: ry&rrTTr Tiztgj or z&svrzz'
^ ii I.
GREAT SALT LAKE
AND ITS "LONGEST
BRIDGE" - - -
fJZA/a> P&JCAlM
1 WOULD HE KNOW IT?
f If "Old Jim" Bridger came J
I back to Great Salt Lake would i
? he recognize it as the body of j
? water he discovered in 1825? j
. Juat let your imagination travel ?
f up and down the century, dur- f
I ing which the American has +
? made the Utah desert to blo*? j
? lom like the rose. Would he i f
? know it? Oj>woul<ki't he? What f
t do you say? K i
By ROBERT H. MOULTON
AMES (otherwise known as
"Old Jim") Bridger, plains
man, mountaineer. Indian
trader, explorer, p a t h
finder, discovered Great
Salt lake in 1825. If he
should come back now. he
uould be amazed to see the long
est bridge ever constructed, where
the tracks of the Southern . Pacific
railway eross the lake on a typical
American timber trestle 20 miles in
length. Originally this bridge was
28 miles in length, but eight miles of I
t lie trestle have been replaced by a
fill. I
Officially this bridge is called the
Great Salt lake cut-off of the South
ern Pacific road. It is a railway line
laid in an old lake bed from Lucin to
Ogden, Utah, 103 miles. Part of this
lake bed is dry. part is under water. The
part under water Is Great Salt lake.
1 he cut-off is as straight as the crow
tlies. It was built to save the greater
grades and curves and distance of the
old line. The curves the new line
saves would turn a train around
eleven times. The power saved in
moving an average freight train be
cause of lower grades, would lift an
average man 8.500 miles.
Once upon a time, long, long ago.
there was a great lake in Utah, far
larger than the present Great Salt
lake. Roundabout was a lot of high
land which looked like a saucer with
mountains for its rim. This lake was
a thousand feet deep. Its surface
whs just a mile higher than the face
of the ocean The lake was 310 miles
l<>n?, 145 miles wide, and 2,250 jmiles
"round. It was i almost as larjp as
l.ake Michigan, and much deeper.
The first man who wrote about It
;ts Captain Bonneville, hero of one
? t Washington Irving's tales. In 1831
I'h s:tw the marks high on the cliffs
tin* waves once dashed. So the
i hiit once was has been named
Uonneville. But no one ever
sau it, for it was all in prehistoric
rjVOr ran from ^ake pon.
u?.\"|,. 1() ,j1o pU(.jf]c ocean. This
,'i"1 north through Ked Rock
,,l(' Snake river, and the
an!! ,'. ,iV''r ru,,s lnto the Columbia.
'** Columbia runs into the sea.
?'he plate where Salt Lake City now
stands was then OOO feet under water.
But by and by there was less rain.
Lake Bonneville grew smaller and
smaller until It was no larger than
Lake Erie. No stream now ran from
it, for its surface was lower than
the pass % to the north.
Now, if you pour water into a pan,
and set it out Into the warm sunshine,
by and by the water will be gone. It
will have evaporated. But if there
were ever so little salt In the water,
the salt will still be in the pan after
the water is gone.
Thus it was with Lake Bonneville
The rivers that ran into it had a little
suit in them. So long as a river
ran out of Lake Bonneville It' carried
this salt away as fast as It came in.
But when no river flowed from it, and
the water went up In the air by evap
oration, the salt remained. ?
In time Lake Bonneville grew very
salty. The seasons grew drier and
drier until one hot summer day Lake
Bonneville was no longer a lake of
water, but just a lake of salt. No
one knows how long Lake Bonneville
was dry. Eventually. , however, an
other change came. The seasons grew
colder. The water did not evaporate
so fast. Perhaps more rain fell and
the rivers that ran into the saucer
grew larger. At any rate, a new lake
fame where the old one had been. It
was not so large as Lake Bonneville.
At present this lake Is very salty,
and it Is called Great Salt lake.
Great Salt lake covers 2,000 square
miles, is 75 miles long, 31 miles wide
and. in the deepest places, 30 feet
deep. It ^ is the most salty sea on I
earth except the Dead sea. In every 1
five pounds of water is one pound of
salts, of which 13 ounces are com
mon salt. Geologists have estimated
that Great Salt lake is at least 23.000
years old. They calculate, more
over. that there are 400,000,000 tons
of salt in its waters.
Every three years and a half the
sun draws up from the lake as much
water as is now in it. But tjie streams
flowing into the lake keep it pretty
well filled, just the same. The water
in the lake is so heavy that One can
not sink in it. There are no fish in
Great Salt lake. A shrimp rarely ex
ceeding one-third of an Inch in length
lives there. Certain young Hies Live
in the lake before they get their
wings. Seagulls make their home
along the shore, and thousands of pel
llcans have their homes on the Islands
of Great Salt lake. It Is said that
no one knows where they came from.
Fifty years ago and more, some very
enterprising and able men said they
would build a railroad across the coun
try. They did so. They built the
Union Pacific east from San Fran
cisco. In 1808 they came to the fiat,
broad bed of Lake Bonneville. But
Great Suit lake lay in the center and
The History of Jewels
T\u? gaekwar of Baroda who has a
line record ns an Indian ruler, and ftn
upholder <>f Uritish rule, is one of the
best authorities in India on oriental
nems and stones of historic ? interest
and beauty. He has for years been
collecting material on which to base a
book obout those treasures of the
Orient, lie has now go to work on
it, and as he is a practiced author he
hopes to complete it within a reason
able time. It will not only deal with j
trophies which are of high material
value, but it will Hrlng In many a tale
of romance; for no Indian jewel of the
first order is without Its story of ad
venture.'
A Man'i Woman.
The Woman hadn't seen her since
schoolhood days s^ent together. Rap
idly they hurled questions at each
other. The Woman heard she had
married a splendid man and the Wom
an rejoiced, for such a girl shook)
barred the way. So ttyey built th?
truck around the luke to the north. A,
third of a century Inter there was
much more business. Engines were
Ave times as large. Freight cars
would carry five times as much weight
Between Ogden and Lucin was a tine,
level roadbed made by Lake Bonne
ville. Only Great Salt lake, 30 feet
deep, lay in the way. And so every
day trains were lifted in curves 1,500
feet higher and carried 34 miles far
ther than would he necessary if a road
were built straight across the lake.
. So the Southern. Pacific railroad
men looked at the old grade over the
mountain and then at the level way
across Great Salt lake and they said:
"Let us build a cut-off, a straight,
level line, over land, through water
from Lucin to Ogden."
They did so. And thus came Into
being the longest bridge in the world.
The aim of the chief engineer was
to build a mile and a quarter of tres
tle a week ? over a thousand feet for
each working da}'. In June, 1902,
trainloads of steel rails reached the
lake. In July came the first piles.
Many of the latter were so long that
three cars had to be chained together
as one to carry them. Three thousand
men were-at work. In the cold of win
ter and the heat of summer there was
no stopping. Steadily the great path
way grew. Each day the pile drivers
made hundreds of yards. Each day
the pit men loaded hundreds of cars
of gravel ? sometimes 400 cars.
It was an army at work in a salt
desert. Sixteen .hundred and eighty
tons of fresh water were used each
| day. All of it was brought many
miles by train ? some of it 80 miles,
some 130 miles.
More piles came. All told, 36,256
trees were cut down to make the
great trestle. A forest of two square j
miles was transplanted into Great Salt
lake. Placed end to end these piles
would make a great tree that, fallen,
would reach from Chicago to Buffalo.
On several occasions the piles were
driven so fast that the trestle grew
at the rate of 1,140 feet per day.
Every 15- feet five piles are driven
in a row crosswise to the track. They
are fastened together on their sides
with heavy timbers four and eight
inches thick. Across their tops and
joining them together is a heavy beam
18 feet long and a foot square. Con
necting this beam with the next set
of piles 15 feet away are 11 heavy
timbers (stringers) laid lengthwise
with the track. Above these string
ers is a plank floor three inches thick.
Above that is a coat of asphalt, then
a foot or more of rock ballast, in
which the track and rails are
The floor of the trestle is 16 feet
wide, and the lumber above the pil
ing would make u boardwalk four feet
wide and an inch thick from Boston
to Buffalo. ,
?
have married happily. She. had al
ways had so much attention; so many
had craved the lifetime Job of making
her happy.
MAnd so you've two big boys now,"
the Woman repeated.
"Yes," her friend replied, "and a
baby, too."
"The baby is a little girl, I sup
pose," the Woman said.
"Oh, no!" answered her friend, "the
baby is a boy, too. You know, I al
ways was u man's woman!" ? Chicago
Journal.
The Kitchen
Cabinet
II 1 1 v "
(?. 1923, Western Newspaper Union.)
It never troubles the sun that some
of his rays fall wide and vain Into
ungrateful space, and only a small
part on-the reflict^d planet Thou art
enlarged by thine own smiling.? Emer
son.
. *
GOODIES THAT WILL KEEP
i
Stuffed dates, figs and prunes are
always a dainty enjoyed be young
i^nd old.
Ginger Dates.? Remove
the stones from large
dates and fill with equal
quantities of chopped
ginger and nuts, (using
the preserved ginger and
moisten with c little of
the ginger sirup. After
filling the dates, roll
them in granulated sugar and pacK
Id boxes, covering with waxed paper.
f^rult Rocks. ? Cream two-thirds of
j cupful of butter with one cupful of
sugar, add two beaten eggs and when
well mixed add one and one-half cup
ful of flour which has been sifted
with one teaspoonful each of cinna
mon and cloyes. Add one pound of
walnuts, one pound euch of raisins
and dates. When all are well mixed
add a teaspoonful of soda dissolved
In one and one-half tablespoonfuls of
hot water. Stir well and drop on
buttered tins by half teaspoonfuls.
Bake in a moderate oven. 1
Tutti-Frutti Candy. ? Dissolve one
half pound of granulate sugar In
three-fourths of a cupful of water,
bring to the boiling point and boll to
the soft-ball stage. Chop one-fourth
pound of crystallized fruit and add
with one teaspooirful of vanilla. Beat
until creamy, p?ur Into a buttered tin
and when cool cut into squares.
Cinnamon Cakes. ? Take one-half
cupful of butter; work until creamy;
add one-half pound of sugar and
gradually three" beaten eggs. Add
flour to make a mixture to roll, add
cinnamon until brown and work it
Into the dough. Let stand In a cool
place over night. Roll out In the
morning as thin as possible, cut into
shapes and brush with the yolk <tf
egg; sprinkle with sugar. Bake in a
quick oven.
Sea Foam. ? Take two uipfuls of
sugar, one-half cupful of corn sirup
and one-half cupful of water. Boil to
the soft-ball stage, add almond flavor
ing and pour over t*t stiffly beaten
egg whites; beat until stiff, add
chopped almonds and flnely-mlnced
candied cherries. When stiff, drop
by small spoonfuls on a waxed paper.
Nut Cookies. ? Cream ine-half cupful
of butter with two cupfuls of sugar;
add one cupful of sweet milk, three
eggs, two teaspoonfuls of baking pow
der, one-half teaspoonful of salt, one
cupful of walnut meats, broken in bits.
Mix with as little flour as possible;
chill before rolling out. Roll out ?nd
sprinkle with sugar before baking.
The man who is ever seeking to do
his best is the one who is keen, -active,
wide awake and aggressive. He is
ever watchful of himself in trifles. His
standard is not "What will the world
say?" but "What is worthy of me?"
SEASONABLE DAINTIES
During the winter months when
frtfit, such as oranges, lemons and
grapefruit are
plentiful, most
dclicious candied
sweets nay be
prepared from
the peel.
Candied Orange
Peel. ? Cover 1 the
peel of four
oranges with two quarts of water,
bring slowly to a b^il and simmer
until the peel is tender. Drain and
let stand for two hours. Remove all
the white inner skin and when the
peel Is dry cut into strips. Boil two
cupfuls of sugar with one-half cupful
of water until it spins a thread. Put
in part of the peel and boil for five
minutes; remove with a fork and roll
In granulated supar. Grapefruit or
lemon peeling may be treated In the
same way; a mixture oj the three
makes a very nice confection to serve
with a cup of tea.
Candied Cranberries.? rPut two cup
fuls of sugar on to boil with three
fourths of a cupful of water. Boil
slowly for five minutes. Wash and
dry two cupfuls of large, hard, diwFk
red cranberries, plsrce each with a
darning needle. thcL spread the ber
ries in a single iayer on a granite
pan. Pour the sirup over the, ber
ries and set them into a moderate
oven until they are almost transpar
ent. Remove and dust with powdered
sutrar if desired. T j
Fruit and Nut Paste.1? ^Take two
cupfuls of dates after stoning, one
cupful of peanut butter, one teaspoon
ful of salt. Wash and dry the dates
and put through a meat chopper, add
the peanut butter and mix well with
the salt. Take spoonfuls of the mix
ture, shaiie Into small apples, put a
currant fer the,, blossom end and a
piece of candied lemon or orange pee!
for the stem. n
Raisin Pie. ? Line a pie plate with
pastry. To one cupful of seeded raisins
add the grated rind and juice of a
lemon ; beat two egg yolks and mht with
one-half cupful of sugar, add a cupful
of water, a bit of salt and a few hits
of butter. Put Into the pastry shell,
cover with e crust and bake thlrty-flvf
minutes.
TlttCu. irdJL
COATS FOR THE CHILDREN;
TAILORED DRESSES POPULAR
WHILE the fancy of the designer
of children's clothes lightly turns
to thoughts of spring and he busies
himself only with things for the new
season ahead, the weather man con
tinues to hand out a brand of tem
perature that discourages a belief in
spring. But designers have a good
record behind them. Their coats for
children and misses are above vTiti
clsm this winter- and now is a good
time to invest in them for present and
for future use, for the holidays are
past and merchandise must be closed
out.
Models for little girls are made of
warm, durable and attractive mate
^^8B?fiBB8J8S3888?SII^?8S
weather and fastened with a button.
The time-honored two-piece tailored
suit has strong rivals-r-or allies ? in
the wardrobe of the busy woman
wiio spends much of her time in street
clothes. The three-piece suit! and the
all-day dress (including the coat
dress) prove a welcome change from
the blouse and skirt con^bination, es
pecially to business women. We ap
pear to be gliding into a tailored mode
for spring, and a tailored mode with
a number of interesting innovations,
as predicted by Paris.
Innovations are in evidence in the
coat frock at the left of the two all
day dresses illustrated, appearing in
Simple! Style in Child's Coat.
ials, nearly all of them cut on
Btralght lines to be worn with or with
out a belt. Fur, in collars or in band
ings on collar and cuffs, is as univer
sally used as On coats for grown-ups.
For children they are of the inexpen
sive sorts and the plainer fabric furs
or woven furs, are liked for thorn.
As a decorative feature nothing is
quite so well thought of as plaits, with
box plaits in the lead on coats for
juniors. A little simple embroidery,
a few buttons and occasionally a
sleeve, somewhat fancier than the
plain coat sleeve, are allowed on
models where the element of style Is
much considered and narrow patent
leather belts add a snappy touch as
shown In the coat pictured..
1 This pretty affair is fastened with
two round buttons at the neck and
!s_decorated with groups of small
plaits. The sleeves are full and
shaped into a narrowed cuff. A saucy
the increased fullness of the skirt, the.
heightened waistline and fuller side
panels. The skirt is short enough for
conven!ence and the lengthened pan
els are made an outstanding style fea
ture by their shape and trimming of
silk braid. This is an adaptation of
the straight-line d?.:cs that will prove
becoming to slender figures. Design
ers appear to be so engrossed with
making slenderizing clothes for stout
women that her thin sisters are con
siderably neglected.
The straight-line frock at the right
is flattering to full figures and Is
trimmed with narrow braid used lav
ishly and in a strong contrasting color.
This color contrast Is another innova
tion that is appealing in bands
of printed silk or embroidery in Per
sian, ^ulgarian and cashmere color
ings on dark-colored dresses.
Serge, broadcloth and wool Jersey
are returning favorites that are fea-..
Two Pretty Example* of Tailored Dressea.
felt hat with trimming of narrow rib
bon .and a chin strap tops off this
smart coat.
For girls from eight or nine years
to their mid-teens, plain stralgnt coats,
often decorated with box plaits, are
popular. The body of the garment Is
often set on to a yoke. Fancy stitch
ing in simple designs, usually provides
the ornamentation that Is sparingly
used on them. They are nearly all
provided with fur collars that m ay be
brought up about the throat in cold
lured in street dregs. They will dc
their capable part toward promotlnf
a vogue for tailored clothes.
The three-piece suit, that is a suit
with blouse and skirt Joined together
and worn under a coat, cape or Jacket,
is the center of interest in tailored
clothes for spring.