ufyp Baily (Har HM
Maastricht Treaty Takes Effect One Year Late
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
BRUSSELS, Belgium A gloomy
mood washed away any inclinations to
celebrate Monday when the European
Community opened anew stage in its drive
for greater unity.
Members of the 12-nation trading bloc
are mired in the worst recession in three
decades, and their people paid little atten
tion as the Treaty on European Union took
effect, nearly a year behind schedule.
With some 20 million workers in their
countries expected to be jobless next year,
EC leaders had said the event did not call
for celebrations.
And with an almost unique sense of
Salmonella Bacteria Transformed Into Contraceptive
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
ST. LOUlS—Salmonella bacteria have
been genetically altered to produce an oral
birth-control vaccine that primes the im
mune system to reject sperm before con
ception, a researcher reported Monday.
The vaccine causes a harmless, tempo
rary infection in the intestine that triggers
antibodies against genetic components of
sperm that have been spliced into the bac
teria, said Roy Curtiss of Washington
University in St. Louis.
Unaltered salmonella bacteria cause 4
million cases of food poisoning each year
in the United States and are a major source
of diarrhea worldwide, Curtiss said.
Curtiss is using the genetically engi
Trial Begins for Children Accused of Murder
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
PRESTON, England— One oftwo 11-
year-old boys accused of luring a toddler
from a crowded shopping mall and batter
ing him to death with bricks and stones
sobbed and whispered “Daddy, Daddy” as
a prosecutor described the crime Monday.
The body of 2-year-old James Bulger
was dumped on a railroad track, where it
was cut in two by a train, the prosecutor
said.
The boys, who were 10 at the time of the
Feb. 12 slaying, are the youngest children
in Britain ever to be charged with murder.
The age of the defendants and the broad
cast around the world of a fuzzy security
videotape showing the blond toddler leav
ing the mall hand-in-hand with two older
boys, also drew international attention to
the case.
The boys have pleaded innocent to
charges of abducting and murdering James
after he strayed briefly from his mother in
a Liverpool shopping mall.
MARCH
FROM PAGE 1
to march, but the Rape Action Project had
supported male involvement.
“Sexual assault does not just happen to
women,” she said. “Men have to be part of
the solution and not just thought of as the
problem.
“It’s not about whether you’re male or
female, but whether you want to solve a
problem.”
LaVonda Burnette, Chapel Hill-
Carrboro school board candidate, said chil
dren needed to be educated at an early age
about violence.
“Thisissomethingwe, asacommunity,
need to face,” she said. “I have witnessed
first graders and kindergarteners hitting
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unanimity, Monday came and went with
out any, even at EC headquarters in Brus
sels.
The treaty, signed in 1991 in the Dutch
town of Maastricht, opens the way for
closer political and economic cooperation
and a single currency by the end of the
decade.
But the drive to greater unity at the
expense of national sovereignty led to much
discord, and opponents in Britain, Den
mark, France and Germany nearly killed
the accord.
In a sign of the lingering tensions, mem
bers have not even managed to reach agree
ment on whether to stay with the name
neered forms to produce vaccines against
hepatitis B and malaria. Human trials of
the hepatitis B vaccine have begun, and the
Army plans to begin tests of the malaria
vaccine this winter, Curtiss said.
Tests of the contraceptive vaccine have
been done only in mice so far. But the
results suggest that a single dose of the
vaccine might prevent conception for sev
eral months or longer. And the effect would
be reversible, Curtiss said.
“The idea now would be you don’t get
your booster, and within a year or so you
can conceive again,” he said at a meeting
of the Council for the Advancement of
Science Writing.
The method also might be used to pro
On the opening day of their trial Mon
day, the young defendants sat on a spe
cially raised platform so they could see
over a brass railing as they listened to
Prosecutor Richard Henriques describe the
last hours of the toddler’s life.
Under British law, the boys cannot be
named or identified in any way because of
their age .Judge Michael Morland ordered
that they be refereed to as “Child A” and
“Child B.”
Henriques said the boys walked Bulger
about 2-1/2 miles from the mall to a rail
road track.
“Bricks, stones and a piece of metal
appear to have been thrown at James on
that railway line. He sustained many frac
tures to the skull,” he told the 12 jurors in
Preston Crown Court.
“Not withstanding their age, it is al
leged they both intended either to kill James
or at least to cause him serious injury,” he
added. “They both know their behavior
was seriously wrong.”
each other. We need to instill in every child
the idea that your hands belong to you and
you have the no right to assault or violate
anyone else.”
Ising said participants needed to take
action to combat violence against women.
“I know we need more lighting. I know
we need more patrols. I know we need
more education, and I think you know it
too,” she said. “The only way we can
change that is to do something, to show
our power as students, as voters and as
citizens.”
Volunteers from the Orange County
Rape Crisis Center attended the march and
were available for anyone who wished to
talk about their experiences with sexual
assault.
To preserve victims’ and volunteers’
STATE & NATIONAL
European Community or abandon that for
European Union.
Whatever the name, the reality will be a
far cry from a United States of Europe.
Reflecting their reluctance to turn over
too much authority to the central EC bu
reaucracy in Brussels, Denmark and Brit
ain won exemptions from the common
money provision.
Denmark also opted out of the provi
sions on common citizenship and defense.
And it is unlikely the 12 nations will
speak with one voice on all foreign policy
questions.
EC leaders are to meet again Dec. 10-11
in Brussels to try to come up with ways to
duce a male version of the vaccine, in
tended to disarm sperm and make the men
temporarily infertile, Curtiss said.
Paul Primakoff, a biologist at the Uni
versity of Connecticut who is working on a
more conventional injectable birth-control
vaccine, said Curtiss’ approach was prom
ising, but more research was needed.
Curtiss expressed some concern about
what he said was the potential for abuse of
the salmonella birth-control vaccine.
“You could put it in the milk or water
and immunize everybody,” he said. “You
could think of government or some other
entity misusing that,” perhaps by secretly
sterilizing an entire population.
The salmonella vaccines might prove
Throughout the day, Child A remained
calm and impassive as he listened to the
grim details of James’ torture and death. In
brief recesses, he removed his suit jacket,
then loosened his tie.
Child B, dressed neatly in a suit and tie,
cried silently, clinging to his social worker
and mopping his face with tissues. At the
end of the day, he called softly to his father.
Child B’s parents, who are divorced, sat
slumped on a wooden courtroom bench,
their faces etched with emotion, as they
listened to the allegations against their son.
Child A’s parents did not come, and he
was accompanied only by a social worker.
Bulger's father, Ralph Bulger, arrived in
the courtroom after testimony had begun.
His wife, Denise Bulger, is eight months
pregnant and not expected to attend the
trial. James Bulger was their only child.
The boys also have pleaded innocent to
attempting to abduct another 2-year-old
boy earlier the same day. His mother saw
aboy beckoning her son and retrieved him.
confidentiality, only first names were used.
One of the volunteers, Beth, said she
was glad so many people marched despite
the cold weather.
“It’s good to see so many people come
out in the cold,” she said. “I think the
marches are effective in raising awareness,
but I don’t know how effective they are in
changing attitudes.”
Ising said students needed to think about
what they wanted their campus to be and
work toward making it safer.
“Just because we’re here tonight doesn’t
mean women can walk across this campus
alone tomorrow night,” she said.
The march concluded with a perfor
mance by feminist folk singer Tracy Drach,
who sang about her experiences and fears
about being a woman.
jumpstart the bloc’s economy and reduce
the jobless rate.
The economic downturn has cast doubt
on the treaty’s timetable for economic and
monetary union.
The European Monetary Institute opens
Jan. 1 in Germany’s financial center, Frank
furt.
The institute is to become a central bank
no later than 1999, issuing a single cur
rency.
To take part, nations must meet treaty
targets for low inflation and interest rates,
stable currencies and modest budget defi
cits.
But few could qualify to join now.
especially useful in developing countries
and rural areas, because they don’t require
refrigeration and are cheaper to produce
than the bottles that would contain them,
Curtiss said.
The vaccines are produced from salmo
nella bacteria that have been altered in two
ways. Parts of the bacteria that cause dis
ease havebeen removed, and genetic codes
from sperm or hepatitis B virus or ma
laria parasites have been inserted.
These altered bacteria cause an infec
tion lasting perhaps two weeks. The for
eign genetic components trick the bacteria
into producing proteins normally found
only in sperm or hepatitis B virus or ma
laria parasites, as the case might be.
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Clinton Stumps for NAFTA
Through Satellite Messages
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
WASHINGTON—President Ginton
prodded business owners by satellite Mon
day “to be missionaries” and help him win
passage ofthe North American Free Trade
Agreement.
Ginton acknowledged he was in an
uphill fight, but predicted he would win the
showdown Nov. 14 in the House.
“But in order for it to be close, you all
have to push between now and then,” he
said in an electronic “town hall” meeting
sponsored by the U.S. Qiamber of Com
merce.
The session was beamed by satellite to
gatherings attended mostly by small
and medium-size business owners and
farmers at more than 240 sites nation
wide.
Still, weeks of heavy pressure by the
White House have failed to produce many
converts for the agreement to lift trade
barriers among the United States, Mexico
and Canada.
White House vote counters privately
concede they remain about 50 votes short.
Meanwhile Monday, Rep. JohnDingell,
D-Mich., chairman of the House Energy
and Commerce Committee and an admin
istration ally on other issues, called on the
president to withdraw the pact.
“I regrettably will be compelled to cast
my vote against NAFTA if it is submitted
to the Congress in its current form, ” Dingell
said in a letter to Clinton.
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Dingell suggested that the pact and side
agreements failed to protect U.S. labor and
the environment adequately. He said calls
for the pact's renegotiation by Canada’s
new Liberal Party government also threw
its fate into doubt.
Clinton told his satellite audience that
an assertion made by organized labor and
Texas billionaire Ross Perot that the agree
ment would endanger U.S. jobs and shrink
the U.S. economy “is ridiculous.”
“This is nuts, this idea that we can’t
compete and win,” he said.
He said rejection of the pact would
make it harder for the United Stales to win
its case for easing farm and other trade
subsidies in world-trade talks long under
way in Geneva.
Clinton also said defeat would bring
Europe and Japan swarming over the
Mexican market “like flies on a June bug . ”
The administration has complained that
companies haven’t done enough to help it
sell die pact. “You have to be the engine < if
confidence in our future,” he told the busi
ness leaden.
Richard Lesher, president of the U.S.
Chamber, said the administration did feel
that business wasn’t doing its part “in the
past. And business—in the past—felt the
president should be doing more. Both sides
are now pleased with each other.”
Lesher said in an interview that mo
mentum for the pact was growing, even if
it didn’t yet appear in the numbers.
5