Newspapers / Polk County News and … / June 8, 1922, edition 1 / Page 2
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POLK COUNTY NEWS, TRYON, N. VACUUM TUBE USED AS RADIO DETECTOR -How This Device Depends on Emission and Control of i Electrons for Its Operation. Readers of the radio column are urged to clip each article and paste it in a file book. JTic articles print ed are continuous and the entire series will be valuable for reference. The greatest advances made in the past few years in the radio art have been due iu one way or another to the use. of vacuum tubes. In view of this fact a more careful consideration of them will be of interest. All of these tubes, known by a va riety of names, such as radiotron, au dion, serlotron (trade names of the manufacturer) depend upon, the same fundamental principles for their op eration. For the sake of simplicity of brevity these will be referred to in this column simply as vacuum tubes. A vacuum tube can be made to func tion jas a detector, as an amplifier, or as an. oscillator. The vacuum tube depends on the emission and control of electrons for (its operation. The electron is the smallest subdivision of matter which mankind recognizes and it carries the I smallest known charge of negative electrioity. For years previous to electron research it had been held by scientists that matter was built up. of distinct particles or units which they lled atoms and molecules. At first ithe molecule was assumed to be the Smallest quantity of matter that could ihave -a -separate existence or take part in chemical action, but more vig orous research pointed to the fact that the molecule is made up of still smalf er elements which are termed atoms; ithat ic, a molecule-may be composed iof several atoms.- Then for a time it iwas assumed that the atom was the jTery smallest quantity of an element ithat could exist, but later researches jhave revealed that atoms may be Ifurther subdivided into particles 4h- I called electrons. The apparent mass iof an electron is about one-elght'een-Ihundreth part of that of an atom of 'hydrogen which is the smallest of the chemical atoms. . ; According to the electron theory kan atom consists of a definite num ber, of electrons grouped around a nucleus having a. positive charge and so long as none of the component electrons are driven from the atom, ithe latter possess no detectable charge. iThe positive charge on the nucleus is isaid to be exactly neutralized by the negative chargea on the electrons (grouped about it Suppose now that by some means ,an electron can be detached from the iatom. Then the atom becomes what !l k"own a5 & positive ion and it es Sdbits the ropel'ties of a positively (charged body, or in other words since an electron, which carries a negative jcharge has been removed from the latom which has equal positive and negative charges, the portion of the atom now remaining has a deficiency kf. negative charge and acts like any positively charged body. a ' l Op. the other hand If some force can be brought to bear that will add an electron to a normal atom which Is neutral as far as electrical charges are measured, the result will be a ne gative ion, "which will possess all the properties of a negatively charged body. An atom then wmcn nas a deficiency of electrons is called a pos-s Itive ion and one having excess of Electrons is called a negative ion. . Since each electron carries a ne gative charge of electricity an ; elec tron represents a certain quantity of electricity. Forcing electrons to move from one point Jtp another causes electricity to flow. The ability of any medium to conduct electricityyor allow a current to flow through it depends upon the number of free electrons available as carriers of charges. . It has been known for many years that the space surrounding a piece of heated metal is a contractor of electricity. It has been demonstrat- L ed more recently that this is due to the release ' of electrons and that if an incandescent metal be placed in a bulb exhausted of all ases pure elec trons will be liberated from the In candescent metal. - In a vacuum tube snchi as we are using at the present . time, the piece of metal used to furnish the electrons is called the filament and is usually made of tungsten;, and sometimes is coated wth oxides to increase the electron emission. For convenience the filament of a vacuum tube is heat- in ) "rx i it J V ed by a battery current and it is thl heat furnished by the battery current that constitutes the force that dis rupts the atoms of the filament and liberates electrons. Fig. Ill is a spherical glass bulb from which all the air and gases have been exhausted and having mounted In it a filament C-D which can be heated to incandescence by the "A" battery connected to it, and the metallic, plate E. When the filament C-D is heated to incandescence by. the "A" battery connected across its terminals elec trons are emitted. Connecting the cold plate E to the incandescent fila ment C-D by means of the circuit E-F-G-II which includes a current meter and ; a "B" battery, with its negative side connected to the filament lead at' II and its 'positive side connected through the current meter, the plate becomes electrically positive With re spect to the filament. Since like charges repel and unlike charges attract, there will bea move ment of electrons from the filament to the positively charged plate, and the current meter will show a deflec tion which indicates that a current is flowing in the circuit E-F-G-H. Increasing the "B" battery voltage causes an increase in the current flowing in the circuit E-F-G-H, the plate circuit, until the positive charge on the plate E is so strong that all of the electrons given off by the fila ment are attracted to it. Assuming that the temperature of the filament is kept constant and that the plate vol tage has been Increased! to the point where all of the electrons given off by the filament are. attracted to it, any further increases in the "B" bat tery voltage will not cause any In crease in the current In the plate cir cuit." ; . ' " V Increasing the temperature of the filamentrwill increase the total num ber of the electrons emitted. FRISCO TALKS TO HONOLULU New Radio Station at the Presidio Can Be Heard Half Way Around the Globe. "Hello, Honolulu." That may sound like fiction, but It is a Reality, nevertheless. The new radio station at the Presidio, San Francisco, with aerial conditions right, can be heard half way around the globe. Officials in charge of con struction declare it to be the most powerful vacuum tube transmitter on the Pacific coast. Located on the highest point in the Presidio, overlooking San Francisco bay, two 150-foot aerial towers to aug ment its efficiency, the new station will command similar stations in. Salt Lake" City and Cheyenne. Radiophones on German Trains. Wifeless telephone instruments will be Installed on a number of important German express trains, and receiving Instruments will be placed in hotels and embassies, according to an an nouncement made recently. Experi ments conducted in a moving freight car have shown that the wireless sys tem works well, the men engaged In the testing of the Instruments being able to hold conversations with friends in Berlin. The tests were made under the observation of engineers, military attaches and the diplomatic repre sentatives of the United states and Sweden. - Handling Vacuum Tubes. When you handle the vacuum tubes of your receiver grett care should be exercised that they are not knocked about or that the elements are broken. These little lamps are the heart and soul of the set. A good way to op erate these tubes is to keep the glow Just a little below the critical point. ADVICE FOR AMATEURS. The voltages applied t the plate circuits of ampMfying. tubes are not extremely critical and one voltage control wlEE suf fice. The detector tube, how ever, is often very critical and an efficient potentiometer will work "wonders in controlling it. Apparatus used for the recep tion of broadcasting is- exactly the same as that used for; the reception of code signals. The transmitting equipment, how ever, is different. The use of a single wire for reception is advantageous be cause it lessens the amount of objectional interference in the way of static. It is equally as good as a multiple wire system for reception. Defective "B" batteries will often cause roaring in the tele phone receivers. The . electron often talked i 4 about is the smallest known, i quantity of negative electrical energy. In motion it makes up the electric current. , A "soft" vacuum tube is used as a detector tube and a "hard" vacuum tube as an amplifier. The terms "hard", and "soft" refer to degree of evacuation. v ; Radio waves travel at the same speed as light,, namely 186,000 miles per second. V A wavemeter Is an instru ment; used for checking up the wave lengths of sending and re ceiving stations. Gas pipe or water pipe sys tems may be used for grounds, the latter being more advisable. Lightning" protectl on secured by grounding the antenna when not In use Is essential and is re quired, by the underwriters. i 4 s - 4 (Conducted by National Council of the Boy Scouts ot America.) A MODEL RURAL TROOP . The following letter - from, ( ,H. H. Kurtz, scoutmaster of Locustdale,. Troop No. 1, Honeybrook,; Pennsyl vania, shows that the scout program is equal to any situation in the hands of a devotedscoutmaster : "This is strictly a rural, troop. The borough of Honeybrook, of less than 700 inhabitants gives us only 10 scouts. The remaining 2S come from , little hamlets or distant farms; 18 are farm boys boys who live, perform work on farms. Nearly all are, in a .greater or less degree, active tillers of the soil. :", : '"-' "The country is admirably adapted to scouting with wide and fertile val leys, long ranges of wooded hills, clear streams. We claim as our terri tory - a section of about 200 square miles. Boys live from five to ten miles from scout, headquarters. This fact makes certain arrangements necessary .which "will, be explained. "We set up a high ideal. , We deter mined however Ave might fail in other things, to place the chief emphasis on the oath and law. - Scoutcraft was distinctly secondary. After four year we still keep the ideal in view. No, boy may enter the troop unless we are satisfactorily assured that he will do his best to do his du,ty to God, his country, and obey the scout law.. "Every boy is in a patrol and knows his number. Each patrol is properly officered, the officers being chosen on the ground of worth and merit. There are no elections. The two. senior patrol leaders, the six patrol leaders and their six assistants form an 'offi cers' council,' which administers dis cipline, outlines the policy of the troop and advises , with " the scoutmaster. Nothing of importance is decided (ex cept in emergency) without the coun cil. "Every scout Is uniformed, and every scout procures his own uniform. A poor boy will receive aid from the troop treasury, which he may make good as he is able:' Insignia is pro vided by the troop.- Each scout is given his proper badges," shoulder knots, service stripes, etc., and it is required that these matters be in place, and that they be correct. The troop is governed by a point system This is rigidly adhered to, and each boy reports his 'points' on honor, at the business meeting. The system gov erns the 'good turn and all the mat ters of the oath and law, and attend ance and inspection. In uniform, or out, and at any time and place the scout salutes his superiors, onee In the day. Strict and unqnestioning obedi ence is required as weil as regular at tendance at all of the business meet ings. : -; ' ' : "The scattered conditfion of the troop forbids a weefely meeting; so the busi ness meeting, held one a months Is to Ive attended. No boy may go else where on that evening. "la addition to this business meet ing, each patrol holds a monthly meet ing. Here the indoor scoutcraft work; is done, and boys are examined as t& testsv or prepared for the court of honoj - , v "Several features pecudlar to thSs troops have proved valuable. Eaci boy, entering the troop, undergoes a. rewns is &eyu auu uc its- tjAuiuiutii i, J- 1 1 4- 3 1 t 1 periodically, and his development noted The reccdf" show a splendid! i physieal standard' in the- txop. "Every boy wao reporW on honor, ai perfect score of points f ea- three con secutive months receives Itbe '100 per cent duty shieldL. Four such periods , entitle him tefc the Maltese Croaw award. We have a boy,, of unimpeach able rectitude, wno has. wean the award; for perfect scwre- for two unbroken yearsv ;. " . "The patrol that gains the greatest number of points ia a month is en titled to the custody ofi the flags tile Troop Flag and; the National Ensigm. The patrol wbose eeiency is ad! judged the Ughest fs the year c- ceives a medflL "Official bike are eoiwlucted ait fre quent intervals. N -winter hlke-ar beld. The country boy has his fill f winter experiences La his long jour neys to and from school. Bui when spring comes we hike. The patrol most foully represented in the year's hikes receives a medal. So also does the individual scout who is present at the greatest number of hikes. Bach hike is conducted by a leader, usually a troop officer, who is responsible for the welfare and behavior of all scouts who are present No Sunday hikes, no tests passed 1 on that day, and at tendance at Divine service required of all." SCOUT SAVES KIDDIES Two small children were playine 'ln a Manhattan .street when a delivery wagon horse suddenly frightened start ing down the street at a gallop all1 the ingredients of a possible tragedy! But, a scout was at hand, Emil Kozel- onzek, by name. Instantly taking in tne wnole situation, mentally awake, as scouts are trained to be, Emil darted "Into the street, snatched the children to safety from almost under the feet of the runway. Prepared agam i Dddd5 dyrVXW GRAHAM BONDER comtCMi w vtirtkN HVtvm union LEADER SHEEP "These are the ways of Sheep, "said Leader Sheep. All the Sheep listened to Leader Sheep. "It is true." he said, "that Sheep, artf timid. 'They are somewhat like the members of thl Deer family in that "way;" :'"''"' . 'v -5 "They are often very much afraid of a dog. A sheep has been known to die from having been frightened by a dog. - ;. :-:-... "But that , does not happen often, and be as brave as possible, Sheep !" "Baa, baa, baa," bleated, the Sheep. "We will be as brave as possible, baa. baa, baa."-'s"i" . ."Good," said Leader Sheep. "That is what I want to hear. Baa, baa, baa, that is what I want to hear." . r 'SAnd you heard it, didn't yoh?" the Sheep said, "Baa, baa, baa, you heard It.", - "Yes," said Leader Sheep, "I did, and it made me happy." "Baa, baa, baa.fv the Sheep bleated. "He heard it, and it made him happy." "All Sheep must be good to their little ones just as they have always been. The Daddy Sheep and Mother Sheep ; have always been kind and sweet and loving to the .darling little lambs and so they must always be." "They will always be loving to the darling lambs" said the Sheep. "Baa, baa, baa. A Daddy Sheep or a .Mother Sheep cannpt help but be good to the young.'.' - - a That is right," said Leader Sheep. "That Is the way it has always been. "There We Can See." and that Is the way It should always be." ; ,' And It is the way It will always be, baa, baa," bleated the rest ofi the Sheep. "That rejoices my heart," said Leader Sheep. "Ah yes, tbat rejoices my heart." "Baa, baa, baa" ' saidE tfie- other Sheep. Tt reices his heart.'r "There is always only eae leader amons a flock Sheep," saidi Leader Sheep "and a you have chosen me to bfr your leader, or have co'nsented to let me be yur leader, I Hope you will always follow me." , "We- .will always- follow youi Leader Sheepv" they sard: "Baa, baai. baa, we will always folJew you." 4 "Thau, too, rejoices my heart," said Leader- Sheep ' - 1 , ; "BaaJ. baa,, fcaa," said t&e other Sheep "Leaden- Sheep is- Saving a good time, for-his heart iss being re joiced' every few moments.' "Tat is truer' said Leacltr Sheep. "That most certainly Is true-.. 'Anxl' now, Slreep, I wlsht tell you that it I go through a fence you must all! go. throught the fence too. I do not mean of urse that; sou are to gO' tferough thewood parti or wire part of a fence. v 'But if T go through the- hole of a fence- you must go through the hole of a fence too- following; me." 1 . "Saa, baa, baa," bleateil the Sheep.. We will follow you, Leacter Sheep." "That rejoices x my Ifceart," said Leader Sheepw "Baa, baa-, baa," saitf the other fSfeeep. "Onee more hiJ heart Is ne Jaicing." "True, time," saidi "Leader Sheep, nce more Is my heart! rejoicing. If we see a stone being thrown we will keep away fromi that part off the countrysidfe Oh yesj.we will be care ful. "I wiia lead youi W the top, f a high hisa and there we can see about us." "We will followr jou. Leaden- Sheep. We waa follow ysui, baa, baa &aa." So the Sheep all folldwefii Leader oneefft Ana wirever he vseat; they 1 - . . . . went too. Ttce little lasstbs played aiad had & vety.good time. Jumping uj, and dovia aBia copying each other What oaus would do the rest wouUt showtze that even though they were yoag: they too wouHd follow a leader. And Leader Sheep tea the otiera safely and well. . RIDDLES ' What Is it that has three feet, hnt no legs? A yard measure. . ' .-, What kin ia that child to its own fa ther, who is not its own father's son? ' His daughter. . - What wind,j;Baoea a hungry sailor like? : ;. v . ; ; One that blows, fowl (foul) and chops about. - , Fairy Tale I . , ' " . ........ -.. (Prepared by the National Geograpttre Society, Washington, D. C.) Peking, China's capital, which after many months of a, leisurely civil. war seems the definite goal of the- south ern Chinese rebels, is a Tatar rather than a Chinese city. To. this fact i traceable its marked difference in ap pearance when compared 'to After cities in China. " . As one passes within the wails: of Peking he expects to find, as in other Chinese cities, the bannered signs of shopkeepers throwing gayi ca,nopies across narrow, tortuous, huddled streets; but behold ; broad . avenues through which one" passes f the three miles Ion?, crossed by other broad avenues three miles long, mak ing squares as f regular as those .of a checkerboard. - The visitor wonders whether the builders of this city saw in prophetic vision the street of Chicago, Denyer and Philadelphia. Then he begins to realize that Peking is the one spacious Chinese city because it was built by thef adventurou barbarians of the northy men who lived in the sadfilei. upon, stepper and. plains, whose .feet were set in a lasge room. Wonder doe not stop with. the; length, breadth and regularity of the streets The traffic upon them is equal? ly unexpected la the cities of souths ern China, sed&a chairs - edge their way with difficulty through the crowds of . pedestrians and carrying coolies, w:ho jostle eachi other in the narrow lanes.. In. Peking; evry street is j alive with beasts andi vehicles. Dwni the smooth, tree-lined, ma cadam center rxxids autos, cabs,.rick shaws and bidyles speed past slow moving catafalques and crimson s wed? ding processionaL , On ; each side, be tween side walls and ' trees, along a highway, of turf, go mulemounted. equestrians, -soliiiers on sturdy Man churian ponies triplets of; donkeys hauling lumber,, brick, coal and crock--erji portly old: gentlemen straddling diminutive -asses; blue-cahopled Peking carts, and, cariavans of cantels out of th4: northi Queen (Sxrts and Animals. ; Almost as fascinating aasthe cameis are the carts of Peking, oft rather the little beasta which pull themponies; donkeys, mulQs and : nondescript, elu-. bive creatures that are neither horsey (mule, nor ass, but subtle, - indistiut igulshable mixtures. On first sight one is sure theyrare horses on the second he is sure? tHay are mules, on the third: he is equally , sure thear are zebsasu with the? stsipes worn i off. One His torian oSi China speaks f the ancient Tatars as, possessing; horses, passes,, mules, and! "other ecsaiiar bree2fe of the eqsiina family." These ancient other breexSs still trott about the Tjatan city. - " - . ; If sAceets and traffic, carta 'and camejfrajie unexpectai, no less.so ai the buildings. The, taraveler who. has seeijfc pifitores of tl? majestic templea ana. palaces of PeaiJag enters, the bn posihg South Gate? prepared Shj arcM tetturaiH raptures. But he' ands the bwadV straight highways ot tha- city, llaedi with insignificant one-s4ory shops or with equally iBs4gnScant WindowhSA onestoEy Itouse wallSL or lona unlovel v. Kfrrofcofco duiS-red plastwced fence walls 13 As soon, however, as th traveler en-, wera a gatemaar throughi i one . of the gray or difcgy brlck-re vralla. he eomes suddwtly ' and unexpectedly tip- J eate. rat Ttol : . i. - . 9. a pal&ee silent In the n o shouting aloud in the barbaric bri. Uance of its color crimson columx; friezes of flashing gold on green, wid!e flaring roofs of resplendent yellow all abore . a" triple-terraced nlatf arm iJ I marble white like snow. Or it may c luany-courtea temple, where - a hundred llamas drone chants before an inscrutable-Buddha; ,or a wooded park, where emperors once took their pleasure, where century-old " cedars shade 'pathways and pleasant lakes. Shrines nestle in mulberry groves and hillocks are crowned by Buddhist topes, from whose, marble bases f one looks out oyer the roofs of the city miles and miles, it seema, of gray roofs and In the center of all a great splotch of imperial yellow, the once forbid den city,"., where dwelt the emperor his. sons and his daughters, his wlyes The Carts of Peking. Unexpected in Architecturi. Indeed, thu unexpected is the & sence of Chinese archite-ctnre. One can never get a complete view oft temple or a yamen unless there be some adjacent hill or tower or city . j-tvjui wiiicu ,lu view it. y ic,ci 6"u"u wiii me outer wall ana me entrance are seen, and these are passed one sees only tie ,nrst court, with Its nfore elaborati cuuamo .w iuc seeuuu.;; and SO 01 iLLLWi&u. imw, iour, nve. s! it maybe seven, courtyards, each complete in itself, each with a. central building. court I Beyonid; each building larger, higher or more decorative than the last, each breaking upon the beholder with fresh surprise. Thi is especially true of the Im perial palace, which is perhaps the ". most effectively arranged group of bull dings in all China; Gateway afteu- gateway, each gate & palace ia itself,, pillared, roofed and buttressed, leads Into a wide-lying courtyard, whose placid expanse- (kvarfs an cient trees around its edge into seem- . ing, shrubs. Eaoh court i3 a unit' o& grandeur antli magnificence in itself, and at the same time an integral member of a se ries-, leading up to the marble-ter- racetSf courtyard of the- gaeat throur j halli. . Altfiough the Imperial! palace is the flnestt afcliltectural ensemble in the capital, it is in the Templi' of Heaven, or;-, as the Chinese caul it, "m Hapwy Year Hall," where the em- j)erop used to offer annunl supplica- tionV to Heaven for a prosperous new yean;, that . we .find a-single building: in which the simple dignity of Chi- rre-architecture Isat its best ' The Happy Year Hall. 13Bls is perhaps the most frequentlf pictiired of all Qhiucse buildings. Every Chinese photographer display"! itr im his window:: evecy vender a post-cards features It; :' arvery bock oa China reproduces it;; it is.probaWF the-one view of things. Chinese whici every westerner- who ksows anythK att aiir about China-.has-. seen, let w aifew buildings: wniwi mosi iw fall! so nitli'ullv to . nostray. Ito the usuah print, or photograph is. squat,, plump, andi heavy, w (lormhn woddins- rakSi. In realiti stronc and eraeious and mighty,, i when the visitor comes into It eace ne cornea miM' uic -z ai great peases There it standssoja a vast Mrs hnsft nliov. the tree-tops. the platform Is a. threefold mia! columns, green-goM friezes, an" rfno fl-lrnr Irular roafS :r'ickrv under ouuuinimtu.M4;","i' Hall nnd th. mf tiles' not cran&urA ... .... ... . ii oiflce.! llKe thcaeor. tne lmpenui -3 ,1 l, 1, v K'xtn- -. i. fn this it cniei I w j.r" .tntftH -terpieae that Chinese arwaw--. its infstence n we n IZs fi pnno forth PS astraV. he-W . Invthe,mWsfr rf a huge W In tot. an A, 3vxnRP CTOWS 0 " evecgneeai surround it; tiler comtiom conducive to tbe o fettts w.of distance- aal tb-temUe approacns- aad" clattered with heap -ia "Jdl cajdeo. gateways tkat aothmg . temple , is seen ,rmm j I stuskMes upon if throngh Another of the nexpecte tares of Peking is me t is barely mentioned in $o. ,j mfrlAhnnka and nOt menuw- , , In others. It is hidden hmock in the winter Va&M and nine-tenths of the visIW" . rf king walk within a hunarw it and never dream of its ti. i , : ii nurhnnS ao 1 . XI la nu ' l and a hundred long, lace;' t P ly with tile cast to rep J -1 life-size dragons in has -I LI 1 rious colors yellow, oranges-dancing gayly 'u sW. bUlows, against a pale-puenrtt sl i Doubtless; one shouiu - " dragons; or "liie-size t1,, creatures of the screen are rr Ver hPe lkqt UrUgUUS VR.V - . .ling Vm theyrgive rise to the fff l a: dragon' lived he w- ana ais concuDlnes, like one of these.
Polk County News and The Tryon Bee (Tryon, N.C.)
Standardized title groups preceding, succeeding, and alternate titles together.
June 8, 1922, edition 1
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