News Review of Current
Events the World Over
Landon Is Republican Nominee Britain May Alter Sanc
tions Policy Mussolini Makes Sweeping
Changes in Cabinet.
By EDWARD W. PICKARD
Wentern Nwper Union.
IN ONE of the greatest demonstra
tions of popular acclaim In the his
tory ef American politics. Gov. Alfred
M. Landon was nominated for Presi
dent of the unueu
States by the Repub
lican national conven
tion meeting in Cleve
land. Nominated on the
Brat ballot, Governor
Landon received the
unprecented number of
984 out of a possible
1,003 votes. The nom
lnatlon was made
unanimous. Although
his name had not been
Gov. Landon
placed in nomination. Senator William
B. Borah of Idaho received 19 votes.
Including 18 from the Wisconsin dele
gatlon and one from West Virginia.
Col. Frank Knox of Chicago, pub
lisher of the Chicago Daily News, was
nominated for Vice President on the
ticket, receiving the unanimous vote
f the delegates.
Party unity and harmony were the
watchwords of the delegates. The ac
tion of the three other leading candi
dates for the Presidential nomination
Col. Frank Knox of Chicago, Senator
Arthur Vandeuberg of Michigan and
Senator Borah In withdrawing in 1-an-don's
favor paved the way for a mili
tant and united front In the coming
campaign by the Republican party.
The convention adopted a platform
of "Americanism," pledging a broad
farm relief program, repeal of recip
rocal tariff bargaining, the elimination
f monopolies and opposition to Amer
ican entry Into the League of Nations
and the World court.
Condemning "waste and extrava
gance" of the Democratic administra
tion, the platform declares for economy
by reduced expenditures and for a bal
anced budget. Adequate relief for the
unemployed and co-operation of the
states is provided. The platform de
mands the repeal of the present social
security program for a simplified "pay-as-you-go"
old-age pension plan. With
out proposing a constitutional amend
ment. It pledges support to states' min
imum wage and working hour laws,
abolition of sweatshops and child la
bor, improvement of working condi
tions and the right of labor to bargain.
It calls for restoration and matnte-
nance or m mern ojoicm ......
Ice, regulation of business by a tribunal
whose actions would be subject to
court review and federal supervision
of Interstate utilities.
The platform demands adequate na
tional defense, right of free enterprise
without competition by government,
free speech, pledges care ff the vet
erans and calls for efforts to collect
the defaulted war debts.
Governor Landon In a telegram read
to the convention by his campaign
manager, John Hamilton, placed bis
town Interpretation on certain planks In
the platform. Under the title of labor
be advocated a Constitutional amend
ment permitting the states to adopt
legislation necessary to protect women
and children In the matter of maximum
hours, minimum wages and working
conditions, provided it la not possible
to do so under the Constitution as It
mow stands.
He likewise advocated a currency ex
pressed in terms of gold and convert
ible Into gold, adding: "1 recognise,
however, that this requisite must not
be made until and unless It can be done
without penalising our domestic econ
omy and without Injury to our produc
ers of agricultural products and other
raw materials."
Concerning the merit system In civil
service, he suggested that it should
Include every position In the adminis
trative service below the rank of as
sistant secretaries of major depart
ments and should cover the entire Post
Office department
IN X long expected cabinet shake-up
in Italy, Premier Mussolini gave ont
three of bis eight portfolios, " There
are 15 posts to the cabinet n Doce ap
pointed bis son-in-law.
Count Galeaxxo ciano,
s v foreign minister,
aanew only thirty-;
three, is the world's
youngeet foreign min
ister. He moved np
front the cabinet post
ef propaganda. Mus
solini also gaa
the ministries of colo
nies and corporations.
.these posts gomt re- . : MMaollM
sportively to Fernw-" , wsol'(
eta Lantlal , and . Alesandro Lessons,
Count Claao's former ministry was
taken by DIono Alfierl. Giuseppe Baa-
tU"'"t muMvm
-made undersecretary for foreign , af
falra. He is ontf thirty-seven.
The action -of n Dure gave rise to
, v.tv a ki nwcesaor. Observer polnt-
' ed out that because of the Importance
ef the post of foreign minister, aeo
l believed to be In closest succession
to Mussolini. . '
riun 1b the world rovernDentt
were experiencing changes. . In Klca-
-: It. Carlos Erenee Jaronln, eom-
i
.ii i i. mm
J
, '.'! the unexpired term of the it-
announced his cabinet The cabinet
Included Dr. Luis Manuel Debayle,
minister of foreign relations; Dr. Ge
ronlmo Ramires Brown, prime minis
ter; Jose Roman Gonzales,' minister of
public works ; Benito Ramlrls, minister
of finance ; Dr. Lorenzo Guerrero, min
ister of education; Dr. Roberto Gon
zalez, minister of health ; Dr. Alejandro
Sequelra Rivas, sanitary director.
LARGER loaves of bread at no In
crease In price to the consumer
were being offered by leading baking
company chains selling their product
in large cities of the United States. One
company Increased the size of Its 10
cent loaf by 25 per cent and another
by 15 per cent The saving to com
sumers was made possible by the In
validation of the AAA processing tax,
according to an official of a baking
company. The tax was 30 cents a
bushel on wheat ne said, and was re
flected In an Increase of from $1.28 to
$1.40 a barrel for flour.
At the same time, the threat of a
possible potato famine, due to drouth
that Is seriously curtailing crops In the
Southeast, caused uneasiness among
housewives. Prices rose precipitately,
but eased off, because Immediate de
mand from consumers declined. The
seriousness of the situation was re
flected In reports from the crop divi
sion of the Department of Agriculture
that unless rains fell soon an acute
shortage will boost the price of pota
toes. The carry-over this year was
small, It was revealed, and Maine re
ported only 100 carloads of last year's
holdover on hand. While weather con
ditions up to the middle of July will
determine the extent of the shortage, It
was believed by farm experts that the
later crops will meet the August and
September demands.
DEATH came to John Hays Ham
mond, eighty-one, Internationally
famed mining engineer, economist and
writer at his home at Gloucester,
i , ' r nA h.J Hvjul
life high In adventure
and rich In experi
ences. He was a friend
and confidant of
Theodore , Roosevelt
Mark Twain, H. Rider
Haggard, Cecil Rhodes
and many' ether fig
ures celebrated In
world history In the
past half century.
Mr. Hammond was
born In San Francisco,
California. In 1856
John Haya
Hammond
where bis parents settled after the
Mexican war in whlcb his father
served as a major. It was the era of
the spectacular California gold rash.
He watched miners pan for gold dust
as a boy. After graduation from Tale
be set himself np as a mining engi
neer. Soon be visited the west coast
of Mexico, believing It could be devel
oped as a mining country.
He became known as an expert Judge
nt mlnlnv nrnnertv and was sent to
South' Africa" by "Barney", Barnato,
great speculator or the last century.
Hammond experienced some romantic
adventures Including an acrimonious
encounter with Paul Kruger, president
of the Transvaal republic who sen
tenced him to be hanged and relented
only on the Intervention or tue secre
tary of state.
After developing mining property In
manv narta of the, world. Mr. Ham
mond was appointed by President Taft
in mil aa anechU ambassador lend per
sonal representative at the coronation
of King George V.
AFTER settling a general strike to
which 1,000,000 workers bad par
alysed the Industrial life of France,
the new "popular . front" government
under Premier Leon Blum was faced
with further difficulties to the form of
a series of new strikes. ... Although the
government bad tolled day and. night
trying to adjust disputes and thougn
most of the demands of strikers bad
been satisfied by employers, there was
a smaller return to work than had
been expected. It was reported that
aa fast as strikes to some Industries
. - IT ii I it
were eiueu, vwcn wa """. '.j'.
The extent of the permanent ravages
which will be left to the, wake of this
upheaval win only Become apparent
later -on. Borne observers predicted
that private Industry would be forced
tote bankruptcy , so as to secure oper
ation by the state.. But whether Pre
mier Blum and his "popular front"
government were prepared for such ex
treme measures was not at all certain.
T"HB 8npreme' Court of Illinois np-
X held tne consatnuonanry or ine
state's fair trade act to a decision af
firming the opinion ef the Cook Coun
ty Circuit court The court held that
Carl W. McNeil, to 4be liquor business
In Chicago, could-not sell his product
at less than the wholesale list price.
gatd the opinion: ( "
The f..r trade act has for Its ma
jor ot jectKe the preservation and pro-
te-t',i5 of property Interests of the pro
ducer sod bis distributors In the good
.1 tr --sited by brands, trade
INDICATIVE of the rising tide of
business , recovery, the ; Western
Kloctrlc company, a subsidiary of the
American Telephone and Telegraph
company, one of the' largest employers
of labor In the Middle West resumed
Its commorf dividends. The, action fol
lower restoration of the company's op
erations to a profitable basis In 1036,
with gains In both sales and employees.
Practically the entire payment amount
ing to $3,000,000, goes to American Tele
phone and Telegraph which owns
more than 90 per cent of Western
Blectrlc's stock.
At the company's Hawthorne works,
near Chicago, 10,500 employees were
on the payroll on June 1, an Increase
of 1,730 since January 1. Thla compares
with a low of approximately 6,700 during
1933. Employment Is now the highest
since 1932.
A VITAL alteration In Great Brit
ain's foreign policy, particularly
as It affects Anglo-Italian relations,
was Indicated by Chancellor of the
Exchequer Neville Chamberlain In an
address In which he' implied broadly
that England may soon move to end
sanctions against Italy. Regarded by
many experts as likely to become Brit
ain's next prime minister, Chamber
lain said :
"Collective security based on sanc
tions has failed."
This was taken to mean that Eng
land may reverse the policy which had
supported the League of Nation's fu
tile sanctions campaign to bait Mus
solini's conquest of Ethiopia.
la authoritative diplomatic circles in
London It was reported that Mussolini
bad definitely served notice on Britain
that Italy will leave the league unless
the assembly meeting at Geneva on
June 30 drops the antl-Itallan sanc
tions program.
AGRICULTURE was given represen
tation on the federal reserve
board through the appointment by
President Roosevelt of Chester C Da
vis, administrator of
the AAA to that body.
In discussing bis ap
pointment Mr. Davis
said: "The fiscal pol
icy of the federal gov
ernment has never
been tied in closely
enough with agricul
tural problems." Mr.
Davis has spent most
of bis life in agricul
tural activities. Ha
Doctor Tolley wag born on . tnrm In
Iowa, was graduated from Grtonell col
lege and later owned and operated a
farm. For some years be was a news
paper publisher and then became editor
of the Montana Farmer. V '
Mr. Davis was succeeded as AAA
administrator by Dr. Howard R. Tol
ley. Nationally known as a soil expert
Doctor Tolley helped Mr. Davis draft
the soil conservation plan, enacted a
teethe United States Supreme court
decision Invalidated the AAA.
THE New Deal was made the Issue
of a congressional campaign In Ala
bama with the result that Luther Pat
rick, an ardent supporter of the ad
ministration, defeated Congressman
George Huddleston, an Incumbent for
22 years. Patrick, a forty-two-year-old
lawyer, won the Ninth district nomina
tion by about 6,000 votes after a spirit
ed campaign In which be charged Hud
dleston with disloyalty to the New
Deal.
CALLED back to the British cabinet
which be left some months ago .as
a political scapegoat Sir Samgel Hoar
was made first lord oT the admiralty.
to succeed ' Viscount
Moosell ' Sir Samuel,
who boldly faced a
hostile house of com
mons last December to
defend bis part to the
Anglo-French' p e a e e
plan which would have
given Mussolini only a
part of Ethiopia, will
face thetask of solv
ing problems i arising
mil nt RriMah-I !!
fleet difficulties to ,iJ.4f
Mediterranean: The,
biggest task facing Hoare, however, la
restoration of the British navy to aa
undisputed position of supremacy on
the seas. "
TEXAS celebrated the one-hundredth
anniversary of Its independence of
opening a t000,000 centennial expoat
tloa to Delia. , Foremost among dis
tinguished visitors attending the world's
fair the ; arst week was President
Roosevelt To obtain the centennial
exposition Dallas made available nor
than $9,000,000 la cash and property.
The exposition win be open until No
vember 29. Numerous other celebra
tions marking the state's 100 years of
freedom have been held In various
cities and towns of Tesaa, The exposV
tioa presents educational, historic and
recreational features associated with a
major world's fair. - - , j-
THE senate passed the $829,000,000
compromise revenue measure by a
vote of 88 to 24. The bill then went
to conference with the house ef repre
aentatlvea which had enacted a rev
enue measure carrying ; out tax pro
posals made by President Roosevelt
The senate measure called for a 15
to 18 per cent tax on net corporate in
comes as compared with the present
12 to 15 per cent levy; new t; re
of 1 per cent tax on nndlstrtbnted
profits; repeal of the existing exenr
tloe of dividends from the 4 per cent
normal income tax; an Increase of 1
per cent la tY latUvWnal Income sur
tax snrtnx I rackets between $;,:.
.T-.V,1 Ttnfra IfttttOttttd
ntUUUH w r 1
by William
National Pr BulWag
Washinirton. I have received a let
ter from a reader In my home state of
Missouri, propouna
Oar ing a very timely ln
Pablic Debt ulry concerning the
public debt of the
United States. It is timely for more
than one reason. The United States
government operates on a fiscal year
running from July 1 to the next June
30 and we are, therefore. Just about
to close another fiscal year. A second
reason why this Inquiry is timely re
lates to the size of the present public
debt almost $32,000,000,000.
Our public debt has surged higher
than normal during two periods of the
last twenty years and the course of the
debt therefore, la one with which most
mature persons are more or less fa
miliar. But It remains as a fact that
while most people are Informed con
cerning the total of the national debt
they have not had opportunity to learn
exactly what It means to the indi
vidual. Treasury transactions, as a whole.
are rather difficult to understand and
since the sums In which government
figures now run are so huge, the gen
eral attitude of Individuals Is to let the
thing pass as a matter for expert at
tention. It ought not to be so. The
public debt Is a matter of direct con
cern to every one of us and that is a
further reason why the Inquiry men
tioned above is Important
I have often wondered whether Indi
viduals, in considering whatever obll-'
gatlons they have In the form of debt,
take Into account the fact that the
public debt actually Is a commitment
against you and me and everyone else.
Persons who have not so thought of
the public debt, probably will be
shocked to learn that In addition to
their obligations that have been con
tracted personally, there Is something
like $245 which, although an Infinitesi
mal portion of the public debt consti
tutes actually an Individual obligation.
Therefore, when any person looks at
that vague and shadowy term, "the
public debt" in this light they cannot
help but realize that It has a very real
'and persona meaning to the Individual.
That enormous sum of nearly $32,000,
000,000 must be paid off as any other
debt and the government must col
lect It from everyone who lives to this
country. ,
' Again, the public debt may-tseem a
thing far removed but it la brought
home .directly to each of oa through
the taxes we pay and in mora ways
than most of ns care to admit wo are
contributing that tax. So, when the
government contracts a debt and ar
ranges to pay It off, the only way col
lection Is possible for the extraordinary
amount Is by Increasing the share of
government expenses which each of tie
bears, meaning of course, uu iucreuse
In our tax.
In 1857, the public debt waa only
$28,700,000. In that, year, each per
son's, share was only
Some turn. with fiie ad
Hittory vent ef the Civil
war, the govern
ment needed funds and began borrowing
additional amounts until in 1866 the
debt reached what to those days was a
Wgh. figure $2,750,000,000. At that
time, each person's share was $77.68.
Good administration and sound finan
cial policies followed and the debt was
reduced, paid off, until during the
early 1900's. the debt was reduced until
each person's share was : something
less than $17.
Continual retrenchment was carried
on until the World war Interrupted the
program and fresh borrowings were
necessary for prosecution ; of that
great conflict The borrowing of the
war days carried our public debt to
a new high point of $26,594,000,000 on
August, 19, 1919. e fox
The debt because it was a new
peak, x looked - Insurmountable and It
waa dangerously high bat through the
administrations of Presidents Harding
and Coolidge, the Job f paying off the
debt .was seriously attacked and this
program eventually resulted to reduc
tion of the debt to about $16,500,000,-
000 during the administration of Presi
dent Hoover.
It was from this low point that the
present debt burden has mounted and
continues to climb. The 'depression
reduced government Income from taxes
and left the treasury with a deficit to
two years of the Hoover regime. .
. The result of those deficits was to In
crease the public debt because money
had to be borrowed to pay- current
running expenses. ' The borrowing did
not, appear serious, however, either
to the last two years of the Hoover
administration or the first year of the
administration of President Roosevelt
because Mr. Roosevelt bad pledged the
country during his campaign to econo
mise In every direction. It was bis
promise that he would curtail expend!-
tares by one-fourth and therefore nuke
the outgo, and income of the govern
ment approximately the same.
Instead of that course, Mrj Roosevelt
Initiated the present program of ex
penditures to buire amounts. The first
plan called for the use of vast sums
for expenditure by the government in
the belief that the paying out of pub
lic money would revive industry and
that industry, once on Its f--t wou!d
again yield profit and that pro'.t would
Id torn produce taxes for tie govern
ruuwi .
Wartilnatoa, P. C.
ment Then came the public relief
programs for which larger sums to
be exact $3,500,000,000 to one year and
$4,880,000,000 to another year were
appropriated and spent Thus, we see
in the last three' years that the debt
of the nation has grown from approx
imately $21,000,000,000 to approximate
ly $32,000,000,000, .and each person's
share, as stated previously, Is about
$245.
Now, the figures here set out tell
much more of a story than Just that
an enormous ,and in
Tell the comprehensible num
Story her of dollars have
been spent millions
of them needlessly. They tell more of
a story, Indeed, than Just the fact that
within another year there will have
been approximately $3,000,000,000 more
expended and that the debt then will
have been increased something like
$13,000,000,000 since the Roosevelt cam
paign of spending began.
To understand the situation In which
the United States government and,
therefore, the people, find themselves,
It might be better to picture what
would happen to an Individual in the
same circumstance. Hundreds of thou
sands of individuals are in debt but
nearly all of them seriously try to
avoid getting in debt beyond their
capacity to pay off their obligations.
If sickness or poor crops or poor busi
ness or any one of many other afflic
tions overtake that Individual, even
though bis personal debts might be
liquidated under normal conditions, he
Is well, he Just sinks.
Our government differs from that in
dividual only In the fact that Its citizens
regard the government's credit as
virtually limitless. It can continue to
borrow and people will accept govern
ment bonds in exchange for their
money for quite a while. But let us
attempt to visualize in our mind's eye
what would happen should our govern
ment be called upon to meet some ex
traordinary conditions that would be
comparable to the loss of a Job by the
Individual who is In debt
Just how would our government
meet the requirements of another war,
for example? . Just how would It be
able to care for the destitute and the
Jobless, for , another example, if our
economic conditions would go into -an
other tallspln and we, would find our
selves; in another depresslonT The an
swer seems fairly obvious. j ,
So, I cannot help asking which is
the wiser policy to prepare for future
emergencies or to indulge In reckless
spending with no thought beyond the
present?
It seems to me that the Roosevelt
administration has followed the latter
course en the optl-
Too mlstlc base, entirely
Ovtimiwtic too optimistic It ap
pears and has plunged
this country too deeply into debt
I do not mean to imply that govern
ment securities are not good, any
longer. Far from It I maintain that
aa long aa our money is any good, our
government's bonds are good. Yet
it must be apparent to every thinking
person that we cannot continue to
spend at the rate that marks the last
three years.
, I prefer, aa against the present
spending policies, the policies of Pres
ident. Andrew Jackson, who fought al
ways against excessive costs of
eminent ; who . demanded consistently
that the expense of government be
raised regularly for each year's pay
ments and that there be a little extra
put away for the proverbial rainy day
when the government was called upon
for emergency payments. The policies
of Andrew Jackson were so effective
that during his administration la 1837.
the public debt waa -wiped . out and
there was actually cash in the treasury
beetdea. ' '
i Supporters of the present spending
policies will say, ef course, that, the
publle debt of those days was to no
way comparable to that ef 1938. ' That
la true but neither were the resources
of the United States to those days
comparable to the resources and the
wealth producing capacity of the present-day
United States. Likewise, the
population of the United States to An
drew Jackson's term la the White
House waa only a mere handful com
pared to the nearly 130,000,000 of 1834
So, answering the inquiry aa to what
the publle debt means to the Individual
cltiaen, the answer must be a relation
of the fact that his famlly'a share as
wa start a sew fiscal year to the gov
ernment approximates $1,000. ' It means,
further, that through one form of tax
or another, that individual Is helping
to pay the Interest of more than $710,
000,000 every year. It means, to addi
tion, that hi , government is to
position forthe first time la the. lives
of most .persons now living where it
would face extreme difficulty were it
called upon to defend our country to
war or meet a fresh emergency like
that throogh wWch we have Men pass
ing. Lastly, since government debts
In the Unltd States are held to be
honorable debts snd not to be repudl
.ted. none of us can avoid commands
from that government to the future to
dig deeper and deeper to the eld pocket
for the payment or taxes.
Bedspreads Welcome
; ueacaie juiiac mow
"1 'ffezo-i
an
PATTKB Usa - . t
Dark and light lilacs, tied with a
flourish into the loveliest of floral '
sprays, la far and away the .nicest
and easiest flowery touch one can
give a bedroom. Even an amateur
will find the large spray easy to em
broider on a bedspread with four
smaller sprays on the. bolster, or
scarf ends. The flowers are entirely
formed of lazy-daisy stitch and
French knots, the leaves of blanket
stitch the rest is to outline. With
cotton or rayon floss the design are
seemingly done to no time, to shades
ot lilac, orchid, or palest yellow.
. Pattern 1152 cornea to yoa with a
transfer pattern of a motif 18 by St
inches and two reverse motifs 4 by
B inches. Color suggestions; Illus
trations of all stitches needed; mate
rial requirements.
Send IS cents to coins or stamps
(coins preferred) to The Sewing
Circle, Needlecraft Dept. 82 Eighth
Ave., New York, N. 1. Write plainly
pattern number, your name and ad
dress. " " " "
INSTANT SURE RELIEF
Apply New Oa Luxe Dr. ScnoH's
ZiMHMds wherever the shoe rubs or
mhwi and you'll have imuat relief!
Corps, rellmnw or bonicne tophurtia
, TneM cmnwins (HI Matne ana
at eon to. Muter, wteuy
m at rellmmn Thar anneal)
oiler, amterarooh; aWt mail off SB. the
Beta; economical. Bald smrnlwra, .
Dogs' Teeth m' Momay
fiogs' teeth are stated to be used
mm vmnvj uj uim xwuwa w
districts iin New.Colaesj y r .
rer
riataleaee
, Free Jeal ml Self-Coatrol
Who, then, (freelvThe wise max
waa can govern himself. Horace.
I;;-:cvi-t;,vDe;wet,'!;
i The Eskimo usee, Ma harpoon not
to klU Jbut to reWera game, iS
STOPS HEADACHE,
:razi::swQra
The next time yoa bave bead
ache or neuralgle PJVS.fi
Braved, modern, jnethod of relief
wo teaftrxwnf uTa of Capudlne to
little water. Being llrruid. the Ingre
dients are already dissolved -,,
nadytoact This la why Capudln
acts almost instantly. . - .y,
Capudlne relieves pain, by acfltnniJT
It contains no orrtatos. At au.Aa
; ooo, too, w r
nstipatica;
Relieved Quickly, EUy,-
. Mrs. B. O. Brown, Atlanta, Oa.
-rttae: "I take Dr. Hitchcock's An- .
e aretable Laxative Powder for di
a, biliousness and sick beadacbeav ;
caused by constipation, lhave ; ....
found anything batter When I feel .
we, rundown and sluggish I taka
II doae alter meeia, or a. nuu u
at beoiima. It thoroughly eie&neea.
the bowala." Dr. Hitchcock's Iaxa
trve Powder la mild but wUve--K
acta rentlr. yet thorou v and;
removee that clo-sd eonmuoa c
the bowels. At oil drug stores Ue ;
DR. HITCHCOCK'S
Laxlif c Pcv.'dcr ,
--jawjiaa
: -
ff 1 fr.-: :-.'nt. Dr. lui B. Edcasa,
Biaris ud tr4e names."
and $:-?,C.l