Newspapers / Brevard News (Brevard, N.C.) / Nov. 28, 1924, edition 1 / Page 2
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Scientist Would Sink a Shaft 12 Miles Deep mm A-1 I JVx>6? J rock temperature of 122 degree* Fahrenheit ut that depth. The cost of sinking eiicht miles he pieced at $1,260,000. It would require flfty-flve. years iq sink and the rock: temperature at the bottom he ex-/ pected to be 212 degrees Fahrenheit. Sir Charles was In New York the other day. The Engineers' club gave a luncheon to hint- and Senator Lulgl Lulggl, president of the Society ft Italian Engineers, end Sir Charles jnadean lp formal address, In which he talked about* his favorite project. He said an exploration of this character might reveal the existence of new chem ,lcal elements and 6f metals heavier than any known noW. * . ? "We knowinothlng of what Is below oyr feet," said Sir Charles. "Instead of sending out polar expeditions, (Wouldn't It be better to go down and see what we come to,? It would be a great bond of union for the various nations to combine on such ' ?All enterprise. We have evidence from earthquake , /%+$? QtyAfahtnmW+rOlrnferHro**# TfertUfC <3 SDaG/>o<si Gorge, the Grand Cknt/om By J0HN DICK1N60N SHERMAN ' ? "* ANTED : An American multl .millionaire philanthropist^ to dig '? a, bole ten or twelve mllffs deep 1 rtgtft.down towards the center of ;tW earth! Who t for 7 So us to ! flnU.outwhat's there. And why! Well, science says a systematic study of the earth's crust ls one of the moat pressing needs of the J ' day. To what end? That all mankind may be benefited by In !.'.'?!reased knowledge of- the. sources of energy. ..',,Slr, Charlda A. Portions of England Is' the man who , makes the suggestion ' about financing the project. "It would be an admirable thing," he . aaya, "if some American multi-millionaire? we ?. Acre. few of them leftln Great Britain now ? would donate -the money for; ihe work. Otherwise the work will hare to be d6ne through Interna tional effort because Of the tremendous espense." What Is the expense? 'Well, something' like $100,000,000. How tony will it take? Oh, some - thing like GO year*. Cnn lt be done? 'Sir Charles says he's made experiments that prove It can. Given the motley, the engineers will do the rest. Now, this manv Parsons Is an engineer whose ? reputation makes It worth while to pay attention to whpt he saya. He's Sir Charles Algernon Par sons, k. C. B. (1811), aa.lL A.. D. Sc., BV.B. s., etc. He was born In 1854, the fourth son of the third earl ,ef Boese. All the engineering world kaoWs him as the mai^ who has probably had most to do with the adaptation of the steam turbine -en Sine to Icommercial purposes on a large scale. He Is the head of several big engineering and elec trical- works st Newcastle-on-Tyne and Is ,doubt : lees able to contribute liberally to the project which ' has largely occupied his attention for twenty years ?r more, t ?/' Ifa a fascinating notion, this boring Into the Scrnst of old earth to see What old Dame Nature la holding out on'us. The scientific sharps have figured and figured until they now think that the whole mass composition of the whole envelope ot the earth la about like this: The Uthosphere or. rocky portion about ten miles thick and forming about 83 per cent of whole } the hydrosphere or seas, nearly*? per cent, and the atmosphere about ?i 0.08 per cent.' Now, about, OS per cent of the sur ' face ro<4cs Is Igneous or volcanic. These prepon derant rocks solidified from a fused condition and are evidence that the Interior of the earth whence they came Is, In a molten condition. How deep down Is this molten core? That's unkntftvn of course, but volcaaW "Activities in various parts sug ? gest tb?t It Is not magjy miles deep and 0,80 that fhe rocky crust. Is not everywhere of the same thickness.' " . . . >? $? The newest jt^eanfcfieUps Ae Katmal Nation al monument "in aoi^tli^is^-n Alaska. In 1912 Mount Katnmi blew off Its head and covered a large part of the world with ashes and dnst. The explosion created fhe "Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes" ? where the earth Is hot and superheated ' steam Issues In thousands of hissing columns. The geysers of Yellowstone National park show on old er volcanic ground, partly cooled off and much eroded. Halemaumau, "Lake of Everlasting Fire" In the crater of Kllauea in the Hawaii National park. Is always a mass of molten lava, always In motion like a great boiling spring, apparently a direct connection with the liquid center of the earth. Offhand the thickness of the rocky crust of the earth would seem to vary trreatly. The highest spot on the earth's surface Is the summit of Mount Everest, India-China. 28,000 feet above sea level. The lowest Is the Dead sea In Palestine, 1,290 feet below sea level. The corresponding points In Con tinental United States are Mount Whitney In Cal Ifornla. 14.JV02 feel : Death Valley, California, 270 feel. The mean deJVth of all the oceans nnd seas ta estimated at about two and one-half miles. The Pacific averages 124*60 feet, the Mediterranean 4-V30. The deepest natural hnj^ In the earth's surface ta th? flninrl Pnnvnn National nsrV In Artrnn* . Here the Colorado river, a streuin 300 feet wide, and 80 deep,- has' curved a Canyon ten /"miles across and 6,000 feet deep. . Crater lake, in Crater Lake National park in- Oregon, In the eruter of Mount Mazatna, Is more than 2,000 feet deep, with 1,000 feet of cliffs surrounding It. The, East Face of Longs peak, "King of the Bockles," In Rocky Mountain National, pork, presents an alinost vertl ' cal fropt of "2.200 feet. ? r ' Man has been Industriously digging Into the : earth for treasures of various kinds, but his' deep- ? est hole la not much more than u mile. .The deep i?t shaft Is stifted to be the St. John del Bey gold Mine in Brazil, 6,500 feet. There are slinfts In India and the Transvaal which fall abont 000 feet , short of tills depth. , ^ ' ? Oil, wells have been driven deefeer than mine shafts. The deepest Is stated to be at Falrmount. W. Va., 7,670 feet There are others over 7,000 feet deep In California, Pennsylvania and Qer many. ?;% Under present conditions the limit to the depth of a mining abaft la set by the beat of rocks. This 'heat varies, but In general a rise of one de gree In temperature follows a drop In .level of 40 feet. At the depth of a mile men can work with' difficulty, If at all. In some of the shafts of the Comatock Lode, Virginia City,' Nev., the waters ct 600-800 feet are boiling. So It appears that man has not got very far Into the earth's surface, as compared with the proposed 12- mile hole. And bis experience to date gives hint of thi difficulties he will encounter. Ap parently every 100 feet helow a mile Is a good deal like an Inch on the end of a man's nose. These things, however, do not daunt the modern engineer, as personified In Blr Charles. He has been advocating this 12-mlle hole project for a long time. In his presidential address In 1004 to the engineering section of the British association he said. In part: "A most Important' Investigation needing atten tion Is the exploration of the lower depths of the earth. At present the deepest shaft Is, I believe, at the Cape, a little over a mile In depth, antl the deepest bore hole Is one made In Silesia by the Austrian government, wlihdt Is nffout the same depth. What would be found at greater depths Is at present a matter, for conjecture, founded on the dip and thickness of Htrata observed at or near the surface. Much money and valuable lives have been devoted to exploration of the polar regions, but there can be no comparison between the sci entific interest and the possible material results of deep earth exploration and a great engineer ing attack on deep-seated geology. ?There would be some departure from ordinary engineering practice in sinking, the proposed ex ploratory shaft. It would be sunk In u locality to avoid as far as possible water-bearing strata and the necessity of pumping. It would be of similar size tq that of a modern colliery shaft; It would be sunk In stages of about half.it mile In depth, and at each stage there wpuld be placed ' hauling and other machinery, to be worked elec trically, for dealing with the operations In each fctage. The depth of each stage would be restrict-' ed to half a mile. In order to avoid a disproportion ate cost In the hauling machinery and the weight of rope, as well as increased cost on the cooling arrangements arising from excessive hydraulic pressures. "At each second or third mile In depth there would be air locks to prevent air pressure from becoming excessive owing to tlie weight of the superincumbent air, which at from two to three miles would reach about double the atmospheric pressure at the surface. A greater rise in pres sure than this would be objectionable for two rea sons ? flrst, from the inconvenience to the work men; second, from the rise In temperature die to the adlabattc compression of the circulating air for ventilating purpose*. The air pressure im mediately above each air lock wonld thus rencb to about two atmosphere* and beneath to one at iin?t>hvre. i Sir Charles. In lPO-t estimated the cost of sink ing at f 1 .000,000 f.?r tlie llrst two miles, which nould reaulre ten >cars to sink, lie exDected a JL6 tha TGrae ?5A?yVf* @ ? waves that It Is hot 20 miles below the earth's surface. It would' take 20,000,000 pounds sterling to finance a big Company to do the work. It could ba done in 60 years." Discussing his project alter the luncheon. Sir Charles said British sclenUstsr-M well as officials of the Royal observatory at Greenwich. were great ly Interested la tile scheme. . "We don't know what Is down there and 'we ought to; that's the point," he said "I have been doing preliminary experimentation- for eight years and I am certftln that such a shaft la a practicable' engineering project and that the only thine neces sary tb make It a reality. Is the money. It might , be possible to go deeper than 12 miles. "I would hare, the shaft 20 feet In diameter and lined with granite, which experiment* havd shown would not fall In. .The shaft would be sunk to different levels. In the same way that mining shafts are sank, and It would be necessary, after we got down .to a. sufficient depth, to have the) heat pumped out. At 12 miles the temperature Is probably ts high as 272 degree* Fahrenheit," ' Dr. Arthur gelwyn Brown discusses Sir Charles' project at considerable length In the New York Herald-Tribune. He' si' In part: "Engineers who have worked In mines candid ly admit that a deep exploration shaft properly managed, would be of Inestimable value to science.' There should be one la every continent equipped with a fall scientific staff of observers and instru ments, like an observatory. But when such a great . depth as Sir Charles Parsons Suggests is mentioned, they do not at all share his sanguine views. A depth of about three miles Is' the best they would admit, under present experience, to be possible for a shaft. There are numerous difficul ties In- deep sinking which are cumulatively felt . every foot that Is sunk when the hot zone Is met at depth. Ventilation, water balling, hauling would all present difficult problems at the depth <if two miles and there would be the difficulty in jetting the granite shutMInlng blocks down aud set In position. " "Nevertheless, the proposal Is one that merits attention. A shaft properly sunk to the greutest attainable depth would be of far greater scien tific value than a large number of polar and equa torial explorations. We desire to know more of our earth's crust than we do. of Its physical com position, Its periodic changes, Its temperature, magnetic and radio variations and Its volcanic ^movements. We need a number of underground observatories to secure data for a number of un solved problems of science ond to shed further light upon geology, mineralogy and chemistry. The cost of sinking and equipping a number of deep shafts would be abundantly repnld by accurate studies o t\ the earth's magnetism and radio activi ties alone. These ore among our most powerful source* of energy. Little Is known about them. There can be little doubt. ho.wever, that \vhen they are fully understood they will become the most potent factors In our Industral and social lives. "A thorough, systematic study of the Interior of the earth's crust Is one of the greatest and most pressing fields for exploration today. It will need the establishment of a number of d#ep under ground scientific observatories where observations may be made every hour of the day and night over a series nf year#. - should he one of these on every continent. They need not he sunk to the great depth suggested by Sir Chnrles P.irs-.ns That api>ears t" he an Impossible depth Tley should he ns deep ?s they run be sunk Suhter rnnean observatories would he such talunhli- n.i tlonal nxsots when pro|>erly established that It seems only a question of time when this !> real lied by the world'* governments." HOW TO KEEP* WELL Dr. Frederick R. Green, ? v E^lor of "Health." ~<V 'w ' ? 'mi ? . Wntarll N?w?p,pw u?om.) What !? en Infection? T1??11? are B?od and bad oitleena tlier? 16 lnv's",le world. Juat un Keroug^anCo men' w,,d mula. k? ,, I " 0nd tnwe useful anl The ir? h 6 are ?00d bid germs ar! tll08e "Wch t"?t rX the brea7rL Th<? ye"^ ???r the t I ' 'Z ss J 5^ body, muke^rl , ' ?n ,he human "?i trsysr v""" """" on "I";?1 ?** child's throat^ in.? e of th? bread, makes' 1 fS m?ld grows on breathed into th? i raInu*es' 18 ?rowinir if fn* W?? where, in wl.Jch saftena U^Vreiks^o^f f"?"' X- 0/ ^ ? the blood " kept clean and 'T, 5,00(1 v?8ela. ttltkens affhV&S ?S U'e blood tight scab over ,?!' mIng an a,r" thl? cover the ton, ?h W?U1?' Und" together, the gap betw.!^ ?l brou*ht closed up ly the ^f?T *%! ?Ut end* PurcIpb thA * White blood cor But sdppose Some one of ?v,A or five ?mi? ?i,i?k f th6 four happens *?$%? bl'oS^' yeast gerniir in w.,? !i '?: * 11 ke break down th? skln^l. , on*^- ^'ey the tvound to fom n,l h aroqnd wound become ""?*** The painful. The term ' V n' hot and IroptatK, r,i"? "" ... ?s8$M?*gs blood poisoning. <n,.^ c#Uiln? produce ism po,aon? "they causing ?*} absorbed, vlTC'^r WOOnd Iodine. ?oft 'cloth. Dont mT a^hi" I on it. ? Keep it dr. V ^tt,n,r elBe mWl0m Oat in Winter1 AS BOON as- cool weather begins, we put on heavier clothes, close bp our houses and start out1 stove and furnaces. The outside air can't get in and the inside air soon bos all .the moisture dried out of It by the stove or furnace heat. , , ? The result Is that by the middle^ of the winter most of the furniture Is loose in the joints and most of the people in the house are suffering from colds. Thls.U due to living in dry. hot air. Human beings weren't made to live In dry air. A great zoologist once said, "Man came from fishes and he still retains some of the sea In his body." A reasonable amount of mois ture Is necessary for health. When we live, day after day. Id stove, furnace or steam-heated "4r. tbe dry air takes np the moisture from our bodies, Instead of giving up mois ture to us as It should. This constant drying out shows In two ways. Our skin becomes too dry. 'Our heavy clothes and hot rooms keep It too warm. "Winter Itch" is usually caused by too heuvy clothes and too dry air. The other result Is that the dry air parches our throat and lungs. It takes up all the moisture In our nose, throat and bronchial tubes. Our throats are too dry, our skin Is too dry. We ar? sensitive to the least change of temperature. We chill easily. We "sit in a draft" and then we say we "catch cold." Of course we do. We've been kiln drying our bodies for weekB and everything Is ready for a conflagration. All living and working rooms which are artificially heated should have a reasonable amount of moisture In the air. All properly constructed furnace* have a water pan to moisten the hot air. Fill It every day. Tou'U be warm er and healthier. Moist air at 60 de grees Fahrenheit Is warmer than tlry air at 75 degrees Fahrenheit and much healthier. If your house Is heated with stores, keep an o|>en pan of water on the back of the stove. You'll be surprised to see how fast the wnter goes. If you huve steam or hot water heat, keep u pun of water In every room This will n"t only keev your furnlturv from fulling to pleres but It wlU keep your lungs anil skin from drying out. itl4, cai-a.) SPRJNGLESS SMADLS l ast LonaVr - Look I Vie _ At Your D..U Cw>u*)?Mm a ?3, MMWtfWtWTlt B - JS m M SELF-FILLING (SfJWLL BUCKETS VS^ thet sink and nu. and cant. ?? MUDDY THE WVTER v ' BRIfiGS-SHAFFNERCO WINSTON -SALEM .N.C.. SOLD BT HARDWARE 8TORE3 Real "Infant Industry" Australia - has one ' cotton-spinning mill, equipped with, .about 20,000 spindles, which 'la operated oil an av erage of 20 hours dally throughout ..the year. . It 1b located at Wentworthvllle, about 26 miles froxfl Sydney, and lias- (.[i been running allghtly niore than a. J year. Its .output of yarn Is sold, to a. small weaylng mill ? and a hosiery,- ' v plant in Sydney. Humility, Is the light of understand ing. ? Bunyun. . ' * ; 1 Time spares nothing that has been, done without him. - ? - ? ^ -mm Where There's Health There's a Way! ?>Jv: ABILITY and will cannot win v . J through to victory In life >' '*5 unless there is also energy ? ? health. And lack of energy in A eight cases out of ten is caused W by Anemia ? blood starvation. The test above is a guide to blood condition. Press the flesh qf bet ween hand and thumb firmly: '?. ? v,. unless the blood comes rusbing back, Anemia is indicated. For thirty-two years thou sands of physicians have seen their patients regain health and energy by the use of Gude's Pepto-Mangan. It rebuilds tha latent power in run down bodies by supplying the blood with tho Iron anid manganese it lacks. Your druggist has Gude's , Pepto-Mangan in liquid or tab* let form. Gude's ? Pepto-Mangan Tonic and Blood Enricher v3 ? w ctone Itoo*** nt Prlc* of llrick ? Tor al;y un. material stnprovr* w;ih f vrrtl com i?l n .? t Son* ?f iO)or* t \ i>o- \ mechanic* !?"* ?lo work, ?ol).l ><r rrti- cr, y u*r. ( Bald Mi->un(tli Quarrl**. N. C. .V. N. U.. CHARLOTTE, NO.
Brevard News (Brevard, N.C.)
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Nov. 28, 1924, edition 1
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