, more numerous, and more distinctly defined in their ranges and direction's ; and, wiat is so contrary to the na tural order of sue i formation?, one of t.hese ranges, whiclt is iear the" coast (the Sierra Nevada and the Cpast Range,) presents high, er elevations ind eaks than any which are to be found In the Rocky Mountains themselves. In our eight months' circuit we were never out of sight of sn'4w; 4nd the Sierra Nevada where we- crossed it was! near 2,000 feet higher than the south Pas3 in the Rocky Mountains. In height these mountains greatly exceeded those i 01 me itianitc sia, cons'.antjy presenting peaks which enter ihe ipgion of ctertial snow ; and some of therii voldanic, and in a frequent state - .1 . 1 1 : - -.1- .. - . of activity, jrhey are seen at great distances, and guide thfe trav ?ller in his courses. ; i he, course and elevation of these ranges cive direction to the rivers and character to the coast. No i great L river does or can take its I rise ueiowtne uascaciir and Sierra INevada range': the fdislanrc to the sea is too short to ad.nit of it. I The l ivers of the San Francisco irljav, which are the lamest after the Columbia, are local t th at bay, and lateral to the coast, j having therjr sources about on. a line with the Dalles of tge Columbia, and runnipg each in a valley of ill own, between Coast range and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada range. The Co-; lumbia is Ithe ony river whjch traverses the whole breadth of jjthe countrybreaking through all the ranges, ahd entering the sea. Draw, ing its praters (from . a . section of ten de- grees ot patitudef in tne uocky Mountains, which arejcollecled into one stream by three main fork! (Ibis's, Clark's, and the North le.u r 'L. A fork) uearthe centre of the Oregon valley,, this great rivsithencel proceeds by a single channel to the seal while Its three forks lead each to a pass in th mountains, which opens the way into the interior of thd continent. ; Thi s fact m rela-!! tiori to t hef rivers f this region gives an immense value'to tq Colu nbia Its mouth is the only inlet and pullet tc "and ;froriv the sea ; its three forks learj to the Masses in the mountains ; it is tbereforftthe"on y line of communication be tween th Pacifi and .the interior'of North A- merica'; and all operations of war or commerce of national or intercourse;; must,' be conducted upon it, ! I This give it a yalue beyond estima ilon.ad.r.wouldj. involve irreparable injury if lost. -In this un (ty , and! concentration of its wa. tersi thej Pacifiisidd of ourontineril dUers entirely from thef Atlantic, side Whe re the-- waV ters of the Alleghany 'mountains arerdispersed into many rive rsi having th'oir diflererit entrant ces intothe sea,andVpening many line's of com-, ujuuicaiioii wiiii. interior. ' "The Pacific boast is equally' different from - Kkef X CHECK rPOM ALL ror JS SAFE. . . 1 that of the Atlantic. The coast of the, Atlan tic is low and open, indented with numerous Py sounds, and river estuaries, accessible 7" i"ucr anu opening ,oy. many cpanneis into the heart of the country. The Pacific coast on the contrary, is high and compact, Avith few bays, and but one that opens into the heart of the country. . The immense coast is what the seamen call iron bound. A little within, it is skirted by two successive ranges of mountains, standing as ramparts between the sea and the interior country, and to get through which there is but one gate, and that narrow and easily tie iendeaV This structure of the coast, backed by these two ranges of mountains, with its con centration and unity of waters, gives to tlie coun try an immense military strength, and will pro bably render Oregon the most impregnable country in the world. r- I a f Differing so much from the Atlantic! side of pu continent, in coast, mountains, andrivcrs, ihePaciffc side differs fjrom it in another most rarje aud singular feature that of the Great in terior Basin,of which I have so often Ipoken, and the whole form and character of which I was so anxious to ascertain. Its existence is vouched for by such of the American traders and hunters as have knowledge of that region ; the structure of the Sierra Nevada range of moun tains requires it to be there 4 and my ovn ob servations confirm it. Mr. Joseph Walker, who is so well acquainted in those parts, informed me that from the Great Salt lake west there was a t succession of lakes and rivers! which have no outlet to the sea, nor any connexion with the Columbia or with the Colorado; of the Gulfof California. He described some of these lakes as being1 large, with numerous streams, and even considerable rivers falling inti them. In fact all concur in the general report o these interior river and lakes ; and for want of under standing the force and power of evaporation, which so soon establishes an equilibrium be tween the loss and supply of waters, tho fable of whirlpools and subterraneous outlets has gained bejief, as the only imaginable way of carrying off the waters which have no!visible dicsharge. The structure of the country! would require this formation of interior lakes ; for the waters which would collect between the ltocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, not! being able to cross this formidable barrier, norjjto get .to the Columbia or the Colorada, must natural "ly collect in reservoirs, each of which? would have, its little system of streams and rivers to supply it.- This would bo the natural fefl'ect ; and what T saw went to confirm it. The Great Salt lake is a formation of this kind, and quite a large one ; and having many streams apd cne considerable river, four or five hundred miles long, falling into it. This lake and river? I saw an dexamined myself; and also saw the Wah satch and Bear River mountains which enclose IKy wTttO fa Llbgle " the east, and consti tute in that quarteTTrienJ-aCjbe Great pasin. Afterwards, alone the eastern basc6iJiie fcier ra Nevada, where we travelled fbrty-two UaysTf .U 1! Pl.t' 1 - 1 1 ,. . . s-aw me jme 01 janes anu rivers wnicil lie at tne foot of that Sierra ; and which Sierra f Is' the western rim of the-Iiasin. In goingj down Lewis's fork and the main Columbia, I crossed only inferior streams coming in from th'e left, such as could draw their water from a short dis tance only ; and I often saw the mountains at their heads white with snow ; which all ac counts said, divided the waters of the tfescrfrom those of the Columbia, and which could be no ' he Platte, the Arkansas, and the Grand Ri ofher than the range of mountains which form ! ver fork! of the Rio Colorado of the Gulf of the rim of the basin on its northern sidcj And ! California ; th4 Passes at the heads of these in returning from California along the Spanish rivers ; land the three remarkable mountain trail, as far as the head of the Santa Clara tork of the Rio Virgen, I crossed only! small streams making their way south to the dolora do, or lost in sand as the Mo-hah-ve jj. while j to the left lofty mountains, their summits! white with snow, were often visible, and which must have turned w ater to the north as well as to the south, and thus constituted on this part the sou. thern rim of the Basin. At the head of the Santa Clara fork, and in the Vergas de Santa Clara, we crossed the ridge which parted the two systems of waters. We entered the Ba sin at that point, and have travelled in! it ever since, Having its southeastern rim (the ;Wah- satch mountain on the liljt. and crossing tho 1. . . . ' o r to streams which now down into it. 1 he j exist, ence of the Basin is therefore an established fact in my mind ; Jts extent and contents are yet to be better ascertained. It cannot be less than four or five hundred miles each way, and must lie principally in the Alta California : the , demarcation latitude of 42 probably cutting a segment from the north part of the rim. Of !ts interior dui nine is Known. 11 is cniien a desert, and from what I saw of it, sterilitj' may be its prominent characteristic; but! where there isso so much water, there must be ,some - . . 1 i oasis. The great river and the great lake re ported, may not be equal to the reportj ; but j where there is so much snow, there must bei streams; and where there is no outlet there j must be lakes to hold the accumulated waters, or sands to swallow them up. In this eastern part of the Basin, containing Sevier, Utah, and the Great Salt lakes, and the rivers and creeks, falling into them, we know there is good soil and good grass, adapted to civilized setdenVents. In the western part, on toaimon 1 rout nyer anu some other streams, the same remark may be . f " r " ! niad. The contents of this Great Basin are )et to be examined. That it is peopled we know; but miserably and sparsely. From all that I (leard and saw, I should say that, humanity here ap peared in its lowest form, and in its i msfelc mentary state. Dispersed in single families ; without fire-arms ; eating seeds and insects ; diin roots, (and hence their name)--such is thfi-nnndltinn of the ffreater part. Uthers are 4 a degree higher, and live in communitijes upon some lake or river that supplies fishy arid frorn which- they Tepulse the' miserable Diggcr The rabbit is the largest animal known ip this desert j its flesh affords a little meat ; and; their baff.like"fcbveriff is made of itskmk.tiThe WiM Mttfk i thtr nnlv wood, and here! it is of extraordinary size--sohietimes a foot iri diame ter, and six or eight feet higb.- It serves lor fu fel. for building material, for shelter to jh$ rab. bits, and for some sort of covering for he , feet j counts of the inhabitants and productions of the ana iei?s m co a weaiuert - uuvu;iw ty "w:-:i- O",.,.; Great Basin!; arid which, though imperfect, must have some foundation, and excite our de sire'to know he whole.; r ' : t ;" The whole idea of such a desert aridsuch a people, is a novelty in our country, and ex cites Asiatic, not American ideas. Interior ba sins, with iheir own systems of lakes and rivers, and often stetjl, are common enough in Asia r people1 still in ;the elementary state of families, living in deserts, with no other occupation than the mere animal search for food, may still be seen in that ancient quarter of the globe ; but in America stich things are new and strange, unknown and Unsuspected, and discredited when related. But I flatter myself that what is dis covered, though not enough to satisfy curiosity, is sufficient to excite it, and that subsequent explorations Will complete what has been com menced. I. ' This aiccoant of the Great Basin, it will be remembered, belongs to the Alta California, and has np application to Oregon, whose capa bilities may justify a separate remark. Refer ring to my journal for particular descriptions, and for sectional boundaries between good and bad districts, I can only say, in general and comparative teirms, that, in that branch of ag riculture which; implies the cultivation of grains and staple crops, it would be inferior to the At lantic Stales, though many parts are superior for wheat ; while in the rearing of flocks and herds it would claim a high place. Its grazing capabilities are great ; and even in the indi. genous grass now there, an element of individ ual and national wealth may be found. In fact, tho valuable grasses begin within one hundred and fifty miles of the Missouri frontier, and ex tend to the Pacific ocean. East of tho Rocky Mountains, it i? the short curly grass, on which the buffalo delight to feed, (vhenc3 its name of buffalo,) and which jg still good when dry and apparently dead. West of those mountains it is a larger growth, in clusters, and hence call ed bufichrass,and which has a second or fall growth. Plaips and mountains both exhibit them ; arid I hive seen good pasturage at an elevation of ted thousand feet. In this sponta neous product, the trading or travelling cara vans can find subsistence for their animals ; and, in military operations any number of cavalry may be moved,; and any number of cattle may be driven ; and thus men and horses be sup ported. on long expeditions, and even in winter in the sheltered situations. "Commercially, the value of the Oregon country must be great, washed as it is by the north Pacific ocean fronting Asia- producing many of the elements of commerce mild and healthy, in its climate and becoming as it na turally will a thoroughfare for the East India and China trade." 1 But little novelty of incident befell our travellers durftTg their comparatively easy journeyi ng homeward. On the 13th June they were about two degrees south of the Sou-4sln the Rocky Mountains, and j Our (course! home," says Capt. F., " would have beep easlwardly ; but that would have ta- ken us over eround already examined, and therefore without the interest which would ex - I ' -4 ' - cite curiosity. (Southwardly there were objects worthy to be explored, to wit. the approxima tion of the head-waters of three different rivers coves called Parks, in which they took their rise. Uue ot tnese rarks was, ot course, on the western side of the dividing ridge : and a - visit to it would require us once more to cross tne summit ot tne itocky Mountains to tne west, and then to re-cross to the east ; making in all, with the transit we had just accomplish ed, three crossings of that mountain in this sec tion of ijts course. But no matter. The coves, the heaps of the rivers, the approximation of their waters, the practicability of the mountain passes, nd the: locality of the tiihee parks, were all objects of interest, and, although well known to hunters and trappers, were unknown to science and to history. We therefore chang ed our course, and turned up the Valley of the Platte instead of going down it. " Wei crossed several small affluents, and a gain made a fortified camp iri a grove. The countrvlhad now become very beaut iful -rich .1 ; . s . 1 n 1 m w .1 in water, grass; and game ; and to these were added the charm of scenery and pleasant wea- ther." After an interesting visit to the " New and Old Parks," which are described as being fertile and well wooded and water-; ed valleys, and " a paradise to all grazing j easy ; that the -proportion of absolutely animals," the party arrived on the 22d j barren country is small ; that, from with June at the summit of the dividing ridge, in one hundred and fifty miles of the Mis to which CapJ. F. gives an estimated souri frontier to the longitude at Fort La- height of 11,200 feet. Onjthe 23d we were met by a party of Utah women,;' who told us that on the other side of the ridge their-village was fighting with then Arapahoes. As soon as they had given us this - 1 .1 ' 1 .1 . 1 ' . - - . t .1 - . j j jntorma ion, tney nuea tne lamentations, which made us understand that some of their chiefs had been killed. " Extending 4long the river directly ahead of us Was a low pincy ridge, leading between it and the stream a small open bottom, on which the Utahs had fery injudiciously placed their village, according to the women, numbered a bout 30) warriors. Advancing in the cover of the pines, the Arapahoes, about daylight, char-' ged into the village,driving off a great number of their!-horses iind killing four men ; .among them the principal chief of the village; They drove, the horses perhaps a mile beyond the vil lage to Ithe end lof a hollow, where they had previously fbrted at the edge of the pines. Here the Utalis had iristaritly attacked them in turnj' andi acj6fdirig to the report of the women, were getting rather' best of the day." 'lTie women pressed us eagerly to join with their Deople,'and would mediately have provided us with the best horses at tho village ; but it Was not for us 10 inienero iii.butu ... .iieuHn o interfere m.sucn .-cuauicu were our friends, nor under our protection ; and OLUMETi:- each was ready to prey upon us that, could. But. we could not help feeling "an unusual ex citefnent at being within a' few hundred yards of a fight, in which 500 men were closely en-: gaged and hearing the sharp cracks of their rifles.. Wp were in a bad position, and subject to be attacked in it.- Either party which we might meet, victorious or defeated, was certain to fall upon us ; and, gearing up immediately, we kept close along the pines of the ridge, hav ing it between us and the village, aud keeping the scouts on the" summit to give us notice of the approach of Indians. As we passed by the village, which was immediately below us, horse men were galloping t'pand fro, and "groups of people were gathered around those who were wounded and dead," and who were being brought in from the field. We continued to press on, and crossing another f rk which came in from the right, after having made fifteen - miles from the village, fortified ourselves strongly in the pines a short distance from the river." The party arrived at Brent's Fort on the 1st July, wherejhey were received ' With a cordial welcome and a friendly hos pitality, in the enjoyment of which we spetit se veral agreeable days.- We" were now in the region where our mountaineers were accustom. cd to live, and all the dangers and difficulties of the road being considered past, four of them in cluding Carson alid Walker, lemained at the fbrt. The expedition reached the little town of Kansas on the banks of the Missouri river on the 31st July, having made a jour ney of 3,702 miles from the Dalles' of the. Columbia, and of 2,560 froin Capt. Sutters settlement of New Helvetia. " Duriug our protracted absence of fourteen months, in the course of which We had neces sarily been exposed to great varieties of weath er and of climate, no one case of sickness had ever occurred among us. 44 Here ended our land journey ; and the day following our arrival, we found ourselves on board a steamboat rapidly gliding down-the broad -Missouri. Our travel-worn animals had not been sold and dispersed over the country to renewed labor,hut were placed at good pastur age on the frontier, and are now ready to do their part in the coming enpedition. The narrative concludes with the arri val at St. Louis on the lGth of August, where the party was disbanded. " Andreas Fuentes also remained here, hav ing readily found employment for the winter, and is one of the men engaged to accompany me the present year. " Pablo Hernandez remains in the family of benator Uenton, where he is well taken care of, and conciliates good will by his docility, intelli gence, and amiability. General Almonte, the Mexican Minister at Washington, to whom he was of course made known, kindly offered to charge of him, and to carry him back to Mi-rim nil i 1 1 ' hlY nri'li""'H to remain where . 7 j , he was until he got an education, shows equal ardor and aptitude. " Our Chinook Indian had his wish to sec the whites fully gratified. He accompanied me to Washington, and, after remaining several months at the Columbia college, was sent by the Indian department to Philadelphia, where, among other things, he learned to read and write well, and speak the English with some fluency. "He will accompany me in a few days to the frontier of Missouri, whence he will be sent with some one of the emigrant companies to the village at the Dalles of the Columbia." We have thus endeavored to furnish our readers with such an analysis of Capt Fremont's two expeditions as may, with the copious extracts which we have made from the narrative, enable them not only to trace his adventurous course, but also to estimate what he has accomplished, and the great value of the information which he has collected, in a geographical, a commercial, and a scientific point of view. We will not attempt a recapitula- tion ; for where so much has been done, and so well done, it-would be only to re peat, in another form, the substance of all which we have already said. In geo graphical discovery Captain Fremont, has done much: he has shown that the trans it across the Rocky Mountains, particular- ly at the Southern Pass, is comparatively ramie. (105 deg. 40 min..) there is inen- eral great plenty of the short early gfass called buffalo grass. Westward ol Lara mie, for a considerable distance, the region is sandy and apparently steril, and the place of the grass is usurped by the arte mesia: other localities, where there- is a deficiency of pasturage, are found on both sides of the mountains. These expedi tions, however, will furnish to trading car avans, or to emigrating parties, a knowl edge of the most practicable routes, where they may most .generally nd: sustenance for their animals and wateKand fuel for themselves The road to Oregon will be made comparatively, easy ; t and although the emigrant who contemplates taking up his line of march j to that distant region ought to be apprizeVI.and guarded against thijdanger thedtfiies;and: tteprivat UonsM icitt haue tancounte rjeneererl -nvJhefceintylthat meet with nothing but what foresight and prudence may in a great measure protect ! jvuuence , & , , . V ; , I NUMBER.25, OF VC 1 hipi from, and courage, firmness, and pcr : severance overcome. Ilevill be -called upon to exercise all these, qualities ;Jana thef most Idangcrous . error . into Avhich he can fall is" to' imagine the journey is an easy one, and the toil and suffering which he will have to undcfg:o : trifling and un' important..- -f . - ..." . .j The Grca Salt Lalse the . Bear Hiveif Valley, and the'ri verslthe valleys, and tho, mountainsiof Upper California may be said to be how first' brought to the knowlf edge of civilized mau bythcsc expe'ditions; coTrection of. our former; geographic ' The cal errors witH respect to the. river Hue,,: riayenlkra Ve !dwe. to Captain F. ; the ex , lstence of a great 'central plain or basin in CaHfornials cstajIis1ifS-by hinvs is alsq :,f the important fact that there is no river of s , r atty navigable' size which lhas its outlet tin ':-r.: reclly into the Pacific, and communication , -icith the 'iMsierh'sloe'tyloiir, continent, 'ex- ,V. '-.' cent the Columbia, between fifty degrees of ; -; v northern latitudeand tlie Gulf California In a military point of view "these " expedi tions "point out where forts arid posts may! be mosradvantagebusly cstablishedwitlii v a view to the safe' occupancy of thec6un-j try and the protection tho inhabitants and the trader from Indiahoutrage,6rfr6m! -. 2. aggressions or iriteVferehces bX any kind . This, wel believe, ivas the professedly' aij- .V thorized object ol Captainremoni'i 5 , peditions ; but his ardent and active Jcm-i ; perament, and his love of science and , ' knowledge!, could riot rest satisfied "with "n . ' bare performance of prescribed 'duties. : He has submitted to his countrymen aridj J j . the worjd, in his unpretending and modest narrative, a vast body' of botanical," geo ;"; logical,1 arid ' meteorological The soil and thcjrierarvviitcrs have Jbceri subjected to "analysis. More than jfour rr , hundred and thirty astronomical obscrva v tions are recorded, the iatitude,,-and;thet longitude of important points accurately. ' determined; and the elevation of moun tains ascertained. The survey of CJaptairt, Fremont from the eastward meets that of '1 j -j Captain Wilkes from tho. westward, and, ;i , cr for n ? rnnniit fnr nil immediatft ntlf- " . "" "", . . I.I if .1. r . i 1 . - poses, ine map 01. wregoiv ;is cumpiciu.p The appendix to Captain Fremont's narj-v rative contains Dr. James Hall's (of Newc , . York) report upon the nature pf thegeo-j. ' logical formations occupying the' portions . 5 : of Oregon, and California traversed iby j Captain Fremont, as deduced from his obv v.." servattons, and the specimens; ofminefals u and vegetable and animal organic remains -which he collected. . -( ,.js;.,-..;-Li - Professor Torrey makes the following: -statement with respect to tho 1 botanical ; u, collections of the expedition : 'n,':' " ' " When Captain Fremont set out 011 his ; se-); cond expedition he was well provided .with" pa--V. per and other means Cor making extensive bet-:r anical collections ; and it was, understood thai, on his return, we should conjointly prepare ja i -full account of his plants, to be appended to his bout fourteen hundred species were v - collected, many ot them in nl"! :, explored by any botanist. , In consequence, however, of the great length of the journey, and the numerous accidents'to which the party xvere? exposeuVbut especially owing to the dreadful flood of the Kansas, which deluged. the borders 1 of the Missouri, and iVIississippi,, rivers, morel, than half of his specimens -were ruined before - . he reached the borders of civilization. " Even f -the portion saved were greatly damaged, so that,' ; in many instances, it has been extremely difli- cult to determine the plants. tAs there was not sufficient time before the publication of Captain Fremont's report for the proper study of the mains of bis collection, it has been deemed a4- T visable to reserve the greater part of them Jo in ; corporate with the plants which we expect ho : will bring with him on returning from his third;' expedition, upon which he has just set out. '. ' h "The loss sustained by Captain iFrctnonr,' '.'.. and I may say by the botanical. world, will," Wo l .7. trust, be partly made up the present and next-;" seasons, as much of the same countrywill ljot v ' passed over again, and some new regions.exv plored. Arrangements have also been, mada i by which the botanical collections, will , be pre. 4 .. served, at least from the destructive eflects . of ' ; water, and a person accompanies Iheexpcdi-'," tion who is to make drawings of all the most in- : " teresting plants. Particular attention will bo f given to the forest trees and the vegetable pro- .i ductions that are usefulm the arts or thataro s employed for food or medicine." t ; ; ; f t Professor Torrey furnishes in the appeot; dix descriptions of about thirty hcw, genc ra and species of plants collectedly Cap- tain Fremont. : ' The oMccts of Captain Fremont's third v exploratory tour arc, vis uujioc, vuiicvoj- detailed in the follpvingl paragraphs, which wc extract frorn a late number of r the Western (Missouri) Expositor: " The expedition Jo the Rocky Mountain under command or Captain J.- C. Fremont,' of. the-U. S. Army, being the third exploring tour of thatofiicer, left Westport on the 20th'- June, -Captain Fremont is as?istl by two junior offi, cers of tho Topographical Corps, and employs d i.A.tv mn The design of jhFs expedition i to'complete the surveys of ihe plains and raoon- otn Snt.rrenin!? between tho western bounda-. tains intervening heretofore partially7 accotn- f the Arkansas river to its source, after. completing whicbJhe party will bo ; divided. One dirisiori.willthen retumJjy tvay of the head of the Rio del Norte, through the country Camaricbe'lndians, on the sources of theKfd ff river; and by the low waters of the Arkansas. The main division under Captain Fremont, will cross the Colorado. complete ? Great Salt Lake, and. penetrate e of Mary's river, Which flows we st wardly rough; -Upper Califomra. in thecuitty of the 42d de. -gree parallel of latitude and x lost in a lake at rv of the Pacrhe, plished by the exploring squadron and the tvo-f former expeditions ;of Captain : Fremont.;- As- far as we can learn, this party will proceed lo j I si, - I' v! ' : '.-1 - !