Newspapers / Trench and camp. / June 25, 1918, edition 1 / Page 6
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t''-.v. ?*??* 5f:-5j i; Published weekly at the National Cam! United State* \SI V^sbb JOHN^STKH |^Xv/ \ , Chairman of Advisory Boar Bp I \ ' [ Camp and location N IvtU k 7' Camp Beauregard. Alexandria, I-a New < f&B,, /W ("ainp Bowie. Fort Worth, Texas Fort '*''*"? tt///f ("arlstrom Aviation Field. Arcadia. Kla.Txmp Jfuptl I'xiap ?"cdy. Pemlns. N. Mex El Ph Camp Ouster. Battle Creek. Mien rvaun yX.*>y J? i'amp I>e*ens. Aror. Mass Ilrsto jr t Camp 1>ix. Wnjchtnlown. N. J Trent L?I'amp Moniphan, Kurt SiU. i?kla Oklah ?5S*V*# f i a Camp Korrest. ChU-kamauga. Oa Cbatt; / r*?mp lYiunont. Palo Alto. Pal San F ("amp K una ton. Kort RIIFy, Kan Topek ?" i'amp Ui-rilon. Atlanta. Cx. Atlani * I'amp (Jrant. Rook ford. HI The C ? Camp Oreene. Charlotte. N" C Ohurli " ?' Camp Hancock. Augusta. t>a Augu? Camp Jackson. Columbia. S. C Colurr Camp Johnston. Jacksonville. F*la -Jacks TlfHtlinmii iWll'Wir ' camp Kearny. Linda Vista. Cal I-os * BZSSCSBiH Camp Lee. Petersburg. Va Kirhn PMMnB Camp Lewis. Tkroma, Wash Tacon Y7/y^ Camp Isogan. Houston. Texas Houst 4 Camp M< Arthur. Waco, Texas Waco . I'amp Mci'lcllaa. Annlston. Ala Rlrmi 0 Camp McPherson. Atlanta. Oa Atlam Camp Meade. Admiral. Md Wash. >7 Camp Pike. Little Rook. Ark Ark.nt * Camp Sevier. Oreenvlile. S. C (Jreen ^ J . Camp Shelby. Hattleeburg. Miss $Iow ( \jjWjfr Cmmp Sheridan. Montgomery. Ala Mont* Camp Zachary T?ylor. Louisville. Ky..I^>ulsi wMm Camp Travis. San Antonio. Texas.... I _ . Kelly Field and Camp Stanley | ' Bjs ''amp I'pton. Yaphank. L I.. N. Y New Cjtrap Wheeler. Macon. Oa Macon ? gtOKKiJ Charleston Naval Station Char!' / Published under the auspices of the Nat / United States, with the co-operation of the j?2rA THE BACKGROUND ( Four years ago?on Jane 28, 1914, f\ /JT^ ^ to be exact?the Archduke Francis JUII .Mt Ferdinand, heir apparent to the Imperial throne of Austria-Hungary, was murdered with his wife on the streets f&K mSS* of Serajevo in Bosnia. That royal murder, the act of a madman, was the immediate excuse for l^c wor-^ war. It was not the REASON. The word "excuse" is chosen f x n WIM / Germany was the reason. Her panGermanic policy was predicated upon war; but a pretext for the war was not a* hand until the madman's shots rang out in Serajcvo. Then Germany seued the opportunity and prepared to set Europe in flames. As early as July 5 she had won a y_. decision from her ally for war; but not -- until July 23 was the ultimatum sent Iby this vassal, Austria, to the Serbian ^ Kingdom. With elaborate precaution Germany had made plans to conceal the fact that the great decision had been reached eighteen days before. If the solidarity of the German people ?. were to be preserved, if their enthnsiasm were to be aroused, it must be flk made to appear that the sword had ^l/MM been thrust upon Germany and that she was battling only for the defense of the Fatherland. Five days after despatching the ultimatum, Austria-Hungary declared war upon Serbia. It was just one month I to t^le a^tcr t^ie Serajevo murder. Then began the collapse of the socalled concert of Europe. Were some Martian visitor, unfaI I miliar with the circumstances culmiL?~vE3bi> I ,latin8 *n the tremendous world drama, 1 to read this recital of dates and facts, he would miss much of its great sig _ nificance. Many young Americans, JVt?- enrolled in the National Army are - H perhaps quite as unfamiliar with the i m? war's background as would be the visitor from our sister planet. Thousands cf men who quite understand w^y America 's now projected into oS' gipPS; the world struggle cannot comprehend ^ ra^y \ the causes of the war in the first inv 1325 \ stance. Back of the war was a philosophy f of Empire, a philosophy that was ( jt?r fa \ taught for forty years until the mental attitude of a whole people had Wwf $ ^ ^ccn altered. - * While the other nations of Europe /?\ F /fl ^-C d"d of the Western world were prosfCW 'j-j pering in industrial and commercial VHK pursuits, the German people were be^Y*?l ing taught that peace was but an ex\KS pedient "Ye shall love peace, as a means to new wars; and the short peace better than the long." was thfe Ijygl teaching. The warrior was idealized, i^uf almost idolized. WHAT MET/sniK TAUGHT f \ Neitzsche. one of the leading philosophers, was teaching: 4 to cxp?-? t inuch lov.-n anything at all) from ,, . PnH^ J mankind if it forgot* how to make war. A* M >*-t n*' n?-Hn? art- known which call 50 niu<h * *" IXjgJtj' y Qty Into a. t.on an .1 groat war. that rough energy ? ?//' rjVfS *>"rn ?t 1 h*" camp, that deep Impersonality ? \jdJ/ I VJJl horn of hatred, that oon.nlonce born of mur1,'*r n<' cold-bloodedness. that fervor born |Kwjki T* T/yWa of effort in the annihilation of the enemy. H|Hi ^ existence to that of one'* fellows. to that ?'*sr\a A earthquake-like. aoul shaking which a people ? Jc tje A ? need* when It is losing Its vitality." v Through the school, the pulpit and \ 1 \JfA press the German mind was being preJ pared for the day when Germany should come to grips with other powI ers for world-dominion. In 1866 Prussia defeated Austria and by its victory brought close together / twenty-five duchies and principalities. The foundations of the Empire had been laid four years before when King .- ~? - *..- ii -jii &. CAMP ps %nd Cantonments for' the soldier* of ths ( faAjwrter* 1 llltxer Build in* / ' ] >rk Cltjr ART BRYAN d of Co-operating Publishers evmpnper Pujols her Orleans Times Picayune. v IT D. Moore ] Worth Star Telegram ..Aroon C. Carter | a Times ....*. D. B. McKay SO Herald -,H. D. Slater Creek Enquirer News A. I* Miller I o Globe Charlea H. Taylor, Jr. ] on Times... James Kwney ? ioma City Oklahoman E. K. Oaylord inooga (Tenn.'l Times..., H. C. Adler 1 'ninclseo Bulletin R. A. Crothere ] .a State Journal Frank P. Uacl/eanan La Constitution Clark Howell 'Mcajeo Daily News Victor P. Iawson i?tte Observer W. P. Sullivan j its Herald Bowdrc Phinlsy .bin State W. W. Ball onville Time*-Union W. A. Elllotf , h|p!p? Time* Harry Chandler lond N'cwh Leader John Stewart Bryan f.a Tribune F. 8. Baker on Font . .Gough J. Palmer Morning News Cbarlea E. March nghtm (Ala.) News Vletor H. Hanson la Journal .J. 8. Cohen . D. C. Evening Star Fleming Newbold ims Democrat Klnur E. Clarke rllle I?ally News B. H. Peace Orleans Item James M. Thomson turnery Advertiser C. H. Allen rllle Courier Journal Bruce Haldeman Lntonio Light . Charles 8. Dlehl fork World Don C. Selt* i Telegraph W. T. Anderson r-st?.n News and Courier B. C. Siegling ional Wat Work Council. T. -M. C. A. of the above named publishers and papers. 3F THE GREAT WAR , William of Prussia had invited Otto ! von Bismarck to the cabinet. On j September 30, 1862, Bismarck had told I the committee on the budget that | Austria's influence was a problem | which could be solved only by "blood I and iron." Bisrriarck deliberately provoked the j waj- with Austria, acknowledged his ; instrumentality and insisted that he was finishing the work of Frederick i the Great. By the treaty of Prague, Austria j consented to "a new organization of I Germany without the participation of i the Empire of Austria."' At the same I time Austria transferred to Prussia all | her rights in Schleswig-Holstem. In j the following year the Emperor of | Austria was crowned King of Huni o-arv. ] | TTien began the unifying of the Ger- < | man principalities. There were many ] ! interests wholly divergent and within 1 the empire there was no possible basis i of complete unification. Napoleon III 4 had viewed with growing alarm the ( increase in the prestige and power of i Prussia. He demanded certain "com- 1 pensations." Bismarck saw his oppor- 1 tunity and, having-witnessed the bene- 1 fits of the victory over Austria, pre- j pared for a war against an enemy without as the best means of consoli- 1 dating the interests within. 1 i The war was brief and decisive. It j i cost France Alsace and the larger part < of Lorraine and it gave to Bismarck 1 I the realization of his dream of Empire. ] From 1871 to 1914, the year of the j j outbreak of the present war, was an \ I era of industrial and commercial exj pansion for Germany. ] j Two interested spectators in the 1 Franco-Prussian War were Austria 1 j and Italy. Smarting under her own i | recent defeat, Austria would have wel- i i corned an opportunity to align herself 1 ag2inst Prussia. But another and ] fnore powerful nation was also an interested spectator* The attitude of i , this other nation, Russia, actually pre, vented the participation of Austria and | I Italy ana won trom ismpcror wuuam ; an expression of his lasting gratitude i ! to the Czar. Following the conclusion of peace, i Bismarck looked to strengthening the : position of the newly created Empire ! of Germany. Bismarck, even beforeii the Prague treaty of 1866, had looked > to the day when peace would be declared with Austria, and he writes, "With regard to Austria I had two courses open to me after her defeat, : either to destroy her entirely or to respect her integrity and prepare for our future reconciliation when the fire of revenge had died out." | ] BISMARCK IS CUNNING Bismarck turned the eyes of Austria towards southeastern Europe and especially towards the acquisition of Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the Congress of Berlin after the Russo-Turkish War of 1878, at which Bismarck presided, this promise was redeemed for it was provided, "That the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall i be occupied and administered by Aus1 ?- - U..n?-,r? " Tt im? nnt nrnuiH?>H that these provinces should actually be I annexed. i! But even before this Congress, Bismarck had succeeded in fonnmg an ' alliance with Austria. As early as 1872, only six years after the treaty of Prague, a League of Emperors, or the Dreikaiserbund, had been formed. This had brought together i Berlin the Emperors of Germany, Austria and Russia. There, was no formal , covenant bat it was decided that the St 3? DreScaiserbund should act in catteart for the Peact of Bar ope. Of tfiU alhancs Ratals noon tired rhe pretence of a powerful and aaited empire at a neighbor r t found mnch lets pleating than the . ratine t of a ooeelyheld-tofether confederation. France had reoqaaitsd her military tod in 1S7S another Franco-German ear teemed imminent. With more of ts characteristic cuzminf, Germany sought to learn from Ruttia whether :he semi-benevolent neutrality at that of -1870-71 mignt ne aepcnaea upon. Bat Russia wu non-committal; and her failure to give Germany the requested assurance* portended a Franco-Russian alliance. The termination of jthe RussoTurkish War opened the eye* of Russia, which had expected the support of its allies is the Dreikaiseround. Bismarck, as president of the Congress of Berlin, failed nttcrhr to satisfy Russia, which was looking for a commercial outlet ip the Aegean and thence to the Orient. He announced that he would "refrain from taking tides with any of the contending parties and would confine himself to playing the part of an honest broker." Bismarck, scrupulous in his fulfilment of his promise to Austria, ignored the letter of his Imperial Mate ter to the Car Alexander II, and Russia was compelled to make many concessions and to find her victory more dearly-bought even than she had feared. . ENTER THE TRIFLE ALLIANCE The Dreikaigerbund was no longer possible and a new alliance directed tgainst Russia was formed. This was the so-called Ttiple Alliance with' Germany, Austria-Htangary and Italy as the members. Russia and France were thus thrown closer together. The ' coalition was greatly feared by Bismarck and he made an effort to revive the Dreitaiserbund. This effort proved abortive. In 1890 a secret treaty with Russia that had been negotiated by Bismarck was allowed to lapse because the Czar Alexander III knew the duplicity. The Triple Alliance represented so grkat a coalition that France and Russia found it necessary to come together. The Czar of Russia had little aith in the Government of France. He knew, too, the smouldering hatred )f the French for the Germans. and Hesitated to ally his government with that of the French because he felt that the existence of the alliaac* might iniuce France to provoke a war with Germany. .The Alliance was eagerly sought by the French but it was many tears before it waa consummated, and sthen it was actually effected it did lot afford the joy to the French people that they had anticipated. In 1964-5 the Rosso-Japanese War -esulted in a tremendous drain oa the. resources of Russia. The Triple Alli-= incc seemed to France to be too powerful a coalition to be resisted only by :he Republic and an enfeebled ally ike Russia. So France looked toward England and theaa^alled.ENTENTE CORDIALE was effected While France had been bulwarking her position through her covenant witn .England, Germany naa noica with eager interest the succession of disasters to Russian arms in Manchuria. One year before Germany and England had exchanged many expressions of good will and ICing Edward and Emperor William had visited each other's domain. Germany now assumed the aggressive. , The German Emperor landed at Tangier and is reported to have promised his aid to the Moroccan Sultan in resisting French control. It was during the same year that the Kaiser made his theatrical pilgrimage toThe Holy Land. The idea of world dominion was becoming the ruling passion of his life. The Moroccan dispute assumed large proportions and war between i France and Germany again seemed I imminent. A French Cabinet crisis was precipitated but war was averted. Thus far the coalitions in purope that had been achieved were the Tri-j pie Alliance on the one hand; and1 agreements with France and Russia, and with France and England, on the other. Between England and Russia "i-ip nn ?nt?nf? in 1907 an agreement between England and Russia was effected and in 1908 it was strengthened by a visit of King Edward to the Czar. BALKANS ARE STORM CENTRE The Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente were calculated to preserve the peace of Europej but the seething cauldron of the Balkans was still to be^ considered. In 1908 the Young Turkish Revolution restored the Constitution and turned the eyes of Europe toward the smaller states and to the Ottoman Empire. It was felt that any changes in Turkey would react upon the Balkan states. Europe did not have to wait long. Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria declared himself Czar on October 5 and two days liter the Emperor Francis Joseph announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It wat-teared for a time that this . ?? action would precipitate a general J European war. Serbia and Montane- 3 grb were bitterly stirred. Mnch depended upon Russia. Bat the was ?3 only too recently recovering from war's prostration to engage in a gen- Jei| eral conflict. -iSaH In March of 1909 the German Am- i bassador at St. Petersburg, with an -jA autograph letter from the Kaiser, presented himself to the Csar. Russia immediately reversed herself. She adopted the view of Austria and Germany. Bulgarian independence under Czar Ferdinand was-recognised and -.-=^ compensation for the' Sultan's rights in trie province was agreed upon. T?- ?= ' -c- J VT1UI UUO LOUIV UIC W11V1UWUII wt W [Young Turk's revolt in the deposition of Abdul Hamid II.- _ The settlement of the dispute over Bosnia add Herxegovina was seen to be but a temporary adjustment. More significant than all else was the sudden emergence of Germany as the arbiter of Europe. : Germany had sanctioned the violation of international law. She had shown that *no dependence could be placed upon her own or her allies' observance of treaty obligation, for . Austria's whole procedure was in violation cf international agreement. Little Serbia, roused by the annexation of Bosnia and Herxegovina, towards the acquisition of which she had looked for the development of a greater Serbia, made representations to the. powers.' She hoped to gain ts some concessions. But she was met ''3 only with stern refusals, and it was not until March 31, IW9, that she ^ finally accepted terms of a conciliatory declaration suggested by Britain. In 1911 Morocco again demanded Europe's attention and German aggression almost brought about this - uS war. Germany insisted that the ' - ig|j French military occupation was unjustified and she demanded territorial . ' concessions elsewhere. To reinforce ~ "afi her demand she sent a gunboat to Algeciras. England became involved. She made a formal protest that she had not been consulted and declared she would recognize no agreement in which she did not have a voice. Feeling against England ran high in Ger- -_-gi man; and diplomatic exchanges con- ,v5 tinned for many days. Then Lloyd $fl| George condemned the exclusion, of Q England from the negotiations M(ide. .'B ctoredAa^e at thst yrim would GERMANY DEFER8 THE WAR Germany soon afterward announced ''' that she had no intention of estab fishing herself is^Morocco and repudiated j the idea of injuring British interests. -? Finally France's protectorate was recognized but she ceded same Congo basin territory. The incident disclosed two facts? first, that the Entente between England and France was no illusory thing but an actual alliance; second, that v-V Germany, while obviously eager to betri*? *K? trrent war had determined it wiser to wait. England looked to the . .,3 naval programmes and found Germany building with fi^ntic haste. ^ First Morocco; then the Balkans? this seemed to be the order, and in I 1912 Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and I Greece mobilized against Turkey. | The powers of Europe, balanced by the Triple Alliance and the Triple EnI tente, served notice on the belligerents that the territorial status quo 7 must remain unaltered. But it was soon apparent that this could not be, ' for Turkey's collapse was complete. The great powers could not look on disinterestedly with such a division of spoils. Austria prepared for mobilization; Rtlssia took similar steps. Then ^ ^S| Turkey asked the powers to mediate. An armistice was declared; but no -^$$3 agreement seemed possible and hostilities were resumed. In March of 1913 the terms offered by the powers were accepted by Turkey. The war was ] declared ended. But Serbia and Ureecc deciarca war on jsuigana: xn June of that year peace was finally arranged by the intervention of vthe Czar of Russia. The Balkan situation now found Serbia with a new national enthusiasm, with a strengthened military prestige and with increased territorial holdings. Her new national enthusiasm inspired commercial ambitions and a consequent desire for a port on the Adriatic. When the Archduke was killed in ^ Sarajevo it was not to avenge his death that^the ultimatum .was sent to Serbia. Germany had decided that the moment was at hand to strike. Aus- tria was almost completely her vassaL So Germany whispered that Serbia was a menace. Germany goaded Austria into war. For Germany was ready I Napoleon said, "An army fights ofi - - v itH^beily. '^Waste of food over hero ^
June 25, 1918, edition 1
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