POLK COUNTY NEWS, TRyON, N, C,
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(By - REV, P.- B. FITZWATER,' t. D.,
Teacher of; English Bible in; the Moody
Bible Institute orChlctgo.) - , r
(Copyright. f .1918; i Western ' Newspaper
union. ,
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"Noted Citizens! f : L ' -.; : JJ
ed Nation in Four I- m f' f ; ; L
JHeldSincedosei. -W r'L , 4 ' jrJ&m:. . -: "
-.-bftKe'ReYolutiorii " ;. 1 J j '
- t Wimp- ' - i ft ; tt lite S&m- mi
. t
I HE list of peace conferences;
with foreign nations, exclu
sive of Indian tribes, to whKih
the United States as a bel-j
ligerent "was a party reduces;
iftzfttly to the following: The Peace
at Paris after the Revolution ; the;
Item of Ghent with Great Britain!
Tier the War of 1812 ; the Peace of;
. Ccadalupe Hidalgo with Mexico, 1848,!
nd the Peace of Paris after the war
wife Spain.
- Of some pertinence, however, arej
CSe peace' treaties forced on us by the
Cartary pirates, 1794-97, and by us on
CsesQ 20 years later ; and the Peacej
Rarmtion with France made in 1800.:
IfecSfflically !n the latter case we had
- met been at war, even .though our;
frigate Constellation had captured the;
French frigate Insiirgente and had de-;
v shnoyed another, La Vengeance
Our Independence Recognized.
Our peace with Great Britain after j
f&e Revolution was concluded by com- j
fiXssiODers of congress under the
Articles of Confederation, and of
coarse before an American president
er constitution existed. Washington
- mta simply -commander In chief. The
frorlsional treaty was signed at Paris
Korember 30, 1782, the definitive
- treaty September 3, 1783, General
tTesUnston having declared cessation
ef bostUities in January, 1783.
The American commissioners in the
Cist conference were John Adams,
Vteafclin, Jay and Henry Laurens ; in
Che second the same without Laurens.
' lUehard Osgood negotiated for the
Mztg Ib the first conference, David
- Hartley. M. P., ' in the second. The
finr maln questions in both were the
- Boundaries of the United States, fish
. fay rights off Newfoundland, the pay-
f private debts of American clt
to British and compensation
try the United States to British loyal
ists (tpries) whose property had been
confiscated by the colonies during the
mar. ' r--": '
Tbe two former questions had to
Ce further adjusted later on, although
pressmably conclusive agreements
-were - then arrived at, the United
Elates getting , the territory between
t2. Allegiianles and the Mississippi,
suad getting . the right to fish off the
Newfoundland coast, but not to dry
the catches on those shores. There
was to be no lawful impediment to the
weeovery of debts either way, and
American legislation was to rec
esamend making the loyalists Im
1 rrane from? confiscations or prosecu
k It is , unlikely that there will ever
be an American r peace commission
; f greater ability than thigi one. Frank
Eiv our representative at Paris, had
iron for the struggling colonies the
Invaluable- friendship and aid of
the' French government. John Adams
w3 : to be president. Jay, to be chief
jostice of the. United States Supreme
fourt, Laurens was a former president
fjf the council of safety of South Caro-
Qnn and of the continental congress
Our convention of peace, commerce
cad navigation with France, which on
What It Was About
- A; Canadian sol dier : and ; a public
fceese loafer disturbed-the peace one
day of the little village inn.
The soldier, his face a fetudyln con
centrated wrathfulness, had the clvil-
San by the scruff of the neck, and was'
tparentljr Just on the point of giving
Lin a thrashing when a belated police
can put in an appearance. ... - f.-t:
' zrow; then, what's a!l this about V
tlrzus-ed ' the constable. . -I
Tffcafs It about r' replied the Ca-
giving the wretched loafer an
September 30, 1800, ended a war that
was not a war,, was negotiated for the
United States by Oliver. Ellsworth,
William Richardson Davie and Wil-
lam Vans Murray; for the first con
sulate by the following counselors of
state: Jerome Bonaparte, Charles
Pierre, Claret Fleurien and Pierre
Louis Roederer. The auarrel. on ithe
French side, was a legacy, from the
directory to Napoleon's first con
sulate. "
The change In the French govern
ment made possible a reconciliation
without formal progress into war. I By
he convention France recognized the
rights of neutral vessels and promised
ndemnlties for her navy's depreda
tions. Depending on what historian you
read, America's success in the confer
ence was mainly the work of Ellsworth
or that of -Murray. John Adams, Fed
eralist, was president at the time. The
vice president was Jefferson, i
Two of President Adams commis
sioners. Ellsworth, who had just i re
signed the office of chief justice, and
Murray, who had been Washington's
minister to the Netherlands, were
strong Federalists. Davie, English
born, a former governor of North Caro
lina and a veteran of the Revolution,
seemed to have been a free lance in"
early politics. The scene of the con
vention was Paris. j
Becoming tired, of piracy and black
mail, American squadrons attended to
the Barbary coast, and between 1805
and 1815, when . Decatur finally made
the whole thing sure, .treaties were
made with the deys and bashaws.
The Peace of Ghent.
The peace of Ghent was concluded
December 24, 1814. The United States
commission appointed by President
Madison, who .was a Jeffersonian
DemocratioBepublican, included John
Qulncy Adams, then our minister to
Russia; James A. Bayard, former
United States senator ; Henry Clay.
speaker of the house; Albert Gallatin,
who had been secretary; of the treas
ury from 1891 to 1813, and Jonathan
Russell, our minister to Norway and
Sweden v -' ' -,"
John Quiricy Adams was a former
Federalist from Massachusetts,; a
strong Federalist state. s That is, he
had been originally in opposition to
Madison in politics. Later he had
come into accord with Madison's gov
ernmen t. .;, . -e . '. i -j ; -
Bayard was another former Federal
ist, but he was the man who had
brought about Jefferson's victory over
Aaron Burr when that ' presidential
election was thrown into the house of
representatives. . Clay was a con
cpicuous Madisonian, and so was Gal
latin, the eminent financier. Russell
was a second Massachusetts commis
sioner of Madisonian partisanship.
Ten years later he was elected to con-
awful shake to emphasize his words.
"Why, he called me a conscientious
ejector! Now watch him being eject
ed London Tit-Bits
Directed Raids by Radio.
Investigation has disclosed that the
German '- submarine U-56, which t ar
rived , at V Santander, Spain, un
der Its own power, had been In com
munication with other U-boats at sea.
Commander Reisser of the ; Urboat
was seen repeatedly signaling toward
the sea, while the Spanish government
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gress as a Democrat, In the present-
day party sense.
For the achievement of our commis
sion much of the credit has. always
been given to Clay. The best opinion
nowadays overshadows him with1 Gal
latin.' The late Henry Adams, grand
son of the American chairman on the
occasion, and a conscientiously just
New Epgland historian, writes ; "Far
more than contemporaries' ever sup
posed or than is now Imagined, the
treaty of Ghent was the especial
work and the peculiar, triumph of
Mr. Gallatin." : : ;
The peace with Mexico, concluded
in the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
was n curious specimen of such nego
tiations. The lone . hand American
commissioner, was Nicholas Philip
Trist. chief clerk of the state depart
ment under; President Polk, and. like
Polk, a thoroughgoing Democrat as
Democrats are today. There , was
nothing very intricate to negotiate
with Mexico. We had gone to war to
establish the boundary at the Rio
Grande as against the Mexican con
tention for the Nueces.
The peace that was made not only
satisfied our government as to that
portion of the boundary but also fixed
the remainder of it, . giving us . New
Mexico and .what wafc then called Up
Der California. Trist's job was to
make those Stipulations and conclude
a treaty yielding to them. He first met
Santa Anna's commissioners in the
summer of 1847. General . Scott had
not been notified ' of Triest's mission,
and quarreled violently with him when
he appeared. . '
Treaty Made Without Authority.
During an armistice in August Trist,
whose instructions as to New .Mexico
and California had followed him, failed
to come to an agreement -with the
Santa ' Anna commission", 'which made
counter proposals and - rejected all
the American demands. At the end oi
the armistice fighting was resumed,
and in deference to Scott Trist was
recalled by the authorities at Wash
ington. Before the order . reached
him, however, he had made friends
with Scott and by Scott's advice he re-
mainea on me grouna regardless oi th ; thought thap they In their ; unbelief
order. At Christmas time, 1847, Scott's could follow n the wake of God's chil
army took the city of Mexico and dren. The Srery things which are a
Santa Anna . resigned the
presidency. ; , V
Mexican ;,
' Trist - then, without any authority
except Scott's, resumed negotiations,
procured the treaty that was wanted
and took it back to Washington. - Polk
submitted it to the senate on February
23. Senatorial opposition caused modi
fications to which Mexico acceded, and
ratification came on .March 16. ;
Our: treaty of peace with Spain was '
concluded at Pans, December 10, 1898.
The American I commissioners ;- were
William R. Day, late secretary of state,
chairman ; Senators Cushman K. Davis,
William P. Frye andGeorge Gray, and
Whitelaw Reid. Ali but one of the
men appointed by McKinley were of
his own party. Senator. Gray was a
Democrat. ; ' ' C
Spain relinquished sovereignty over
Cuba,;5 ceded Porto Rico, the " Philip,
pines and Guam, and received $20,000.
000. - -
Intercepted wireless messages from
the U-5G after a French steamer was
sunk and its crew killed by a subma
rine. . i.z ; -- :. ,:i ,-, ,; i -
..It Is quite obvious the U-56 was
sent to Santander to organize the de
structlon of allied . and Spanish
shipping from a favorable spot, It is
believed. 4 - -
- A Well-Governed Mind...
A well-governed mind learns In time
to. find pleasure In nothing but the "trni
and the Just AxnleL . - '
LESSOR FOR JANUARY 26
ISRAEL CROSSING THE RED SEA.
,! LESSON TEXT-Exodus 14:15-1651.
GOLDEN TEXT Thus the. Lord saved
the Israelites that day out of the bands
of the Egyptians. Exodus .14:30.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL Deuteron
omy 4:32-40; Psalms 78:1-14; 106:7-12; He
brews 11:29. f ' . .
r f v - '; "
; The tenths strokd from the strong
hand of the Ataighty made Pharaoh
willing to let Israel go. The tenth turn
of Cthe screw' of omnipotence brought
him to time.;' The Israelites go out on
their way to the promised land with a
high , hand.v Through the land of the
Philistines the journey would have
been compajatively short ; but God com
manded theip to tirn from that way
lest going through the land of the
.Philistines jhey see war and desire to
turn back tojEgypt. ; The Lord had re
spect forvthir need . "He knoweth
our frame, he remembreth that we are
dust." (Psalms 103 :14). He suits our
trials to usability to meet them.
The Lordiwent j before them in a
pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of
fire by nlghjtr He not only thus Indi
cated unto them the right path, but
walked with ihem.fn it- God does not
deliver and f then leave us alone, but
becomes our companion. At the Lord's
direction they turned from their first
course and Were made to face a seem
ing difficulty. The Red sea was before
them, and mountains on either side.
The stricken Egyptians had recovered
from their sorrow and now saw ..the
Israelites in a situation fronTwhich
they could not extricate themselves.
They Interpreted this to mean that
Moses -was upable to lead them out of
their difficulty t therefore, they went
in ' pursuit, hoping yet to prevent them
from going out of the country. 7
I. The Miraculous Escape of the
Israelites (l:13-22).
They were in a (Straitened condition
but. had norea5on to fear, for the
Lord 'had led thera there. It is safe
to be where ,tne Lord leads, though
every avenue is closed against us.
There seems i to be a two-fold object In
leading them into this peculiar place:
to strengthen' the alth of the people
and to lay M?. snare for the overthrow
of the Egyptians. The people, as usual,
displayed their unbelief and even cen-
sured MoseMfor leading them out of
Egypt. mo2S repnea to tneir mur-
murs by saying, "Fear ye not, stand
stlll and s the j salvation of the
Lord." Staflling still in such a trial,
is faith taking hold on God's prom-
Ises. This I s hard for the natural
man to do. Before the salvation of
. the Lord ch; ever be seen or experi
enced we -oiust come thus to him.
While repoihgj our confidence in the
Lord, theref comes ra time when we
' must make ur faith active. God said,
; "Wherefore f priest I thou unto .me?
Speak untohe children of Israel that
they go f of Ward." Having had his
definite oromise. to have nraved lone-
er WOulcl hafe been unbelief. The thing
to be donei j then ; was to step out ,
upon his eternal promise. The lifting 1
up of the red' simply served as some-1
-thing 'tangible upon which, their faith
could act. ?hey;were to go forward a j
step at a ume, without raising any
question as ta, the ' outcome ; for from
the same source from which came the
command, came the power to obey.
The presence of the Lord was adapted
to their needs as they went forward.
As they went forward the very thing
i which seemed their destruction be
came - a wall J of protection on either
Side."-'.-, , ,
411. The Overthrow Qt the Egyptians
(23:27).:,;,;i: ,;ll
Having sen the Israelites, go across
dry-shod, Pharaoh and his hosts mad-
ly pursued;?! them.'1 They Insanely
wall and defense to the faithful be
come a snarfeiand a means of destrucV
tion to- the nemles ; of God's people
The Lord locked forth from the cloud
and ' wrought; confusion among the
Egyptians. fhere ; is a day .coming
when a look; jfrom the Almighty will
cause ". a miibh greater consternation
among the wicked ' (Revelation 6:16,
17; 20:11-13)1 He not only , looked
upon " them bdt took off their chariot
wheels, whichl.caused them to realize'
that God was fighting against ; them.-1
He then " directed . Moses f. to stretch
forth bis rod- and bring ; destruction
upon the Egyptians. So complete, was
the overthrow; that it is said that not
r I li. The Song of Triumph (15 :1-21).
Standing on the other shore, of the
Red sea. they could j fittingly sing the
song of triumph, because of the mirac
ulous deliverance and the overwhelm
log defeat ; - ,
Electric: Light In Vatican..
, Electric ; Ught was ( used in the Sis
tine chapel- of -the Vatican palace for
the first time On the occasion of the j
third - anniversary . of the coronation
of Pope Benedict XV. Informer years
candles were ped to light the chapel,
which is dark except on sunshiny days.
Wonderfully Small Portraits. ; .
,-The smallest portraits ever made ar
tn the National museum, the work of
an Italian artist. Three portraits ap
pear In a circular frame one-eighth of
sa Inch la diameter, , x ,- -
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pmiimmiiiiJ (HiHHtHIMIMlB
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The very next thing that eveiy one
thought about, as soon as the noise of
the peace jubilee died down, was
something new to wear. There , was
an immediate . reaction in the matter
of dress, from the economizing that
the war ; inspired, from the rather se-
date colors and plain styles -from do
ing withoutto just the other things.
Dressmakers are overwhelmed with
work and all women with one accord
want some new, and pretty clothes.
This Is the most natural feeling in
the world since clothes are our uni
versal means of expression and we
must dress up to the joyousness of
having our victorious soldiers home
again.- -;; -
Wraps and coats of cloth or fur, or
both-combined, have been made in a
great variety of styles' this season.
Originality In design has been a fea-
ture of the - styles so that a new-
comer among them must be of su-
perior quality and very unusual de-
sign to meet the high standards al-
ready set. Here's ' a new wrap, a
tinique combination of coat and caDe.
that Jnvites comparisons. It appears!
to be of a heavy jersey cloth but one
can visually It in other soft coatings
as velours or pompon cloth. It is
a sleeveless short coat hanging strait
from the shoulders. It is turned ui
about the bottom and forms two deep
In an official announcement issued
to the 3,854 chapters and 22,000,000
members, Mr. Davison says:
"We must labor in cooperation with
the National Red Cross and relief so
cieties of other nations to the end
that -4iot alone the heart of America,
but the heart of all inankmd may be
come mobilized on. behalf of suffering
hjumanlty. v .:U:-..r-i:- -r-A--;
"While, therefore, the plans of the
American Red Cross In this direction
cannot be formulated specifically In
advance of the general relief program
of the allied governments, the Ameri
can Red Cross Is nevertheless planning
to develop its permanent . organization
in this country upon a scale 'pever be
fore contemplated in time; of peace. '
"Study is being given by , the na
tional organization, not alone, to prob
lems of international 'relief, but to
plans ;ini this1 country f 6r I enlargeof
home service, the promotion of public.
health education, development of nurs
ing the' care and prevention of acci
dents and other correlated lines which
may contribute to the heafth and hap
piness of men, women and children, i.
' "For the completion of Its war
work and for the Institution of its
peace program, the Red Cross Is for
tunately in a healthy financial condi
tion.. What the American Red Cross
needs now is not H so much contribu
tions of money,; as the continued devo-
tion and ' loyal ty .of Its members.
In the. last sentence was the key
note of the Red Cross Christmas Roll
Call- -an appeal for "continued support
through membership rather than a call
or funds. ' ' " .
The end of ? the fighting - found
about 7,000 Red' Cross men and worn-,
en In France, where,' of course; there
was an Immediate decrease of person
nei' when the French 'government as
sumed charge of the antl-tuberculosls
campaign, the feeding and clothing of
refugees, and other relief affecting, the
French people. The American work'
pockets , at ;the front fastened with
bone buttons and buttonholes. There
Is a narrow belt of tne material across
the front .of -the coat with a button
at eachend. ' Only, onel button ap
pears . to fasten the front, but its re
sponsibilities are ' lightened by the
nature of the cloth- which has a way
of clinging together:;' Possibly a few
little snap fasteners help, out
The coat makes a support for a
cape much longer, that covers' the
arms and is beautifully joined to the
underwrap at the sides. ;A narrow
collar of the same material supports
a turnover collar of velvet I in a dark
shade. Thehat worn with this cap
is wonderfully "well suited to ' it. . It
is a tam but, contrives to be dignified
and its decoration of daisies makes it
youthful. 'i '
- Natural Nutria.
Maturai nutria -is mucn used on
childish costumes this season. It is a
pretty 'fur, something : like natural
beaver, but not nearly as expensive. It
is made up into fetching little cravats,
collars and caps, with round childish
muffs to match, of course.- A muff is
just the indispensable completing
touch to any j wee maid's winter , cos
tume. Little caps in the- rakish fore
and aft shape of the overseas army
service cap are made of nutria and are
matched by collars and muffs.
ers who remained on duty were main
ly those with, American troops.
Frcst supplies stored in France havo
been diverted,- many things urgently
needed by the Red Cross commissions
for the Balkans, Serbia and Greece.
Relief work " . by. Americens ,ln those
countries continued to be vital. .after
the armistice. : Hospitals have been
equipped, food ana clothing provided,
agricultural training schools estab
lished and medical attention supplied
to scattered communities which , war
had left In utter . destitution. A spe
cial appeal on behalf of tubercular
Serbian refugees In France met In
stant response. ; ". i
! An additional $600,000 was contrib
uted to the American committee for
Armenian and Syrian relief for the
months of November and December.
The half of the . story of ) sufferings
among subject races of the Turkish
empire 'has not been told, nor a frac
tion of the misery alleviated. . Previ
ous Bed Cross gifts to Ithe commit- "
tee had totaled $3,900,000.. Toward -the
end of the year r it was 'estimated
that destitute persons, in western Asia
numbered nearly 4,000.000.
In Palestine a serious food short
age rnas, Deen averrea, employment
found for Impoverished natives In the
larger cities, and refuges opened for
the homeless wanderers left in the '
path of war. The Red Cross commis
sion for Siberia continues Its emer
gency work pending an international
solution of the Russian problem. The
needs are limitless.- , Nobody can tell
when or how. they will be met in full.
SSA-..-' v.v.: - -; I , : .t v -
O-i.V'lr; Coatee f-J 'V-:-;
I There are numerous - cape models
entirely made' of fur, and the long fur
cape fs certainly a luxurious affair.
It saanir has a lanre snawl collax
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