Newspapers / Daily Tar Heel (Chapel … / Sept. 11, 1981, edition 1 / Page 8
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8Ths Daily Tar HeelFriday, September 11, 1981 Jim Hummel. iiduor Susan Mauney. Muu e&w Mark Murrell. Associate Editor JONATHAN RICH. AsuAtte Editor EowiNA Ralston, univmity Editor John Royster. cuy Editor CHARLES HERNDON , State and National Editor ' BETH BURRELL. Neu Editor Clifton Barnes. Sports Editor Tom Moore. Am Editor KEITH KING. Features Editor SCOTT SHARPE, Photography Editor Ann Peters. sruxki Mm CHUCK JAMES. Ombudsman - m" a Try mm A Nixon library? Hell ye $,' Muck would $ay cHar 1!M &r year of editorial freedom 'Rock of Roy' Roy Wilkins, the former NAACP executive director who died Tuesday, symbolizes' past and future trends for black-white relations in America. A 46-year member of the organization and director for 22 years, Wilkins pressed for anti-lynching laws in the 1930s, helped to organize nearly 250,000 people for the 1963 civil rights march on Washington, D.C., and worked with President Lyndon B. Johnson to enact the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act. He was administrator in 1954 when the NAACP filed the Brown v Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas, case which in 1954 reversed an earlier "separate but equal" segregation ruling. The decision embodied Wilkins commitment to integration as a route to black progress and societal homogeneity. But, this sentiment often pitted him against other blacks during the mid-1960s when the country was aflame with the rage and frustrations of blacks seeking among other things representation and recognition from American society. Among the peaceful protests advocated by Martin Luther King and violent, radical separation urged by the Black Panthers, the NAACP seemed misplaced among these and other groups. For Wilkins, change came through legal and governmental channels, which for blacks seemed too slow and ineffective a process. Wilkins' as sociation with white leaders like Johnson and a firm adherence to integra tion policies even earned him the title of "Uncle Tom." Yet, Wilkins stayed with the organization as it faced financial problems and a declining membership. Indeed, it was partly Wilkins stubbornness and endurance that resulted in an increasing number of blacks attending integrated schools and in the emergence of a black middle class.. A recent trend among blacks has shown them turning to the courts and away from the streets to settle complaints. The NAACP's decision to take The University of North Carolina 16-campus school system to court is an example of diplomacy carved out of the Wilkins' mode. Even blacks in student organizations have abandoned more violent protest for the peace ful demonstrations of which Wilkins approved. Through his service to the NAACP, Wilkins bore the brunt of criticism from both black and white America. Yet, in blacks, he attempted to instill pride and promise and for society, he encouraged better black-white rela tions. In that sense, Roy Wilkins will remain, as one of his colleagues de scribed him, an enduring "Rock of Ages," a timeless "Rock of Roy." By JOHN DRESCHER If Buck Duke were alive, he'd put an end right now to the controversy surrounding the establishment of a Richard Nixon li braryat Duke University. And if Buck Duke could speak, you can bet Duke Uni versity people would listen. James Buchanan. Duke, the man who gave millions of dollars to the university that now bears his name, was a businessman extraordinaire who knew the value of a dollar and how to make a few. A more per fect nickname could not have been found. Having the Nixon library on Duke's campus could certainly be profitable educationally, and Buck Duke might add, -financially. Yes, especially financially, Buck would point out. Yes, Mrf Duke, the library seems a good idea, the president would say. Yes, Mr. Duke, the board of trustees would say. Yes, Mr. Duke, the faculty would say. But Buck Duke is not with us, and trustees and faculty members are claiming the Nixon library would destroy Duke Uni versity's lofty and weD-respected academic reputation. It would.be impossible to house the papers of an immoral president who resigned in disgrace, they say, and still maintain the high standards the university was founded on. Impossible? Hmmm. Maybe, some of these dissenters have forgotten the driving force behind the formation of Duke Uni versity. In fact, if you take a look at Buck Duke and his university, it appears the Nixon library and Duke University might make a pretty good combination after all. The Duke family, wealthy from their successful tobacco business, first became involved in the small, methodist Trinity College in the 1880s. The school, then located in Randolph County, was close to some taverns that were frequented by stu dents. Too close,.said the college's president, who told the board of trustees the problem "was that of keeping out intoxicants and the other that of protecting the morals of the young men from social vices incident to youth." Things got pretty swinging in Randolph County in the 1880s, you know. So the president wanted to move the school. And some money wouldn't hurt either, he said. That's when Washington Duke, Buck's father entered the picture. He offered the school a gift of $180,000 and an abandoned race track in Durham, and that, said one historian, is when cor ruption set in. Being a metihodist school, Trinity had religiously frowned upon the evils of fac tory towns (like Durham) and cigarettes. Suddenly, though, with the Duke's tobacco money in front of them, cigarettes and fac tory towns didn't seem all that bad to the board of trustees. In 1892, Trinity College moved to Durham. Dealings with the college eventually fell to son Buck. Buck knew how to do one thing: make money. Historian W. J. Cash said Duke, who died in 1925, was "incre dibly ignorant, incredibly obtuse, in credibly grasping and picayune." He was a genius only when it came to making pro fits. As the head of the American Tobacco Co., Duke was an expert at eliminating competition and forming monopolies. He also formed the Southern (now Duke) Power Co., and again managed to bilk the publici even with the U.S. Attorney General frequently on his back for violating anti-trust laws. . AW V $ KSRKD TO TAKE WSpAPERS, WD WS BUM KIS UKW.Bur WE Qmotm ON THE NAME.' state Duke was hesitant to give the college much money at first. He wanted power rates to be hiked before he'd really get in volved. Once he got that out of the way, Duke said he'd put a little more money into the school. In 1922, Duke gave Trinity $1 million. Two years later he established the Duke Endowment. Under the guide lines, 32 percent of his annual income would go to the college, which would expand to a university and be called Duke University. Not that he was in love with colleges. Buck wasn't really all that much on educa tion unless it led to making money. In the university, Duke saw a chance to get some return on his investment. "What he wanted was a Babbitt factory a mill for grinding out go-get-em boys in the wholesome and undeviating fashion in which the Chesterfield plant across the way ground out cigarettes," Cash wrote in a magazine article titled "Buck Duke's Uni versity." "What he had in mind in the long run was Profits ... Everything old Buck ever did was done to the ultimate end for Profits, for Profits was the only thing he ever came to understand in his 68 years on this planet." Duke hated theory because it causal trouble and messed things up. The univer sity, he said, was specifically to be "sane and practical, as opposed to dogmatic and theoretical." One of Buck Duke's biggest enemies, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, was one of those "dogmatic and theoretical" schools. Duke wanted his graduates to be trained properly, so they wouldn't mess up things for people like the American Tobacco Co. and Duke Power Co. But not all things turn out as they are planned. Duke University became a liberal campus. Eventually there was little study of economic concerns. And look what's happened now. A bunch of high-minded Duke professors are turning down a finan cial gold mine like the Nixon library because it "would destroy the principles" the university was founded on. Principles?! Academic honor?! Buck Duke must be rolling in his grave. Buck Duke wanted to form a university that produced men that made bunches of mo ney, not men who debated philosophical questions like academic integrity. If he were alive, no doubt Duke would tell rebelling professors to pack up their bags and head to Chapel Hill where the rest of the liberals are. The Nixon library would bring thou sands of visitors and dollars to Durham and Duke University each year. Duke is currently building a luxury hotel not far from the proposed library site. Good business, Buck would say. Now destroy all your competition, jack up the rates and ring in the profits. What would Buck Duke say if he were alive? "Build it," he'd say, thinking of all those people sleeping in the university's hotel, smoking his cigarettes and using his electricity. "Build the damn thing!" John Drescher, a senior journalism and history major from Raleigh, is an editorial writer for The Daily Tar Heel. Freshman to freshmen A little advice for the next four years By DAVID ROME. Piracy Espionage. The Spy, Who Loved East Carolina. Or maybe ... "You, too, can learn law and become a major college football coach in just a few days.... Contact EZ Methods Incorporated in Greenville.' The setting is the UNC Law Library, Wednesday afternoon. A bald headed man and his young assistant, two suspicious-looking chaps indeed, were intent on scoping through the large windows, by jove! Down below, the Heels were scheming secretly on how to make the Pirates walk the plank. Little did the Rams know they were being watched. The spies were found out. "I told him he could stay in the library as long as he was using the ma terials," the Dean of the UNC Law School said. If you need tt go to the pottie you have to raise your hand first. The two trench-coaters were identified as East Carolina coaches. Ap palling you'd think they wanted to win the game on Saturday or some thing. You'd think it was the last time the two teams would meet or some thing. "There's positive identification," UNC coaches said. No there's not, ECU coaches said. The coaches were in the ECU ath letic area all day. "UNC spied on us a couple of years ago," he said. So there. Na...Na...NaNa...Naaaaaaaaaa. For months, friends, parents, loved ones and politi cians have been telling me and 3,200 other freshmen, "Your college years are going to be the best years of your life." With that kind of build-up, we certainly were justi fied in expecting some kind of disappointment. But, from my limited perspective of four weeks at college, these are potentially the greatest years of our lives. This column, then, is a freshman's synthesis of all the advice and non-advice received since birth and a recom mendation for freshmen to set some goals and directions before getting lost in the crowd. Although the University will be doing all it can to make the next four years great, the ultimate responsibility is the student's. The UNC freshman today is given more choices and fewer directions than ever before. Orientation Week was fantastic in two ways. It was en lightening and exciting in one sense, but it was part fan tasy in another. Orientation created the illusion that the college student could have free food and beer at every meal and go to a pariy every night. It also provided the false security of a counselor watching over and equipping each freshman with an itemized itinerary and a map. After two weeks of classes, the illusion of Orientation ; Week has changed into the reality of the college student's freedom, independence and course load. Enrolling at UNC makes the freshman free, perhaps freer than he has ever been before or ever will be again. But, he is only free if he accepts and identifies with his freedom and makes something for himself out of the choices and opportuni ties at UNC. Of course, everyone goes to college for different rea sons and with different interests. Everyone will face dif ferent problems, but UNC has so much to offer that it should excite and challenge everyone to make something happen. The size and spirit of UNC present an incredible number of choices whicKean make college the best or worst time of a student's lire. ' - The UNC freshman must be able to make decisions and adapt quickly in order to make the most out of col lege. Neither of these two abilities was included on the SATs, but maybe they both should have been. ' " "." , A little freshman from Winston-Salem may eventually change UNC in some way, but he can also expect to be changed by the University. Also, he has to be able to deal with a seemingly intolerable situation like a roommate who snores and has pet snakes. The most easy-going and adaptable freshman still needs to make decisions and choices. There are choices about time, activities, foods, friends, courses and even what to wear to the opening football game. Id cally Just the experience of meeting new people is one kind of choice, although it might not have seemed like a choice during Orientation Week. This community is large enough to avoid meeting people. It can also be scary introducing yourself to someone or it may seem pointless because you may not see that person again for an hour, a day, a month or . four years. You may avoid meeting people because you are tired of stumbling through the five or so preliminary, soul- searching, occasionally metaphysical questions which in clude the following: 1) What's your name? 2) Where are you from? 3) What's your major? 4) Where are you liv ing? 5) Do you know ...? Even these questions can be fun, but once you move beyond them you can find out some tremendously important, or humorously unimpor tant information about life in Argentina or last year's Broughton High School senior prom. " Having a great time at college is also a choice, although it may seem more like a result of fate or luck. A student may be able to guarantee himself a great time by immers ing himself in his education, taking responsibility for his own learning and fun and becoming involved in other ways. Maybe not, of course, but it seems to be worth a try. It is difficult to sympathize with a freshman who is not having a good time so far. Everything is so new and ex citing for freshmen whether they grew up in Outer Mon golia or on East Franklin Street. The opportunities are as endless as they are risky. There will be new types of problems, new types of stresses, new types of successes and new types of failures. The challenge is in maximizing some and minimizing others. Some courses may be easier than high school and some will definitely be harder. But sometimes one has to fail an economics quiz in order to put things in perspec tive and realize that he is still lucky to be here. There are probably a lot of seniors who wish they were freshmen again, and there are definitely a lot of parents who wish they were and who can blame them? David Rome, a freshman Russian studies major from Bloomfield, Connecticut, is a staff writer for The Daily Tar Heel. Air raid. pry.B. MTOleaF a ff guards m d qiiat By GREGORY KATS Three months after Israel's bombing raid on the Iraqi nuclear reactor, the poli tical uproar has settled and our attention has turned elsewhere. Yet, the fundamen tal question of the inadequacy of the inter national nonproliferation safeguards, raised by the raid, remains unanswered. Israel's airstrike was a clear vote of total no-confidence in the international non proliferation system around which U.S. nuclear policy is based. In fact, the credi bility of the present administration's nu clear policy could hardly have suffered a more serious blow. After all, Iraq, unlike Israel, has signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and its facilities are subject to in spection by the only existing international inspection agency, the International Atomic Energy Agency. at Saroe The mounting evidence of an Iraqi nu clear weapons program was enough to make any neighbor nervous. But Israel, a country that relies on this country's mili tary and economic aid, should have been able to trust the nonproliferation institu tions relied on by the United States. In stead (using U.S.-supplied F-15s and F-16s), Israel chose to bomb, thereby un dercutting any existing international con fidence in the IAEA. After the airstrike the director general of the IAEA, Sigvard Eklund, stated that "from a point of prin ciple, one can only conclude that it is the agency's safeguards regime which has also been attacked." The overwhelming sup port for the raid within Israel and the muted protest abroad following the air strike demonstrates the widespread lack of trust in the ability of the IAEA to pre vent or even detect the diversion of nuclear materials for the construction of nuclear weapons. v One of the fundamental weaknesses of IAEA safeguards is the reliance on dia covery and subsequent announcement of violators to deter a would-be bomb build er.' In theory, inspectors could discover a discrepancy and report it in time to arouse sufficient international pressure to halt bomb development. This relies on the concept of "timely warning" to allow sanctions that would deter proliferation. But no sanctions have been agreed upon, and it seems likely that sanctions would be inconsistent and limited. As an example, when India exploded an atomic bomb in June 1974 using American supplied heavy water and a Canadian reac tor, Canada terminated its nuclear agree ment with India. The United States, how ever, chose not to impose sanctions in view of the possible adverse political con-, sequences that might result. Instead, the United States increased its funding of the IAEA by $5 million and hoped that this would strengthen the agency sufficiently to deter future proliferation. Unfortunately, the increment in funding has not resolved the host of major techni cal, financial and political problems iden tified by a 1976 report by the U.S. General Accounting Office. The 1981 GAO report to Congress on the adequacy of IAEA safeguards determined that the problems identified five years earlier remained un resolved. Even more frightening, the GAO report found that the IAEA lacked both the techniques and the equipment neces sary to ensure discovery of the diversion of bomb-grade materials. Another crippling problem is that since membership in the IAEA does not obligate the safeguarding of all facilities, a number of countries including India, Argentina, Egypt, Pakistan, South Africa and Israel do not have safeguarded facilities. A country that does sign the NPT and ac cepts IAEA safeguards does so under very conditional terms. Any country can with draw from the NPT on three months' no-. FULL1 COVERED? j Hi: CS tice. In November 1980, Iraq withdrew its facilities from IAEA inspection, citing as sufficient reason the war with Iran. This spring Iraq allowed the IAEA to resume its infrequent safeguarding inspections. Nothing prevents Iraq, or any other na tion, from simply closing off sites to IAEA inspection in the future. The present administration cannot view the Israeli rejection of the IAEA nor the subsequent bombing with great surprise. Since 1978, when the shipment of French reactors to Iraq seemed inevitable, Israel has continually warned that it would "do what was necessary" to ensure that Iraq would not get nuclear weapons. The Israeli secret service, Mossad, is widely credited with the partial destruction of two Iraqi bound reactors in May, 1979. Mossad is also suspected of having killed the head of the Iraqi nuclear program, Yahia Ma shad, last year. The Reagan administration has also ig nored repeated warnings by U.S. con gressmen and others who called for sanc tions against Italy and France in order to prevent further transfer of sensitive nu clear technology. The United States still sends nuclear materials to both Italy and France despite the Energy Agency Act which requires this country to terminate nuclear trade with nations who export ma terials that facilitate the production of bomb-grade material in another country. In March 1980, Italy sold Iraq a $50 mil lion laboratory capable of separating bomb-grade plutonium from spent reactor fuel. France has already delivered 28 pounds of bomb-grade uranium to Iraq. The nuclear policy for this administra tion is based squarely on the belief of the adequacy of the NPT and the IAEA to prevent diversion of bomb-grade material. The Reagan administration is promoting the sale of U.S. taxpayer-subsidized reac tors to the Philippines and South Korea with only the tattered form of the IAEA on which to base the belief that reactors will not be used to build bombs. The cur rent plan to provide heavily subsidized nuclear reactors to both Israel and Egypt can only further complicate and intensify the situation in an already volatile region. The Israeli bombing should demonstrate a few essential facts. First, countries tend to become extremely scared by the possi bility of nuclear weapons in the hands of a neighbor. Second, the existence of a nu clear reactor introduces the possibility of the development of nuclear weapons, thus precipitating an escalation in levels of ten sion and violence. And third, Israel does not believe that the IAEA safeguards are an adequate deterrent to the diversion of nuclear material to produce atomic bombs. The Reagan administration should learn from the Israeli bombing raid and realize a continued transfer of nuclear reactors and technology is unwise in light of the glaring weaknesses of IAEA safeguards. The administration should launch a new policy to prevent nuclear proliferation by halting subsidized nuclear exports both by example and by use of the legal termi nation of nuclear transfer required in the amended Atomic Energy Act. Even more tragic than the Israeli bomb ing strike would be a nuclear war in the Middle East, East Asia or Latin America fueled by continued nuclear exports and justified by grossly insufficient IAEA safeguards. Gregory Kats is a senior political science and English major from Clinton, Connecticut.
Daily Tar Heel (Chapel Hill, N.C.)
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Sept. 11, 1981, edition 1
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