WL?.
Dr. J. H.
Sand
! >?j ?
North Carolina G
nomic Survey Is
Ideas Well Wor
*
Before beginning the construction
of a hand-clay road, the sand and
day in the vicinity of the road should
'be examined' to ascertain whether
they have the right properties necessary
to build a first-class sand-clay
road. The best sand or gravel to use
Is that which has a eharp cutting
edge and it should not be In too fine
grains. A clean, sharp grit, such as
is desired in making mortar is the
quality of sand that is wanted. The
best results are obtained, however,
when the grains of sand are coarser
than those used in making mortar.
While any clean sand will make a
sand-clay road, the sharper the grit
the better the resulting road. The
characteristics which are more desirable
In the clay are plasticity and
?. the ability to slake well when it first
becomes wet. A clay is called plastfc
when it becomes sticky or dodgh-like
a when mixed with a certain amount of
I water, so that it can be molded or
' pressed Into various shkpes which it
will retain even after it has been
I * dried. If a lump of such clay is put
in water, It will usually retain its
form for a long time. There are other
clays, however, which will immediately
fall to pieces when placed In
water as a lump of quick-lime will
do under similar conditions. This Is
due to the very rapid absorption of
water into the porous construction of
the clay. It can readily be seen that
x this charcteristlc is an Important one
when considering the material to be
used In a sand-clay road. There is
still another physical characteristic
of clay which is to be considered
from the standpoint of the road
bnllder. Some clays shrink when
dried, which is shown by the cracking
and breaking out of their surface.
This shrinkage in the measure
of their expansion makes a sand-clay
composition unstable. ' Shrinkage
would do no harm if the clay would
til stay in this condition, but it does not.
When water, removed by evaporaL
* Hon., is Testored to the sand-clay
mixture. Its entrance is accompanied
by a simultaneous expansion which
causes the grains of sand to become
separated^ This property can not be
I Overcome for It la Inherent In the
clay, but we can In some meaure
modify this fact by using less clay In
the composition. This, however, will
weaken the road and cause It to
break up in dry weather. Avoid such
# days If possible.
* One good test for a clay Is to wet
the thumb aad place it against the
. clay and If It sticks to the .thumb It
is of tbd rlfcht quality for making n
satdf day road, if, on the other
hamltffttesp aot stick to the thumb,
wo are com hi aaea mlag that thla
particular stay- will aat make a good
binder. .Ia gpsgvioiy "frf**estrclsy
sn?h the ehsrffeSl UM^h^1
ahla. ; . , ". *
| o Occasionally, % natural mint am o|
faaad and'clay haVa baan found la tho
right porportloa and ot the right
uuallty to make a hard aarfaoed
road. Whale each materials have
been fouad la the gelds adjoin tag the
high wars and have been uaod la sur(aelag
It. the mis tire has baan oalled
"to* soil dreealafr' and the resultant
road a "do* doll" 'road. In reality,
however, -It -La a xsnd-clxy road'and
f wa slmplr aaad a mixture of the aand
t/ and clay Which suture has provided.
Ike provortlea of aaad and day
la the beat mad-day road should be
I h such that there Is J net a snllclent
amount of clay, and so mora;, to 111
I the voids between the grains of sand
whan those grate are touching each
other. The ddty la the binder that
l Jo to hold the grains of aand In place
and there ahonld not he any more
than la aulleisai for thlo purpose. If
too largo g proportion ot clay la uaod
tho grains of aaad ara prevented form
b touching each other sad ara ahla to
1 > move about each other In the mam ot
clay so that the resistance of the
mua to th* wearing effect ot traffic
Is practice!!y no more than if the
roed vu oompoeed simply f clsy.
i Water is also sble to net upon the
asss of olsy and the rood beoomee
ir;v sticky sad muddy. If there Is too
smsll s proportion of ?lsy need, the
the grains of send are sot cemented
r tightly togathor sad the road dtelatea
| i, rates vary qataklj under tragic and
rain.
The asset proportion of sand sad
! o|ar for teml the best nad slsl
| read caa^M^^^^ad. as the prapor
. , I
Local Sh
Pratt Disc
-Clay Roi
. ' ?
eological and Eco-'
sues Circular. The
th Careful Perusal.
a Band-clay road about eighty per
cent aand and twenty per cent clay.
One simple means of determining the
theoretical amount of pore clay that
should be added to any sand,that Is
to bo used In the construction of a
sand-day road la to fill a glass tumbor
brimful with the sand that is to
be used and then fill a similar tumb ler
with water; pour the water carefully
onto the sand until the water
cornea flush with the* surface, which I
will mean that all the voids between *
the grains of sand are now fil!ed\with
water. The amount of water tH&t
baa been poured into the tumbler
containing the sand will ' represent
the proportion of volume of clay that
It to necessary to add to that particular
saud to fill all the voids with
clby.
Method of Mixing Sand and Clay.
Having determined the source of
supply of the best materials for making
a sand-clay road tUe next questIon
to the mixing of the materials,
and this vfcrfes with the oharacter of
the subsoil, whether this li a saud
upon which clay to to be -added or
clay upon which sand to to he added.
It will he found that It is much easier
to make a sand-clay road where .
the subsoil to a clay.
Clay Subsoil?The road should be
properly located and graded and then
the surface of the raod shaped with
the proper crop and slope from this
to the dtlches. The surface should ^
be smooth and about four or Ave Inches
lower than what to dealred when *
the road to completed. When this ^
is uuisueu lue porviun ui ruuu vuti
la to bo sand-clay road, either nine
or sixteen feet In the center, should
when perfectly dry be plowed to a
depth of four Inches and thoroughly
harrowed, with a cutaway (disc) harrow.
The sand should then be spread
over the surface to a depth of four
filches and thoroughly harrowed In
, IlifrB* mt mmfi
spread over the surface, and again
thoroughly harrowed. After this
mixing of the sand and clay is completed
the road should be dragged.
After the first heavy rain the road
should again be harrowed and then
drafcged Into shape feo as to give It
the proper crown, and It will then become
a firm, hard-enrfaced road. If
a roller convenient this may be uaed
to some advantage.
If the aand clay road is constructed
as outlined above and good clean I
sha^p sand la uaed on a plastic clay,
a first class sand-clay road will be the
result. \ ,
In too many instance* in constructing
a sand-day t road the aand lias
simply been spread over the clay and
it has been left for teama to mix It In '
with the clay. This takes a loft
time and very often there is .not a
thorough mixing of the two materials
so that the reanltant road In not al- ?
ways nnlform In Its construction and
does not give as good satisfaction as r
when constructed by the method
scribed above.
If the sand Is sdded to the clay
| road when ft la wet the harrowing
can all be done at one time, and,
.when shaped up and dried out, It
becomes a hard-surfaced road. The
mala objections to making the sand
clay road 1 nth Is way are that unless
the clay road is extremely muddy and
wet the harrowing of the sand^lnto I
the clay causes considerable of the I
clay to get Into round balls, which
' are not broken np by the harrowing;
and that there le aot aa even a mixing
of the sand an<J the Any aa when
they are thoroughly mixed and then j
harrowed later when they are <
thoroughly mixed dry and then bar- l
rowed later when they are wet. i
, subsoil and have to add clay to thla, i
i the method of procedure Is somewhat <
' different from the case outlined i
i above. The sandy roadbed should 1
be flat and then a layer of clay epread i
i over It to i"thickness of four to six (
Inches according to the quality of the i
1 clay and the amount of sand which
i It eoatalba. It It o pur. rlutkt cloy '
I It will Uk, t BMk osallor mount
I dtu It It u a nrr taut or oaadr may. <
1 Thoro pbould thoo bo kpoood oror tbo '
; clay a layor of clooa ooad aad Uo '
I rood tboroacbly barroaod. Attar 1
tbla boo boa* wiitlbtil, tbo road '
I ahoald bo bro??bt baak la to oha*o
> aad tbo* attar a boory rata aaata
. bomood aad Ob*t*d lb Tbora la
? aoaauy a tioHaar to tot too awl
mar I* aooMag a aaad^lay road wbaa
WASHINGTON, NORTH
lowers Xoxilgtit and
lusses
aid Worfc
mobile party bake
arrived at richmond
Mmhth David Fowle, William
tnlgbt, David T. Tayloe and Jay
lodges, left Saturday mprning in the
Automobile of Mr. David Fowle for
Ellchbiond, Washington City, Bait!nore,
Philadelphia and Atlantic City
rhe party arrived aafe and sound in
Richmond on a8turday night and are
mjoylng their trip so far Immensely,
rhey expect to be ' absent several
lays. All wish them a pleasant outng.
MISS RIAUD SWINDELL
AT HOME TO GUESTS
bn last Thursday evening lroiu
1:30 to II.AUbs Maud Swindell, the
ittractlve little daughter of Mr. and
drs. W. E. Swindell, charmingly epertalned
at her homo on Eaat 8ec>nd
Street in honor of her housetuests
of Mines Suesl Fields of Hertord
and Gladys Ross, of Edward,
3etween twenty and thirty were Inrited
the evening proved to be one dt
pleasure and ^merriment. Delicious
>efreehment8 were served. All departed
wishing every Joy to the
vinesome little hostess.
WILLIAM C. RODMAN
DIED SATURDAY NIGHT
On Saturday night last at the In
ci Inn, Beaufort, N. C., after a llngiring
Illness of six weeks little Wllllim
Grimes Rodman, the ten-months
?ld son of Major and Mrs. Wiley C.
lodman, of this city, fell peacefully
>n sleep. The remains arrived here
Sunday morning via the Norfolk
Southern train and the funeral servles
were conducted from the real- '
lence yesterday afternoon at 5 o'ilock
conducted by Revs. Nathaniel
larding and C. D. Malone. The InLittle
Wjllatm was the sunshine of
he now gloomy home. All that the
iklll of the physicians or the attenion
of loved ones proved of no avail
or God kissed his eyelids down and
ailed him to brighten the battleaents
of heaven. "The Lord gave
ind the .Lord hath taken away, Blessid
be the name of the Lord.'' The
lympathy of the entire community
[oea out to the grief stricken parents.
towers Lewis Co's.
Cost Sale Wednesday
Ak will be seen elsewhere in to
lay's News the well-known firm of
Sowers-Lew Is Company beginning
Wednesday morning and lasting for
en days, will afford the citizens of
Washington and Beaufort county an
ipportuntty to take advantage of
heir cost sale. This bargain sale beflns
on the morning of Jul^ 10 and
loses on July JO. The firm will prelent
many useful and needful bargains
during the sale and It will pay '
ill readers of the Dally News to ne- 1
use tbelr advertisement and see for
hemselves what is in store for them.
Remember this sale opens Wedneelay
morning next promptly at 9 o'clock.
,YDA CARTER STUDBERT
CELEBRATES NATAL DAY,
?* i
Miss LydS Carter Studdert. the 7- ]
rear old daughter of Captain and Mrs <
3eorge J. 8tuddert, was at home to ]
ler playnSates and friends Saturday ,
ifternoon from four to six thirty, the ;
rcaalpo betyu^he celebration .of her ,
isventh natar day. Between fifty ;
ind seventy-five were the reel peats
>f Miss Lyda's hospitality. Tempting afresh
meats were served. No social i
'unction among the little tots was ,
nors enjoyed this season. All wish i
the hostess many happy and Joyova i
wtnms.
' i
Dl TODATS KIWI I
J. K. Hoyt.
? Lyric Thesis*.
? W. Car Bit?.
Chichester Pills. *'
Bowers Lewis Co.
? Atlantic Hotel.
Washington Mesas xehaage ; >
Trialfy Cottage.
ess ess a s
0 iv
\W'l - -^j , -"J' vat
CAROLINA. MORBAY AFTERNOON
Tuesday. Light to
I OR. LOUIS
- .^IS
^*""7Sfl
^^rrtjy
Dr. Louis A. Bauer, the scientist I
the Carnegie Institution, has returned f
the non-magnetic chip Carnegie, In the
the world. The observation* he mnde \
Inere' charts.* jE
Prohibition Pc
Its Ncpninee
' ' Prudent.
1872 James Black of Pennsylvania J
1876 O. O. 8mith of Kentucky C
1880 Nell Dow of Maine. 1
? 1884 J. P. St. John of Kansas. \
1888 Clinton B. Flsk of New Jersey J
1892 John Bldwell of California J
1896 Joshua Levering of Maryland 1
1900 John O. Woolley of Illinois I
1904 Silas C. Swallow of Penn. C
' 1908 Eugene W. Chafln of Illinois A
seeeeeee*
Special to the Daily News.
kTLANTIC CITY. N. J. July 8.?Pro- <
ilblttoniaU are beginning to arrive I
'or their national convention, which t
is to meet on the Steel Pier during *
the last three days of this week for <
the nomination of candidates for 1
President and Vic? President and the i
idoptlon of a party platform. To- <
lay the national committee met at 1
the Hotel Chalfonte to complete the I
anal detail* of the convention ar- <
rangements. 1
The convention will be called to
srder at 10 o'clock Wednesday morn- 1
Ing by Charles R. Jones, chairman of 1
the national committee. The con- <
mention will be attended by 1484 delAgates
and an equal number of alter- ,
nates. Owing to the popularity of I
Atlantic City as a summer resort the
attendance of visitors and onlookers
Is expected to be larger than at any
nf the previous national conventions
nf the Prohibition party.
With the arrival of the delegates '
In town the discussion has opened in
regards to the probable.choice for the 1
head of the national ticket. Those 4
whose names are most frequently *
heard in connection with the presidential
nomination are l^rmncta K. *
Baldwin, of New York, Col. Andrew (
I. Houston, of Texas, Madison P.
Larkln, of Pennsylvania and Dr.
Aaron S. Watkins of Ohio, Eugene
W. Chafln, who was the standard v
hearer four yfcar ago, Is alsd mention- *
sd. Mr. Chafln lived In Illinois at 1
the time of his nomination In 1808, 1
but has since removed to Arlsona.
The selection of a vice presidential 11
nominee will depend largely upon
what section of the country the pree- '
Identtal choloe oomes from. W. O. 1
Calderwood, of Mlsneeota, Is said to '
be slated tor t*e chairmanship of the 1
national committee to sucossd Charlea
R. Joass, of Illinois, who is retiring
from the post after a asrvtae of
tea years. Mr. Calderwood Is believed
te he estitled to the beeer la 1
Ttow *f tk? test at ?ka Proklkltloa j
to vui-su ka, LicniMd Im- ,
MM Mask k* kauu k mt 1 tk*j,
, JULY 8, 1018.
Moderate North-E
k. BAUER
Hp
, " \ ' V y
Bk b\
n charge of measuring the earth fc
rom a trip of two and a half years I
course of which he circumnavigate
will be used to rectify errors on ma
irty Names
'.s Wednesday
[HON PARTY 8fNOK 19T9 *
Vice President Vote
ohn Russell of Michigan 5,607
I. T. Stewart of Ohio . . 9.737 *
i. A. Thompson of Ohio 10,366 *
V. A. Daniel of Maryland 150.626 *
. A. Brooks of Missouri 249,945 *
ames B. Cranflll of Tex. 270,710 *
lale Johnson of Illinois 130,753 *
{. B. Metcalf of R. I. 207.174
ieorg*AT. Carroll of T?x 258,205
lardn S Watklns of Ohio 253.840
sr s ?
/
Since th$' first convention held i
Columbus, Ohio, in 1872, the Proh
>itlon party has regularly held ni
ional conventions and as regular]
nominated candidates for Preside:
ind Vice President, encouraged by
trowing popular vote, though it ha
rever received a vote in tne elector!
ollege. At the same time the popi
ar vote of the party has shown
[ratifying growth, particularly i
:erta!n sections of the South an
tfeet.
The candidates of the Prohibltlo
>arty and votes cast for them In th
ireeldentlal elections since and it
eluding 1872 are shown above.
IMPING PARTY NOW
SAFEJNJHEISLAN
Messrs James and Ralph Weetc
save returned from Ocraroke, ft. C
where they accompanied the cam pit
party to that Island on last Frldt
svening. The party left here on Fi
iay night at 8:30 and arrived i
Dcracoke Saturday morning at 10 c
ilock after spending aatrenuousnlgl
an the uncertain aPmlico Soun
From all reports the party irreape
live of age or else did good servii
In calling for "New York" on the
way. It Is stated that at least i
antlre box of lemons were utilised
siding seasickness. Of course it
leedless to state that the entire pan
were good sailors yet If reports a:
irue they desired terra firms for tl
:lme being. The party after landtz
turned their melancholy Into joy ar
from now on the Island will lie
with merriment until the time com
(or farewells to be announced.
M. K. CHURCH NOTICES
The adteo Aid Society met th
afternoon with Mrs. Robert L. Jem
it lee o'clock en Fifth Street 11
brnN of Stewards are called to me
la Ik* Imn room ot Uw chuck tk
ntklM at S:M o'clock. Tk* *1
be regaier mbafhlj meet In
5 jr'tV- .... t
NEW
jK - ' ' - '
aat Winds.
l County Comir
Meet in Reg
Delegates Named t<
Convention at C
1 -2nd. Commis
and Hooker to R
at Wrightsville, .
The Board of County Commission- th
erB met at the Courthouse on Mon- 8.
9 1
day last and transacted the following "
eo
business for the past month.
All the present and re
$1
gP1* m np'tJfoevd. be
Marlah Taylor was allowed 12 th
yards of white homespun and a pair ?]
of shoes.
W. T. Allcock. of Richland town- 32
ship, Vas relieved of poll tax (one
i ) ce
I The convicts were allowed to work
for J. B. Harris and others at Pungo ?>f
for thirty days beginning August 9. 6h
After this work is completed they f0
are to work for J. A. Wilkinson and
others for thirty days. X<
Daniel Spates, col., of Bath was re- Nc
licved of poll tax (One leg). Sn
Commissioners W. W. Hooker and k<
W. F. Qaylord were appointed delegates
to the State Association of To
County Commissioners to he held at
Wrightsville on August 12. \v
All persons desiring to make complaints
to the valuation of property N'c
1 on the tax list for the year 1912 will
| appear before the board as follows:
Monday, July 8: Long Acre, ?hoco- wc
winity and Bath Townships. po
>r Tuesday, July 9. Pantego and Rich- spi
? land township. City of Washington
ld and Bethaven precincts. pe
r* The following named persons were Wi
_ appointed delegates to the flood
? Roads convention to be held at Char- ua
uvid 11. v., uu nususi i UHU ini
P. H. Von Eberstein, S. F. Freeman to\
B. D. Rowe. F. J. Guilford. E. D. sal
Lewis, Fred Wolfenden. J. N. Hill.
/ Blaney Turage. W. F. Patrick. M. $1
M. Hill. R. L. Barr, G. T. Leach. A. W\
D. Mac Lean. Chas. L. Morton. J. J. toi
Hodges. J._C. Latham. 0. B. Wynne, ehi
J. R. Pinkham, M. H. Cutler, Surry de
Parker. J. F. Tyer. S. W. Anderson, by
J. B. Archbell. B. M. Smith. C. B. iu(
Paul, W. B. Campbell, L. P. Harris, to^
W. H. VouEberstein, Henry Stancill,
W. T. Warren. B. T. Bonner. C. D. mi
Jones. W. K. Jarobson. Jas. L. >yayo ine
G. J. Studdert, F. P. Latham, C. P. th?
Ayeock. P. H. Johnson, Thos. Green, Ac
J. B. Harris. J. A. Wilkinson. W. J. fle
Harris. ? to
Gilbert Rumley. clerk to the board pu
*as given the contract to make up
the tax books and do all work in con- set
nection therewith at four cents per in
j 'name. coi
red that following taxes be by
l~ levied for the year 1912: of
^ On each $100 worth of property es
in addition to the state tax levied or ini
directed to be levied by an Act of ?a<
is
200 SHARES TAKEN 18 ;S
< BUILDING & LOAN ASS1
" The twenty-first series of the Home
^ Building and Loan Association was Pi
opend on last Saturday nlgbt at the 11
Savings and Trust Company's bank- an
ing house, corner of Main and Mark- six
et Streets. About two hundred shares th<
were taken representing twenty thou- thi
Dsand dollars at maturity. erl
Up to the Issuing of this last series He
there were 144 shares In forc^ rep- ed
>n resenting $11,400 with the additonal tuj
!., 200 shares taken out on last Satur- us
>K day nlghter. There is now tn force en
iy $134,400. a
i- This home industry is performing of
at a great work in Washington and it sh
is gratifying to know that the last rli
lit series bids fair to be the best yet. At
d. All over Washington can be seen ev- sh
q- ldences of tho^goOd the Home Huild- Y?
ce in* and Loan Association is doing, wi
itr Many a citizen today owns his own th
in home as a result of the establishment pr
in of this organisation. at
? m JUDinois to * i
:: PKsinauN emeu.
id
IS Interesting services were oarndu'Am
ed at the First Presbyterian ?Chureh
Sunday morning. Prior to the sermon
t r the pant or. three now additions
were aim?i ml for the church rooter
two by examination and on# by lotto
tor. The rtts of hapttem .was admlaM
Istered to London Shaw Jr., the <
ia bright and Inberastlag oon of Mr. *?d St
at Mrs. Lyndon Y. Shaw. All faint fot
to HHk n <M MAMtm Of tto u
U tto??kM .iimi. toUmto to Ik. t*
?mu( Mm. a. H
'
Jaffa
/
w a ' *' rfl
r
lissioners
iular Session
j the Good Roads I
harlotie, August
sioners Eherstein
epresent County 1
Aug. 12 th.
e General Assembly, ratified March
1911. For general county fund
and 2-3 cents; for bridges and
unty purposes 12 and. 1-3 cents
ileh makes with that levied qg dieted
to be levied. 80 cents on each
00 worth of properly. That there
levied and collected on each polllu
e county in addltlou to the tax of a $ I
Levied by said acts for the poor
! cents.
Levied by said acts for schools 39
nts. Total 52.00. 9
That 30 cents on each $100 worth
property and 90 cents on each poll
all be levied and collected for the
llowing school districts towit:No.
1 Springs Creek; No. 2 Oregon |
?. 3 Campbell Creek; No. 4 Royal; JB
j. 5 Idalia; No. 7 Prescott; No. 8 '
nail; No. 9 Cay ton; No. 11 Edward
>. 46 Energy-Richlaud Township.
No. 11 Chocowinity, Chocowinitjr
>wnship.
No. 3 Old Ford; No. 1 Plnevllle, S
ashington Township.
No. 3 North Creek; No. 4 Gaylords
?. 6 Bath. Bath Township.
No. 6 Pantego. Pantego Township.
Forty five cents on each $100
>rth of property and $1.35 on each *9
II will be levied for the Belhaven
pcial school district.
One and 1-2 cents will be levied
r acre for the no-fence territory in
ashington tow nship.
Twenty five cents on each $100 val Jj
tion of properly is hereby Levied in
e no-fence territry in Long Acre /? >
vnshlp for the purpose of fencing ;o*t u.jm
id territorv.
Orrl hat in ..on!. - . .d afli
c? " pror
levied :<A .
vnsbips- a vl
It i? f?rtl
im special
bb and P? 4
5 use of the
ts of the Gv j
d March 8. 19 # >.-3
Raise Revenu*
rposee under sa>
Ordered that the
e notice on all ra^
Beaufort County v
mply with the reaol
the hoard at the Nov
1906 relative to grat ^
of public roads. ?U r*l.
ts. a copy o* which ,wa
sh railroad co?PCn f
Sew Siii
H flUSIJ .?. CHURl
There were goof f services at the
r?t Methodist Ch1 ircb yestarday. At
A. M., the past or rpad brt fly lo
d explained the articles of religion
teen to nineteer , ^relating to
s two sacrenoe atp--iBaptism and
e Lord's supper The monthly offing
for the po- or waa made Tb^ n
>ly Communion , ,M iargeIy attendant!
the servi eu was ?' "
.i * *- ?
? rt- Ming service an unually
large co g^ydijation was preet
and the pas ^ ^Bed iM 55 X.3 u
abject. H # enfiphaslred the fact
God's ana' to Mve ma naa is
own by ti ^ Tjch pyoYiBjo^g Qf
le grace ^4 |oVe bo freely offered.
, the clo ^ tfce aervice was imp resrely
en< by lhe gingjng 0f "Come
s Disc jfiidte." ?he Sunday School
18 w< J1 attended in the morning,
? B /igade held an intere?tlng and
ofl1 able meeting in the afternoon
f ,re o'clock.
The many playmates of Master
Slake Watson, son of Mr. and Mrs.
J. P. Watson will regret to learn of
lis continued illneas. He is confined
d his home with fever. He Is n
right little fellow nnd nil wish bin
speedy recovery.
v
FOR OCRAOOU
Several young ladles and genttom
contemplate leaving on the
seeer Biaaahe not Saturday might
r Oornenke te epsad nest BpndRy
the gneets of the saandag party on
1 Is la ad Mr expect te raCnm
B ta?*t >*kl
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