POLK COUNTY NEWS. TRYOIf, NORTH CAROLINA
1 VM1
11 j I 1 j 11
zti&c.
lie flim
1 mm mm mmv mm mm m.m mm -mm am v.. --..-.-.. ..".. mm. - rr.a.-
1 x Fo sNsvii
. IF
iu A 23htror shot w IS .. M , iMSm. F5S mm-wmm -Mlil
tester a ijeacr
HATEVER plans Germany . may be
making for the "next war," if in truth
she is or ever will be capable of car
rying them out, it is certain that the
submarine will play no part in her
schemes.
The submarine is . dead. The U
boat peril has vanished forever, never
to be resurrected. i
The collapse of submarine warfare
during the closing months of the Eu
ropean conflict and the prediction that
its resumption ;may never be seriously
(eared again, was tne result or tne invention in
the United States of a wonderful listening device,
or submarine detector, which came very close to
driving the Hun submersible from the ocean, and
louid have done so, in the opinion of naval ex
perts, had the var continued through . another
Bummer. - ... . -
is soon 'as the United States entered the war
the navy department formed a special board to
develop ways and means for combating the U-boat
peril, then growing to alarming proportions.
This board consisted largely of officers from the
bureau of steam engineering, of wrhich Rear Ad
miral R. S. Griffin is chief. It called to its assist
ance in an advisory capacity many noted engineers
and scientists from industrial concerns, including
the General Electric company, represented by Dr.
W. R. Whitney, director of that company's re
search laboratories.
Commander CUS. McDowell, U. S. N., served as
executive secretary of the board, while the other
advisory members were Col. F. B. Jewett of the
Western Electric company, and Prof. R. A. Milli
on of the University of Chicago.
Development headquarters were established at
New London, Conn. The General Electric com- '
pany in conjunction with the Submarine Signal
company of Boston started an experimental field
station at Nahant, Mass., and were later joined by
erts from the Western Electric company.
Out of the activities of these two groups of
dentists there was developed the American
listening devrce, an instrument which proved to be
able successfully to detect submarines while sub
merged within range of anywhere between 3 and
12 miles.
Even with the signing of the peace treaty little
ttUet be known of the details of this device. It
is, however, an instrument using the principle of
sound-wave transmission through water in a new
tod startup way and it 4 depends for Its' direction-getting
qualities on the peculiar and little
anderstood faculty of the human ear to detect the
Section of sound by the shifting of sound from
0ne ear to the other as the instrument was re
volved. . . , '
Assoon as the device was considered practical
we General Electric company undertook its man-
lecture on a large scale in Lynn, Mass., develop
toS three kinds of listeners: One which was hung
overboard from the deck of submarine chasers, an- '
other which could be trailed off the stern and a
third which protruded through the hull of the
essel. American destroyers, chasers and subma
nnes were at once equipped with the Instrument.
When the submarine detector had been turned
Jw in. sufficient quantity, the navy department be
levwl that the allies should get the benefit of the
fntion at once. A special service party, in
cftai"ge of Capt. R. H. Leigh of the bureau of steam
engineering, was formed to take samples of the
apparatus abroad and test it under actual condi
tions before the British admiralty. The instru
r,lVVas likewise demonstrated to the French
nd Italian navies. The party consisted, besides
.Ptain.Leigh, of Lieutenant Carter; U. S. N., En
!8Melch, u. S.-N. R. F., six enlisted men, C. E.
elSn p11, F" Scott' and T p-'Clllns of the Gen
ai Electric company, representing the T Nahant ,
P, and W. L. Nelson of the Western Electric
onipany, who was connected with wireless devel
PQient. They sailed November 22, 1917, and
th'nn the Britlsn grand fleet at Scapa Flow in ,
fnfi nt'y 5s,ands during .the first week of the
fHowing month. ;. , ' ;
h 1? ll(lmiralty and the
iferS
mmwmm?f?' 'l' . iF .:8WuKM(o wMtb. ' 5
supreme war council
afterw
ufrom that time on subniarine patrol work"was
Unionized. : ; - :Mv J:"
sincef?SiVe tacics which had been employed
Thee 14 Were now no longer the sole reliahce.
FuJVar Mras carried into the enemy's territory.
instead of patrolling, the steam-
periscope above the waves, were augmented by
submarine chasers equipped with listening devices,
and hunted the submarine In its underwater lair.
Up to this time the British had been frankly
disappointed in results. It had been a rare thing
for a submarine chaser to actually see a subma
rine. Days would go by without sight of one.
Yet sinkings continued to multiply, tonnage de
creased alarmingly and the rates of destruction
and construction constantly approached the danger
point. It was apparent that if an improvement j
In this situation could not be effected the allies j
faced privation, if not actual starvation, and any
material help from America either in the form of
men or supplies would be impossible. !
The success of the device is well illustrated by
the chart shown herewith which gives a vivid
picture of the chase of an enemy U-boat in the j
English channel and demonstrated the ability of j
the listeners to keep hot on the trail of the sub
marine, doubling and crossing in an effort to es-;
cape. . '
This dramatic Incident one of many is vividly,
described in the following report of the engage
ment in question:
"At 1:25 o'clock unit No. 6 'fixed' (located by
triangulation) a submarine directly ahead at a dis
tance of 100 yards ; Immediately carried out three
boat barrage attack, each boat letting go three
stern charges and 'Y gun. Pattern laid sym
metrically, thoroughly covering any possible
maneuver of the submarine. Stopped and listened.
No hearing for about 20 minutes. Then got con
tact. Distinct sound of submarine making noise
as if shafts were badly bent. Also giving out
squeaking sound. Submarine sounded as if having
great difficulty in keeping propeller going. She
stopped frequently. We followed. . . . Heard
submarine hammering, squeaking, straining, run
ning Intermittently, apparently with great diffi
culty and for short periods. t
"The second depth charge of this attack threw
Into the air a 50-foot to 60-foot cylindrical black
object about the size of a depth charge. . .
Another depth charge attack carried out. Sub
marine had gradually been making shorter turns
for some time., . . . From this point on believe
submarine bottomed and was never able to move
except to start and scrape along the bottom a short'
distance. Noises indicated this."
Word was then sent to Penzance for additional
depth charges and a radio dispatched to the base
for a 'destroyer post haste.' ;
"Subsequent events," continues the report,
"chnw that Submarine never moved from this spot
s isSes indicated repair. Occasional unsuccessful
tempts to start motor . . . sounds rapidly be
coming less frequent." . ' 'k
When morning came the submarine chasers and
iv dpstroyer which had been sent to their assist
tne u " t JLwi nnar thp snot where the crippled sub-!
marine was resting
feverish activity within the -submarine's hull were
distinctly heard.
Suddenly there was a dead silence. Then 25
revolver shots rang out threes first, followed (
by 22. K -
"Taking into consideration all. circumstances'
and events," continues the account, "conclude sub
marine damaged externally Unable to start motor,
after repeated attempts. Unable to rise to surface,
and' is on bottom in the vicihity. Reports of listen
ers substantiate this conclusion."
As a matter of fact, the British naval intelli
gence department learned jaer that the. crew of
a German submarine had been lost In the English
channel about this very timej The report, as they
obtained it, indicated that he Hun boat had been
trapped on the bottom and jso seriously damaged
she was unable to rise. i-
C. S. Scott, engineer of ' ithe General Electric
company and member of the special party sent
abroad, contributes this incident which happened
in the Adriatic sea : f j
"We had 36 chasers basel in a little bay on the
island of Corfu and the barrage of boats extended
across the Straits of Otraiito, a distance of about
40 miles. The chasers were operated in units of
three, which on patrol j kept about one mile
apart. Ajiistance of five miles was kept between
units. Conditions in the Adriatic were Ideal for
hunting submarines. The! prater was very deep,
ranging from 400 to 600 fathoms, which meant that
the submarines when hard pressed could not seek
shallow water as was their; custom in the English
channel and the North sea.' Due to less shipping
traffic in these waters there was practically no
sound Interference, which made for very good
listening. ' i
"Many successful attacks were made in these
waters, one in particularlbeing quite exciting.
"One of the ships In a tmit heard what sounded
like a submarine. In a few minutes all three listen
ers had picked him up and the bearing of his
course was being plotted. ffThe middle chaser, the
flagship, was getting readings showing that the
submarine was in a direct' line astern and steam
ing toward her. ,
"The sound was very loud, as if the sub must be
very close. Suddenly the water began to slap the
bottom of the boat, so that everyone could feel it;
and the next moment theK observer reported that
his bearing on the subniarine had changed from
180 degrees, which was, dead astern, to three de
grees, which was on our bows. The submerged
submarine had passed directly under the center
boat. All three boats were Immediately got under
way and the attack was
depth charges had been
delivered. After all the
propped, the-ships were
at the bottom. Sounds of
stopped and observations: again tafcen. a pro
peller was heard to start; lip and ran for about 30
seconds; and then a crunching noise was heard.
It was quite evident that the sub, having been put
out of control, sank fo ithe bottom and had col
lapsed due to the tremendous pressure at these
depths. We went back ,o the spot next morning
and found an oil slick two miles long by 800 yards
wide on the surface of ihe w-ater."
The development of tHef submarine detector waa
the result of the f oresixted vision of the navy
department and the generous co-operation extend
ed by private manufacturers who had placed their
entire organizations , at the disposal of the gov
ernment for the period of the wan
Large electrical manufacturers with exceptional
facilities for research and experimental work
were able to render invaluable assistance in crack
ing the submarine"nut." ' ' ,
; In fact, it may be said that "big business" in the.
commonly accepted meaning of the term, will be
found to have contributed a very large share for
ward winning the war when the whole re Ad of
this, war's inventions comes to be written.
COHORT OF HOG
MOST DESIRABLE
Weil-Made Sanitary Wallow Is
Like Coney Island Bathing '
Beach for Porkers.
PURE SORGHUM SEED
BY ROGUEING PLATS
Go ; Over Reld and Carefully
Remove Off-Type Plants;
CONCRETE TYPE IS POPULAR
Grower Faces Two Temperature Ex
tremes in Many of Pork-Producing
States Many Farmers Neglect
Proper Shelter.
Prepared by the United States Depart
- ment of Agriculture.)
It is as natural for the hog to want
to wallow as it is for the small boy to
scurry to the old swimming hole with
the first breath of spring. Hot weather
is hard on fat animals, the portly
porker included. That isH why a well
made, sanitary hog wallow is like a
Coney Island bathing beach for the
hogs. A popular and serviceable type
of wallow advocated by the United
States department . of agriculture
should be made t)f concrete about 12
inches in depth and large enough to
accommodate the herd of hogs. The
wallow should be supplied with a sat
isfactory Intake and outlet so that it
can be filled about two-thirds full of
water and drained every few days, or
as often as is necessary to keep the
pool fresh and claanly. At the present
time a test is being made at the ex
perimental farm of the department of
agriculture at Beltsville, Md., to deter
mine the value of the cement hog wal
low as a comfort for hogs. The results
of this investigation will be published
upon completion early in the fall.
v Temperature. Extremes.
The hog grower iiuaany of the lead
ing pork-producing states faces two
temperature extremes during the year.
During the winter, unless he provides
comfortable houses and warm quarters,
his hogs are likely to suffer from the
cold, while in the summer season he
must handle the animals under condi
tions of extreme heat. Any animal as
fat as the average hog which is to be
marketed in the late summer or early
fall suffers greatly during hot weather,
and unfortunately many hog farmers
neglect to provide shelter and protec
tion for their hogs from the. extreme
Work Can Be Done Easily by Man ort
Foot With Dwarf Varieties, While
With Taller Sorts It Is Prac-
, tlca to Use Horse.
(Prepared by the United States Depart
v ment of Agriculture.)
In order to obtain pure - sorghum
eeed it is usually necessary to go over
the field carefully after it has headed
out and remove, the rogues or off -type
plants. Every plant which does not:
conform to the type" which is desired
should be cut down, or, better, pulled
up so that there will be no danger off
the production of seed from tillers
produced by the rogue.
In dwarf varieties the rogueing can
be done easily by a man on, foot, but
in the taller growing sorts it is most
practical to ride through the field on
horseback so that the workers can see
' , .7
34
6umiJ
eMMB4aaeesm
"Su. J . i j
5JftyawiWiwiiiniiuiiMt
f
p j.- A"'ii
X "k-l
Some of Uncle Sam's Porkers , at
Beltsville, Md.
heat. During hot weather hogs need
an abundance of shade natural shade,
such .as is furnished by trees and
bushes being the best.
Temporary Shelter.
Where natural shade and shelter are
not available, the hog owner should
put up a temporary shelter by building
a framework About 4 feet high and
thoroughly covering the top with
brush, straw, grass, or, hay. This inex
pensive sunshade should be of suffi
cient size to protect a herd of hogs in
comfort as they lie under it. As a rule,
the ordinary hog house should not be
used for shade purposes ' during the
summer. Each year hog mortality is
comparatively heavy due to "porker
sunstroke" induced by maintaining the
hogs in the open without sufficient pro
tection from . the ruddy glow of Old
Sol's furnace.
APPLY MANURE IN ORCHARDS
Superior Sorghum Field.
over the top of the field and thus more
readil determine the position of the
rogues which must be removed. The
horse can be securely muzzled to pre
vent injury other than that occasioned
by the tramping down of plants.
It is ..not profitable, to rogue fields
whieh are intended for the production
of grain or forage, but in the produc
ing of seed, either for home planting
or the market, careful rougeing gives
returns both in dollars and cents and
in the satisfaction of growing pure
seed. Sorghums being open-pollinated
are subject to almost endless hybridi
zation if stray plants of other varieties
are allowed to mature in the field.
This intermixing of varieties results
in lack of uniformity in ripening as
well as in the size of the plants, thus
causing difficulty in harvesting and
marketing the crop. The use of pure
seed varieties which are known to be
adapted to the farmers' climatic condi
tions will be rewarded in bigger and
better crops.
EXAMINE LAND FOR ALFALFA
Frequent Borings Should Be Made
With Auger to Determine Char
acter of the Soil.
In examining a tract of land for al
falfa frequent borings should be made
with a soli "auger1 to determine the
character of the soil and subsoil as
well as the drainage conditions. This
instrument usually will be of greater
value in determining the adaptability
of a particular tract to alfalfa than a
chemical analysis of the soil. A com
mon 1M -inch auger with the shank
lengthened and a suitable crossbar for
a handle is practical for this use.
FULL-CROP YIELD OBTAINED
Failure of Many Trees to Produce
Fruit Is Due to Lack of Necessary
Plant Food. .
v Undoubtedly the failure, or partial
failure, of many fruit trees to bring
forth, a crop is due to lack of plant
food Professional orchardists look
after this matter, but the average
farmer who has a few trees, which he
dignifies by the name of "orchard,"
gives scant heed to providing them
with fertility. He may turn the sheep
,or the calves in among them but such
fertility as they add Is apt to be of
slight value, comparatively speaking.
Sufficient Fertilization; Pure Seed and
Careful Cultivation Are of 1
Importance.
There . are three agents that are
sometimes neglected, but through
which the f ull-crop yield can be ob
tained. They 'are, sufficient fertiliza
tion, pure seed and careful cultiva
tion. The proper use of fertilizer will
make the stalks and stems stronger
i and thus more impervious to the at- '
tacks of vegetable ' parasites or the
spittel of Insects. It will give weight,
color and size to the fruit and ma
terially hasten maturity. ;
YOUNG ANIMALS NEED CARE
They Should Be Given Such Attention
as Will Insure Them Most
Favorable Start.
The young anim&le should require
such care . and attention as will give
them afavorable start. Every practi
cal animal husbandman - knows that
unless he is in a position to give his
young animals : plenty of the right
kind of feed and protect them from
cool rains and other animals they will
not thrive. This is where a good be
giiinlLf means a favorable ending. -
GOOD STRAWBERRY TILLAGE
Always Run Cultivator or Rake
Through Patch Same Way to Per
mit Runners to Set.
Let the strawberry runners set at
will within the row. In tilling straw
berries, always run the cultivator or
rake through the same way , each time.
This allows runners to set which
would be uprooted by a reverse tillage.
, But when a row is matted over two
feet deep, stretch a line and chop off
and hoe up all outsiders.
BURN DEAD WObD IN ORCHARD
When Allowed to Lie in Heap It Fur
nishes Breeding Place for Insects
and Rodents.
All dead wood should be burned at
once, preferably In the orchard. If it
is allowed to lie in a heap, it furnishes
not only a breeding place for vegetable
and insect pests, but a home for rab
bits, mice and other animals, v
7 '
'
M
II
V
I', I
t ;
nes looking for
a stray "sub" to poke lta
r
r ;