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[AGAINST
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161 1 ;?a
Some Not-So-Great
Ideas Led To Nation's
Great Seal
B> Boris Welntraub
National Geographic Newt Service
WASHINGTON -- Benjamin
Franklin wanted a scene showing
Moses dividing the Red Sea for the
children of Israel, the sea closing
behind them to engulf the Pharaoh,
and a motto: "Rebellion to tyrants
is obedience to God."
Thomas Jefferson wanted a de
piction of the children of Israel
wandering in the wilderness. John
Adams leaned toward mythology
instead of the Bible, with Virtue
urging Hercules to climb moun
tains. and Sloth urging him to rest
on the ground.
In the end. the efforts of these
three men came to naught. It took
nearly six more years and several
other committees to come up with a
successful design for the Great Seal
of the United States.
Seal's Bicentennial
The Great Seal -- there is no
"lesser seal." though there is a
Presidential Seal that differs slight
ly ? will be 200 years old on June
20. 1982. The State Department,
which has been its custodian since
1789. plans a celebration, and the
U.S. Postal Service will issue a
commemorative stamped envelope.
The actual Great Seal, on public
display daily in the State Depart
ment's Exhibit Hall, is a die that
creates the impression of the seal,
plus a counter-die and a press.
It is used 2.000 to 3.000 times a
year to seal a variety of documents
after they have been signed by the
president and the secretary of state.
Such documents include treaty
proclamations, appointments of
ambassadors. Cabinet officers, and
other officials, and ceremonial
communications between the presi
dent and other heads of state.
The Great Seal was designed by
committee -- several of them, each
with its own consultant. Alter the
unsuccessful effort of Franklin. I
Adams, and Jefferson, two other
committees tried, each presenting
an idea deemed unsatisfactory by
the Continental Congress. Finally.
i?n June 13. 1782. the Congress
turned everything over to Charles
Thomson, its secretary. A week
later, having used elements from
earlier designs. Thomson presented
a winning design.
Everything on the Seal is sym- I
bolic. On the front, or obverse, side
the American bald eagle supports a
shield composed of 13 red and
white ktripes representing the
original 13 states, and a blue top.
representing Congress, the unifying
element.
The motto "E Pluribus Unum"
--"Out of many, one" -- also
represents the union, and an olive
branch and 13 arrows refer to the
powers of peace and war.
More on the Back
The reverse side contains more
symbols; a pyramid, signifying
strength and duration; a single eye
and the motto "Annuit Coeptis" -?
"He has favored our undertakings"
-- referring to God's aid: and the
Roman numerals for "1776" and
another motto. "Novus Ordo Sec
lorurn" -- "A new order of the
ages" -- representing the new *
American era.
Successive dies have brought
slight changes in the Seal's design.
Six ? pointed stars were replaced by
five - pointed stars, olives were
added to the olive branch, and the
rather puny eagle has been made to
look much more vigorous. The
current die has been used since
1904.
Though both sides are officially /
part of the Seal, only the obverse is
commonly used. A die for the
reverse has never been cut. and the
reverse is known mostly because it
appears on the back of the $1 bill.
Designing a Great Seal for the
new nation was no easy chore.
Artist Pierre Eugene du Simi
tiere. hired by a committee of
Benjamin Franklin, John Ad
ams, and Thomas Jefferson,
drew up the first design (below
left); it contained the Goddess
Liberty, an American soldier,
several shields, the "eye of
providence," and the motto "E
Pluribus I'num." Though the
design w as rejected by the Con
gress, several of its elements
were to be in the final version.
Francis Hopkinson. a Philadel
phia designer, tried his hand in
the next effort. He embellished
the shield with red, white, and
blue, as well as an arrow, an ol
ive branch, and a constellation
of 13 stars. When Hopkinson's
design failed to win approval, a
third committee hired lawyer
William Barton. Barton added a
small crested imperial eagle, its
wings spread. Still not satisfied.
Congress turned matters over to
Charles Thomson, its secretary.
Borrowing elements from each
of the earlier designs and substi
tuting an American bald eagle,
Thomson came up with a
scheme that finally, after some
minor changes, won approval.
On June 20, !7S2,the nation had
a Great Seal, the forerunner of
the seal in use today. *