FACULTY LECTURE
Dr. II. V. Wilson Delivers Second
of Series oil the "Museums and
Laboratories of Europe."
The second of the series of fac
ulty lectures was delivered on last
Thursday mht by Dr. H. V. Wil
son. His lecture was on the muse
ums and laboratories in Europe,
with which he was connected during:
his recent studies on sponges.
Although of a scientific nature, the
lecture was free from technicalities,
and was enjoyed by scientist and
literary man alike.
Dr. Wilson said in part:
'The point of view from which
I shall consider laboratories and
museums abroad, will not be that
of a tourist but rather that of one
who works in them, and who works
on deep sea discoveries.
"It is only in recent years that
deep sea explorations have been
made. People for many ages have
been familiar with only the fauna
at or just beneath the surface of
the sea. For this reason it was
thoug-ht that no fauna existed at the
bottom. In the last 30 years this
idea has been abandoned. Deep
sea dredging has shown that there
is an abundant fauna at depths of
one or even five miles. It was at
first thoug-ht that this fauna was
that of past geological ag-es, which
still existed at these depths. This
theory, however, proved to be pre
mature, and the idea now is that
this fauna has migrated from shal
low waters.
"At these extreme depths the
pressure is many tons. It is so
great, in fact, that animals, on be
ing brought quickly from them to
the surface, often explode, by the
force of the pressure of the gases
which they hold within them. Sun
light never reaches them, and they
may be said to live in absolute dark
ness, lhe bottom ot the sea is
light, consisting of microscopic cal
careous animals. There are no
plants whatever at these depths.
Animals sustain themselves by feed
ing on others. Though it is so
dark, they usually have large eyes,
which are of use to them in the
light furnished by their own phos
phorescence. It is improbable that
we have obtained the largest of
these sea animals, since they could
more easily escape the fishermen
tLan smaller ones.
"The greates t work on these deep
se i explorations was done by the
Challenger expedition sent out by
the English. The specimens taken
were given to the specialists for
study. The reports from these are
mostly in. The French, Germans
and Dutch have also sent out expe
ditions. America has not been far
behind, due largely to the efforts
of Mr. Alexander Agassiz. He
seat out the Blake along1 the
Atlantic coast, the Gulf, and the
Carribean sea. The best equipped
vessel in the world for this sort of
work is the Albatross, also sent
out by Agassiz. Her work has
been mostly along the west coast of
Mexico. Much of this work was
on spong;es, some of which were
given to me. It was necessary to
go to Europe to study these in lab
oratories there. It was, therefore,
from the point of view of one who
had a collection of sponges on which
to work that I viewed the European
laboratories.
"One of the best institutions for
this kind of work is the Museum
for Knowledge of Organic Nature
in Berlin. It is a very, convenient
ly arranged museum. The function
of such an institution is a double
one, that of a museum and that of
study. The collections are not so
large but they are beautifully ar
ranged. Besides the rooms for col
lections, there are laboratories for
original work. The director of the
museum is a highly trained special
ist. He has spent thirty years in
workon one group of sponges.
"There are also in Berlin institu
tions for other branches of work
Two of ihem, an anatomical and an
embryological institute are especial
ly good. In the latter studies are
pursuedon the embryological de
velopment of all kinds of vertebrate
animals.
"The Museum for the Knowledge
of the Sea, also in Berlin, was es
tablished by the German govern
ment to help build up the commerce
of the country. The large emigra
tion of Germans to other countries
has made Germany a great commer
cial nation. To facilitate this com
merce a knowledge of the sea is
necessary, and this institution sup
plies the demand. All sorts of ma
rine animals are preserved here in
almost lifelike appearance. In this
museum are also numberless models
of marine architecture.
"There is in Berlin an excellent
aquarium, supplied daily with fish
from a station on the Adriatic.
"The English museumsand labor
atories are inferior to to the Ger
man in many respects, especially in
point of arrangement. The col
lections which they contain are,
however, much larger. The Brit
ish Museum collections are, per
haps, the best in the world. I had
come especially to see the Challen
ger collection of sponges. The ar
rangement, of these is but poor, they
being crowded into one small room,
in great contrast to the excellent!
arrangement in Berlin.
"In America we have much to
learn about, science and its study.
"We do not choose to accept every
thing from the Germans, especially
their intense specialization. But
it is certain that there is much we
can learn from them.
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