Newspapers / Charlotte Messenger (Charlotte, N.C.) / Nov. 27, 1886, edition 1 / Page 4
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THE HEBREW SYNAGOGUES RELIGIOUS DUTIES IN JEWISH TEM PLES OF WOHSHIP. Their Government by the Talmud— What Is Required to Hold Ser vices—The Minyan Men, The age of many Jewish institutions is very uncertain; the most firmly estab lished customs are not,.in all cases, the most ancient. There was a time when, as in the Christian Church, no legal limit] had been assigned as the quorum necessary to constitute a congregation. Though the Talmud distinctly exacts that ten adult males must assemble be fore certain parts of the liturgy may be recited, somewhat earlier Jewish author ities mention seven, and even six, as suf ficient for the purpose. The importance of public worship was very strongly in sisted upon in the Talmud, and has, in deed, been universally recognized. “Pray, in a congregation,” said Moham med, “for the wolf docs not attack the sheep unless one has strayed from the Hock.” So long as the Jews lived to gether in the crowded quarters assigned for their residences in European towns, no difficulty can have been expe rienced in mustering a quorum of ten for religious services. In many modern communities, however, especially in the English provincial towns, the number of Jewish inhabi tant* is very small. In those cases ttio pressure of the custom is heavily felt. Even in the larger towns, however, it is found impossible to rely on the regular attendance of a quorum of worshipers at all the daily and evening services. The morning service is long, and the modern man of business cannot afford the luxury ®f appearing in his synagogue except on Sabbaths and festivals. There are cer tain occasions, however, on which no man omits to attend his usual place of wor ship, regardless of the inconvenienco his doing so may entail. Foremost among these is the “Jahrzeit,” or anniversary of the death of a near relative. The Jew never fails to visit the synagogue on that day, in order to recite the beautiful prayer in which God's justice and great ness are proclaimed despite the sad memories of the past bereavement. This prayer, which is termed the Kaddish, cannot be recited unless the legal quorum of worshippers is present. Obviously, however, Jahrzeits will in large com munities be of almost daily occurrence; hence the urgent necessity to provide a regular quorum independently of stray and occasional visitors. Beside, as the Talmud declares, “When the Holy One, blessed be He, enters the synagogue and finds fewer than ten worshippers present His wrath is forthwith kindled. ” To maintain the regular attendance of a quorum the services of the Minyan man are called in requisition. The Minyan man is the man who helps to make up the number (Hebraic, minyan). Every wor ibipper at the synagogue might, of course, be so described, but the title Minyan man applies only to one whose duty it is to attend all the services, morning and evening, week day and Sun day. In return for tho performance of this office he receives c small salary, which enables him to eke out a scanty liveli hood. At first sight the employment of salaried worshippers may appear incon gruous, but after all, the religious work, whether of minister or Minyan man, is none the less earnestly done because it is paid for. Taking the dozen or so of the London Jewish synagogue, which are in corporated as the i nited Synagogues, the Minyan men cost no less a sum than £BOO annually, lienee, there is at the present a growing disinclination to con tinue to maintain the Minvan system at all. The Minyan man is mostly old and foreign. There are but few young or English Minyan men. As a class the Minyan men are poor, but highly re spectable. To the devout old man, daily and nightly attendance at the synagogue is a pure and genuine delight. In sun shine and in storm he totters to his ac enstomed place, and adds h;s feeble vnico to the general chorus of psalm and prayer. He enters the synagogue quietly, stations himself in one of the seats allotted to him and his fellow Minyan men, behind the almemmar, or reading desk, so that he is almost hidden from view of the con gregation. On Monday or Thursday morning he will perhaps be called to the Law, and will stand beside the reader while the latter intones a few verses of the weekly lesson for the next Sabbath from one of the Law enshrined in the Ark. Portions of the Pentateuch are included in all the services of the syna gogue, but readings from the MS. scrolls are reserved for the Babbuths and festi vals. On Mondays and Thursdays, how ever, which were the ancient market days, a scroll of the Law is opened, and the first section of the long lesson assigned for the following Sabbath is read to three persons—a Cohen (descendant of Aaron), a Levite and a member of the general community. To return, however, to the Minyan man. When the service is con ' eluded he withdraws from the synagogue as noiselessly as he entered it, and be takes himself either to his business, if he has any, or to the study of the Law. We will conclude this sketch by point ing out that only males above the age of thirteen are admissible to form the Min yan quorum. Special services for women have been occasionally held, but in gen eral men and women pray together in the synagogue, though they occupy distinct parts of the edifice. The women, how ever, do not count for the quorum. Nine men and twenty women, for instance, would in the opinion of most Jewish au thorities, not be a legal congregation. So soon as a boy is barmitzvah ( thirteen years old), he has reached his religious majority and can fulfill the ordinary liturgical functions of the Israelite. It must not be thought that the exclusion of women from certain privileges is the result of Kabbinic contempt for tho sex. The Minyan uisahility, like many others, is due to the Jewish conception that the true function of women is to lie per formed in the home. “The women were addressed first by Motes,” said the Midrash, “because they arc so zealous in matters of religion. They are always careful to send their children to the By n agogue regularly.” Perhaps the Jewish communities might solve their present difficulties with the Minyan system by abolishing this disability of the women. —London Olobe. In the last ten year* forty-two new chemical element* bare been diacovered. SCIENTmc TRUTH ■"WftffIHOTSHK* OF AN I Os Which the Public Knows But Little- i Worthy of Careful Consideration. To the Editor of the Scientific American: WUI you permit us to make known to the j public the facte we have learned during the past 8 years, concerning disorders of the I human Kidneys and the organs which dis eased Kidneys so easily break downt You I are conducting a Scientijlc paper, and are , unprejudiced except in favor of Truth. Jt , is needless to say, no medical Journal of “Code” standing would admit these facts , I for very obvious reasons. H. H. WARNER <£ CO., j Proprietors of “ Warner's Safe Cure.” That we may emphasize and clearly* ex ! plain the relation the kidneys sustain to tho ! general health, and how much is dependent - upon them, we propose, metaphorically i speaking, to take one from tho human body, j place it in the wash-bowl before us, and ex amine it for the public benefit You will imagine that we have before us n . body shaped like a bean, smooth and glisten ing, about four inches in length, two in width, i and one in thickness. It ordinarily weighs i in the adult male about five ounces, but is 1 somewhat lighter in the female. A small ; organ? you say. But understand, the body of the average size man contains about ten quarts of blood , of which every drop passes through these filters or sewers, as they may be called, many times a day as often as through the heart, making a complete revo lution in three minutes. From the blood they separate the waste material, working away steadily night and day, sleeping or waking, tireless as the heart itself, and fully of as much vital importance; removing im purities from sixty-fivo gallons of blood each hour, or about forty-nine barrels each day, or 9,125 hogsheads a year ! What a wonder that the kidneys can last any length of time under this prodigious strain, treated and neglected as they are! We slice this delicate organ open length wise with our knife, and will roughly do scribe its interior. We find it to be of a reddish-brown color, soft and easily torn; filled with hundreds ot little tubes, short and threa 1-like, starting from the arteries, ending in a little tuft about midway from the outside opening into a cavity of considerable size, which is called the pelvis or, roughly speaking, a sac, w hich is for the purpose of holding the water to further undergo purification before it passes down from here into the ureters, and so on to the outside of the body. Theso little tube® are the filters which do their work auto matically, and right here is where the dis ease of the kidney first begins. Doing the vast amount of work which they are obliged to, from the slightest irreg ularity in our habits, from cold, from high living, from stimulants or a thousand and one other causes which occur every day, they become somewhat weakened in their nerve force. What is the result? Congestion or stoppage of the current of blood in the small blood vessels surrounding them, which becomo blocked; these delicate membranes are irri tated; inflammation is set up, then pus is formed, which collects in the jielvis or sa ; the tubes are at first partially, and soon are totally unable to do their work. The pelvic sac goes on distending with this corruption, pressing upon the blood vessels. All this ! time, remember, the blood, which is entering the kidneys to be filtered, is passing through I this terrible , disgusting pus, for it cannot | take any other route! Stop and think of it for a moment! Do you realize tho importance, nay ttye vital ne cessity, of having the kidneys in order ? Can you expect when they are diseased or ob structed, no matter how little, that you can have pure blood and escape discos?? It would be just as reasonable to expect, if a pest-house were set across Broakwuy and countless thousands were compelled to go through its pestilential doors, an escape from contagion and disease, as for one to expect the blood to escape pollution when constantly running through a diseased kidney. Now, what is the result? Why, that tho blood takes up and deposits this poison as it sweeps along into every organ, into every inch of muscle, tissue, flesh and bone, from : your head to your feet. And whenever, from ; hereditary influence or otherwise, some part of the body is weaker than another, a count- j less train of diseases is established, such as consumption in weak lungs, dyspepsia where there is a delicate stomach; nervousness, in sanity, paralysis or heart disease in thoso who have weak nerves. The heart must soon feel the effects of the poison, as it requires pure blood to keep it in right action. It increases its stroke in number and force to compensate for tho natural stimulus wanting, in its endeavor to crowd the impure blood through this ob struction, causing pain, palpitation, or an out-of-breath feeling. Unnatural as this forced labor is, the heart must soon falter, becoming weaker and weaker until one day i it suddenly stops, and death from apparent i “heart disease - ’ is the verdict. But the medical profession, learned and j dignified, call these diseases by high sounding names, treat them alone, and patients die, j for the arteries are car vying slow death to i the affected part , constantly adding fuel brought from those suppurating, pus-laden j kidneys which here in our wash bowl are very putrefaction itself, and which should \ have been cured first. But this is not all the kidneys have to do; j for you must remember that each adult take® about seven pounds of nourishment every twenty-four hours to supply the waste of the body which is constantly going on, a waste to tho quantity taken. This, too, the ! kidneys have to separate from the blood with all other decomposing matter. lsut you say: “My kidneys are all right. 1 j have no pain in the back.” Mistaken mam j People die of kidney disease of so bad a char acter that tho organs are rotten, and yet they have never there had a pain nor an j ache! Why? Because the disease begins, as we have shown, in the interior of the kidney, whore there are few nerves of feeling to con vey the sensation of pain. Why this is so | we may never know. When you consider their great work, the delicacy of their structure, the ease with which they are deranged, can you wonder at the ill-health of our men and women? Health and long life < aunot be expected when so vi tal an organ is impaired. No wonder some ! writers say we are degenerating. Don’t you i see tho great, the extreme importance of j keeping this machinery in working order? Could the finest engine do even a fractional j part of this work, without attention from the engineer? Don’t you see how dangerous ' this hidden disease is? It is lurking about : us constantly, without giving any indication ! of its presence. The most skillful physicians cannot detect it at times, for the kidneys themselves can not be examined by any means we have at our command. Even an analysis of tho water, | chemically and microscopically, reveals i nothing definite in many rases, even when i the kidneys are fairly broken down. Then look out for them, as disease, no mat- ; ter where situated, to !>:» por cent., as shown : by after-death examinations, has its origin I in the breaking down of these secreting tubes ! in the interior of the kidney. As you value health, as you desire longlife | free from sickness and suffering, give these organs some attention. Keep them in good condition and thus prevent (os is easily done) all disease. Warner’s Rafe Cure, as it become < year of- i ter year bettor known for its wonderful cures j and its power over the kidnoys, has done and is doing more t*> increase the average dura tion of life than nil the physicians and medi cines known. Warner’s case Cure is u true spe dfic, mild but certain, harmless but ener getic and agreeable to the taste. Take it wnen sick as a cure, and never let a month go by if you need it, without taking a few bottles ns n preventive, that the kid neys may Im* kept In proper order, tlio bjood Euro, that health and long life may be your leasing. H. H. Warner & Co. The total i.timber of pensioners in the t;ta c <»J Nc-v York hT,•»*.>, anti the wuou t paid them monthly is V H7 CONFLICTS ON THE CONGO, | — THE PANGEBS OF EXPLORATION IN AFRICAN WILDS. One Traveler Has Fifteen Battles With Native Tribes—Scared by Steam Whistles—Forts in Trees. Not a few conflicts with the natives have occurred during rccentexplorations in Africa. In the Congo valley especially, among tribes that have never seen white men until within tho last year and a half, the intruding Europeans have been gaeeted with showers of arrows. Many of the hostiles when they have come to know something about their unwelcome visitors have become their friends, and many a skirmish with the blacks might have been avoided altogether had the ex plorers the tact and patience of Living stone. The deck Os the little missionary steamer Peace, which has made its way up more of the large tributaries of the great river than all tho rest of the Congo fleet,is protected by an arrow-proof wire netting, within which Mr. Grenfell has on more than one occasion sat serenely, scarcely noticing the poisoned arrows that natives, hidden in the grass on shore have harmlessly launched against the netting. When one tribe far np the Mobangi river saw the little craft puffing her way up stream all tho men, women, and children deserted their huts and took refuge in fortlets which they had built in the branches of tall, straight trees. There were no branches within about thirty feet of the ground, and the natives reached their fortlets by means of rope j ladders, securing their retreat by pulling the ladders up after them. From these perches in the air they sent their showers of arrows against the sides of the steamer, which went on its way after Mr. Grenfell had vainly tried to enter into a parley with the excited aborigines. Mr. Grenfell has generally made friends of the new tribes he has met, and he is one of tho few Congo travelers who have { not been tempted by any provocation to resort to firearms. Several tribes that J attacked him on his way up rivers, hear- j ing of his friendliness from other natives, j have heartily welcomed him when ho ■ came back. Lieutenant Kund, of the last German j expedition, had fifteen fights last year with the natives in the vicinity of the Sankunt River, south of the Congo. His work in an entirely new region added a ! good deal to geographical knowledge, but the (act that he fought his way through the country detracts from the lustre of his achievements. He asserts, however, that he did all he could to j conciliate his enemies, and that he never resorted to firearms except in self-de fence. The weapons of the natives werd flint guns, bows and arrows, and a num ber ot his followers were killed. Somo days, Lieutenant Kund says, he rarely saw a native, but he could hear inces santly the beating of their drums and the war rattles of their priests. In one fight Kund was struck by three arrows, which were cut out with a razor by his white companion. He reached Stanley Pool suffering from wounds. Some lucky incident hgjjtow and then saved recent, explorers from serious trouble. When Or. Buchner reached the Kuango River early last year, a large force of natives advanced to at tack his little party. Just as they were poising their spears Buchner I shouted that he was a friend of Bula Matari. Instantly every arm dropped, and the party was allowed to go on its way unmolested. Bula Matari is the name by which Stanley is known in the Congo Valley. Though ho had never been within a hundred miles of these natives, they feared his vengeance if they injured any of his friends. The fame of a few white men has spread from tribe to tribe throughout the greater j part of savage Africa. Dr. Holub says, for instance, that in a part of the Zam-1 besi Valley never before visited by a ' white man he was asked if he knew Dr. I Livingstone. Sir Francis de Winton says the natives j stand in great awe of steamboats when ' they first see them, and that to whistle or blow off steam stampedes an entire j village. Sometimes Mr. Grenfell has been mistaken fora ghost, and nearly all the natives have taken woods until he has convinced the few who dared to face him that he ate and slept as they did and was a man like them splvcs. For several days on the Mo bangi he and his party nearly starved, the natives refusing to soil him food, as they thought him a supernatural being, and were afraid to communicato with him. The Congo State Government decided last year to punish all natives who at tacked its agents. Early this year ac cordingly half a dozen large villages on the upper Congo were burned, and their I inhabitants driven into the woods in re- ! taliation for injuries inflicted upon the whites. —New York Sun. ” * * A Mammoth Moose Killed. For several years it has been known to the sportsmen of the vicinity that a monster moose has been roaming i.bout the Rangeley Lake region. It has been the ambition of nil the hunters to shoot this monarch of tlf- forest, which has been distinguished of late years by the name of Jumbo. Several hunters have succeeded in getting sight of the moose, and he has many times been fired at. Some of the backwoodsmen asserted thai the old fellow must carry pounds of lend in his body, but that lie had a charmed life and could not he killed. A gentle man who has just returned from the Rangeley region, told a repre entative of the Prtua that the old moose had at last met his end. He was shot by Elmer Thomas, a noted guide, and captain ot a steamer on Kcnncbago Lake, flic great moose stands 18( hands high, and weighs from 800 to 1.1.0) pounds. Ilis antlers are said obe immense, and Mr. Thomas has been olhred fTo for them I and the head. The moose must have I been many years o’.d. and is probably the | largest ever shot in .Vaine. —Cortland | (ift.) err... The Baroness Burdett-Coiitts adviser j young men who wish to economize te get married. } Buckingfaam'K dye for the Whiskers wearily i applied, and colors brown i r black. 1 The prompt use of Ayer'S Cherrys Pectoral | will often prevent serious Ir ng troubles. I n U foolish to try tp Jive op Wt «- 1 neflence. It is very dangerous, if not a £t*l habit, to judge oikselves tobe safe because of somethin gth»t we felt or did twenty year* ago.— EfrUfgedn. At the mosquorade ball in Aflin last week, St Jacob's Oil took the first prize- .Nothing strange in tins, ns it is highly prized in every family where used—especially in ours. Bi-tar, Coh, Mountain Tribune. At last accounts the election of Speaker Carlisle was in doubt; also that of ( ongras man Morrison of Illinois. Mr. Gen. Deuterman, New York city, snf_ sered nearlv a month with a severe cough, and having tried several remedies without relief, finally used Red Star Cough Cure which, he says, proved “speedy and effectual. At castle Garden, New York, SHO emigrants from Enrol* were Inrfdeff one -day last wo. k. OnWednes lay of the same week 400 Italians eameoverin one steamer. Another steam, r from Glassgow, Scotland landed 150 sto-ratfe passenger. Daughters* Wlmi and M«tli#ri. S«n i for Pamphlet on Female Diseases, free, iecurelya-*>led. Dr. J« R Marchlsi, Utica,N-Y- The public debt reduction during October was $12,000,000. We Appeal lo Experience. For a long time we steadily refused to pub- I lisb testimonials, believing that, in the opinion of the public generally, the great majority wer manufactured to order by unprincipled j parties as a means of disposing of their worth less preparations. Ti nt this view of the case is to a certain extent true, there can be no doubt. At last, several years ago, we came to the conclusion that every intelligent person can readily discriminate between spurious and I bona tide testimonials, and determined to use ; as advertisements a few of the many hundreds of unsolicited certificates in our possession. In doing this, we published them as nearly as possible in the exact language used by our correspondents, only changing tho pnrnse ology, in some cases, so as to compress them into a smaller space than they would other wise occupy, but without in the least exag gerating or destroying the meaning of the writers. ( We are glad to soy that our final conclusion i was a correct one.—that a letter recommend -1 ing an article having true merit finds favor ' with the people. The original of every testimonial published by us is on file in our office, an inspection of j which will proveto the most skeptical that our assertion made above, that only the facts I are given as they appear therein, is true. | But as it would be very inconvenient, if not ! impossible, for all our friends to call on us for ; that purpose, we invite those who doubt (if ( there be such) to correspond with any of the ! parties whose names are signed to our testi [ moniaJs, and ask them if we have made any ; mistateinents, so far as their knowledge cx ! tends, in this article. In other words, if we . have not published their letters as nearly ver | batism as possible. Very respectfully, E. T. HAZELTINE, I Proprietor Pise's Cure for Consumption and Piso's Remedy for Catarrh. Wo append a recent letter, which came to us entirely unsolicited, with permission to publish it: Dayton, Ohio, Jan. 12, 18yfi. You may add my testimony as to the merits of Piso's Cure for Consumption, i took a severe cc.id last February, which settled on my lungs. They became ulcerated and were so nainfnl that I had no rest for two days and nights. I got a bottle of Piso's Cure for Consumption, and was relieved by the time I bad taken half of it. Since that time l have kept Piso's Cure in the house, and use it as a preventive, lx>th for lung troubles and ••roup, for which I can recommend it as the best medicine I ever used; and that, is saying a great deal, for I have used at least twenty others, besides about as many physicians’ prescriptions. Piso's Cure for Consumption nas never failed to give relief in my family. A. J. GRUBB, . 37 Rpringfield St. It is contemplated in Mexico to change the Frasidedtial term from 4 ro 0 years. 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Youth's Companion maintains itsrsputa tionfor publishing the best .'•t rial and .Short r lories, as well as stories of adventure Iho next volume will contain the eig t prize stories selected as the from over MUUman- ! wwiiptesentmeompetitkm. The first Serial i*in^i t ij ~pP R ar %l ,< -‘ cinninir in January, will be 1 * "vjrf m e, ;?ht Chapters, fully illus • Ev ® r i’«ne will want to read it. If January, 6 1&88.° W ’ “"“‘W for “><• P»P« «’ j I V iolent sbu nis prevailed throughout 800 l , jand on \\ ednesday of last week. Two IKS6 Mold Medals. | Messrs. Mason & Hamlin again have j the distinguished honor of having been awarded the highest gold medals over all exhibitors, American and European, both at Edinburg and at Liverpool, the two most important exhibitions of the year 1888. 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For Rood worktnenablp, convenience •( Manipulation, bard end cloae aliooflnp. durability, end beauty •f flniah, this Gun lias no equal and rhellenpea tba world. Thousand* of tbvic Guns haw been aold. end the demand for them la rapidly increasing. W* would most reanertftilly ra eonimead all partjea iniemll*? to pnrrbane a ainyle breach* loading ahot gun, to give thi* pnti a thorough exaataatlM boforo purchasing one of another pattern. PRlr r,, 4 Plain Barrel. 12 tore. It 15.00 1 10 hern, glt.oo rsii£<t J Twist Barrel. I i bore, y 18.00 1 10 boro, fl».«0 Bond de. in atampa f«i» l-tr-j* catalogue of Hollar Ihatta. ■Mae, Revolver*. Air KIT.-a, Follee tiooda. Gun, ate. JOHN P. LOVELL S SONS. Botian. Mm* » n to Soldier* ft Heirs. Send stAnip Fusions h florae Properly? All thin, nnd other Valuable Information relntintr to the Equine Specie* «nn he ohtnlned by rendink- our 100-PAI-K ILl.l STiiATEIt HOUSE BOOK, which we will forward, xnr w-y.’xrv 25 cts, in stamps. HOUSE HOOK CO.. 134 1..-»imr.t SI.. S. 1 . 425,000 Copies ready Dec. I, of tha Double Christmas Number of the Youth’s Companion Colored Cow, Twenty Pages, Profusely Illustrated. mailed to any address for Ten Cents. if! Imm I Subscription* *ent at oner, I I OIJ IU JdlL I with vr Hl include the Companion * FREE from the time the Mibscrip tion Is received to Jan. 1, 1887, and a full year from that date. This olfrr includes the Christmas Double Number. Please mention this Paper. Address PERBY MASON & CO.. 46 Temple Place. Boston. Miss. Holiday BOOKS. AT HALF HOLIDAY PRICES IF BOUGHT WOW I a Bargain when you nan gat ** ®“wHn I llwwW • twit, as they an not oflerod every day. DICKENS’ LITTLE FOLKS amoncth*oM? r C r?u<ler nouSjftlE?JT?huS >> *i rili> t l<r P** l * o ** * n * Wha IJUle7»ell,TlnyTtin. Dolly Vardeu. feeratim? pl . eiU,n .* r * ar » Ur% of C**rl- trancing ston-i. to "Lltllo 'Koike** tvho wmild2n*SLV.i other* f an-1 mho doubts <>f th-ir. fir*-* n* Thiri explains why the* leof ihcseChild Boofca Volume | contain* DollyVnrden »J 5. *£.. H * »rch»alM NOWyouai. aevem . ho#W. Volume ic« i:a n. bmikr. lam* rsl 1 * Y*•jA! * 7U° r T ,M> " ««* »>ut. /<|| ■' A 1>! Volume 2 eoota«u*Hu;jiJfK f.uTtf ' 111% At • Volume 4 contains Oliver ~.,,1 ilil i.L nU J' T ,h*» ' V l»>. Writer. The single volnnu-a will t> • wr«J Fl«rrnr#. Il.nnhe,, Tlir IloT Joe delivered to osprese on receipt of ™ITOU l» ER * ! ** n k° u > 4‘dc.or tbe four volume* HANS ANDERSON STORIF^ FOR CHILDREN I * l | | a»b| ao.l la dnmand. t*m* ahnrt .torWa W« h«>* • « \ SS2E bou Vo urn.. ;J, „ T |ir sft|*y n PIT?.?i fc £ijMST'.T sr thrlwwaa (irrr-l Inn. rag* SLICKE R wa i a flH -TbROWN'S IRON bitters -. WILL CURL headache ! 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W~ E WANT YOU! profitable employment to represent- MR in • ( county. Salary $75 per month and 1 laroe commission on sali-s if preferrwd. Looda btapla. Every one buy* Outfit and pvttculanlFree. KTAjSDAIiD SILVERWARE CO.. BOSTON. MASS. BEFORE YOU BUY A i CarTiap, Wapi or Bum . -WRITE TO— r » HOTCHKIN CARRIAGE WORKS, i SYRACUSE, N. Y. _ ETLOW PRICES TO DEALERS..*!
Charlotte Messenger (Charlotte, N.C.)
Standardized title groups preceding, succeeding, and alternate titles together.
Nov. 27, 1886, edition 1
4
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