wwm
4
No One Took the Early Films
Seriously, Not Even
i the Inventors
Thirty-seen years ago there were no moving
pictures. Today the movie industry ranks fourth
In the United States, with an invested capital of
A/N Ann
$1,500,000,000, employing more than cuu.uw pceons
in production, distribution and exhibition,
with 60,000,000 person# paying from ten cents to
two dol(-ar8 for weekly admissions to theaters,
\"?-rge and small, dotting towns and cities throughout
the country.
By PROEHL HALLER JAKLON
ROOM Five of tlii jWest Orange (N. J.) laboratory
of Thomas Alvn Edison buzzed
with excitement <pi the morning of October
6, 18S9. Two inpn, one young, the other
older, were keenly Interested In a black wooden
box about five feet high. 1 Near the top was a peephole,
and the young man, with an air of triumph,
urged the older man to peer Into the small
opening.
Inside an arc light sputjtered. There was a noise
of machinery, and there;came Into view a transparent
strip of celluloid bearing the prints of
many photographs. As the strip began to move,
the photographs came to life. It was a moving
picture of the younger njan, walking, smiling, hat
In hand, approaching as |f to extend a greeting.
As he came nearer theire was heard the phonographic
reproduction of the young man's voice,
saying:
"Good morning, Mr. Enison. Glad to see you
back. I hope you are satisfied with the klnetophonograph."
This wns the remarkable demonstration which
greeted Edison upon liisl return from the Paris
exposition. The proud young man was William
K. L. Dickson, an Englishman who five years before
had come to studyfujnder the tutelage of the
Wizard of Menlo Park, j Edison had entrusted
Dickson with the development of certain Ideas,
and this was what theivpung man had to show
for his labors.
The Motion Picture Is Born
The birth of the mot Urn picture is marked officially
by this demonstration. From this crude heginning,
In less than thirty-seven years It has
attained the importance off a major industry, providing
employment for injure than a million persons
throughout the wojrljl, and giving entertainment
to more than KXl.pWUXK) persons weekly in
every civilized and many uncivilized lands.
Following the formulji that the time to write
history is while It is happening, an American,
intimately acquainted with the flint industry, has
produced, after five years of careful, intelligent
reseurch, a two-volume j history which hears the
title, "A Million and One | Nights: the History of
the Motion Picture." He is Terry llamsaye, former
newspaper man, scfeffit editor and executive.
The original edition, of wljich there were only 327
sets, eucl) bearing the imtograph of Thomas A.
Edison, and selling fotj ?75, was launched by
Simon & Schuster, those two young men whose
success with the cross-wjoitd-puzzle books startled
the publishing world in 1924.
Mr. Ramsaye set out| about six years ago In
search of his material. jT^ie pursuit took him to
all sections of the United States and many parts
of Europe. Dickson was found living in retirement
In France. He Interviewed the real inventor
of lnstantuneous photography on Cape Cod. In
all he talked with more than 400 Individuals who
contributed to the growtji ind development of the
art. Court and corporation records were made to
give up their stories, while letters and original
papers were still availably, as they may not be
to a later historian.
Starting as far back as he could go, Mr. Ramsaye
traces his picture history from Aristotle to
Edison. He shows us the camera obscura, the
magic lantern. Stamfer's Whirling disks, the spinning
coin of Herschel, bu? the two most Important
developments, he sayh, were the camera by
Daguerre, the Frenchman, dn 1829, and the lncep*
* * _ 1 ~ ?.??L. V. ? I 1CW?A
^ UOU OI Wfl-IHBH! l)iiuiugrtt|?ll> 111 low.
Vo Settle a $25,000 Wager
The credit for the discovery of Instantaneous
photography is given tot John D. Isaacs, a civil
engineer, working for Iceland Stanford In 1872.
Stanford maintained that (artists were all wrong
In their pictures of horstesi in action. Their legs
were shown in unnatural positions, he declared,
and made a bet of $25,000 that he was right. He
engaged a San Francisco photographer, Eadweard
Muybrldge, who later received the glory, to catch
a trotting horse In actlop by employing a battery
of cameras. Muybrldge | failed. Isaacs, knowing
something about photography, realized that the
lens shutters then in use wtjre too slow for the job.
and so lie attached rubber (bands with n hundredpound
pull to the shuttersj. This gave an exposure
of one two-thousandth or a second and "caught"
the motion of the horse. Muybrldge, who was the
photographer, gained the fjune.
Isaacs went on about fiib own business, attaining
success, and rarely referred to the incident.
Later the task performed by the battery of cameras
was done much more Efficiently with a single
camera, a spring taking tne place of the rubber
bands. In IS80 LeI'rinee, a Frenchman living in
the United States, used serjsitized strips of paper
In place of the old-fashioned wet plate, and soon
after Carbutt substituted, celluloid for the paper.
George Eastman, a photograph supply man of
Rochester, N. Y? produced niuch thinner celluloid
Strips and put them on the market In the form of
dry plates for his kodaks. ?>iekson, In September,
1889, bought a small supply for use in the klnetoscope,
as Edison called his! new device.
Edison sold the exploitation rights to this device
to a firm consisting of Noijman C. Itaff, a western
capitalist; Frank Lombard, president of the
Rorth American Phonograph company, and Frank
Gammon, a high-powered young business man. In
turn, they marketed state &nd foreign rights to
their toy. Edison, at his W^st Orange laboratory,
agreed to produce the pieturies.
Edison'obtained a patent jon his kinetoseope in
1801. Learning that foreign patents would eost
about $ir.O, he told his attorney that they were
not wortli it. A patent raorje or less meant nothing
to Edison, lie failed also to protect his invention
for a disk record for | his phonograph, preferring
the cylinder type, j How many millions
were lost because of this j neglect can only be
guessed at.
The first motion-picture actor in the world, according
to Mr. Ramsaye's findings, was one Fred
Ott, a mechanic in Edison's laboratory. He
dressed In absurd clothing and made funny
Plans to Open Up Old Ir
With the'departure for the Louisi- Mr. Collin
ana coast of Henry R. Coplins, Jr., of ethnologj
ethnologist, the Smithsonian institution and whose
Initiates an exploration of an almost ethnology is
forgotten area of prehlstorlp life on the mounds
this continent. The regioiji, fvhich ex- to deterniin
tends westward from Newi Orleans, mounds or
was the camping ground <>f jthe Atta- collect bon<
copa and Chitimacha Indlanp. It has So far all tl
been overlooked by archeologlsts and gulf from :
nothing has ever been written about It been slmilai
I
.1* w<.
ITS AMAZir
%
^ 1
- *' 1111 > 11 "i 'Hill ifi
Bk >y& c i?^B
Thomas Alva Edison, inventor of the motion
picture film, the camera and the Kinetoscope?the
technological foundation of the art of the motion
picture. (Courtesy Simon and Schuster.)
_fac?8. Soon vaudeville actors begun to appear. A
young duncer named Dennis was among tliem.
She Is now Ituth St. Denis.
The first motion-picture emporium was opened
April 14. 1S04, at No. 1155 ltroudwuy, New York.
Ten peephole klnetoscopes attracted the public.
It must be remembered that pictures on the
screen as we know them hud not yet made their
appearance. All movies were shown to one person
at a time, through the peephole. This, of course,
limited the patronage. The magic lantern, on the
other hand, for several hundreds of years had
shown still-pictures to entire audiences.
On the Screen at Last
Why not combine the magic lantern and the
klnetoscope? This question stirred, almost simultaneously.
the minds of several men, including
Edison. In Chicago Edwin Hill Amet pondered
the Idea; In Virginia I'rof. Woodvill Latham
played with it; in England Robert Friese-Greene
started working, and in France two instrument
makers, Louis and Auguste Luntlere, set about to
put motion pictures on the screen.
Out of all this effort grew litigation which in
one form or another was going strong until as late
as 1911, and may still have a belated appearance
on some court dockets.
Mr. Ilamsaye says that the Ltimlere projector
made its debut In March, 1805, under the name of
the cinematograph. Several wseks later Professor
Latham, In America, demonstrated his projector,
and only a short time later Amet made his showing.
In generul, all these devices were the same,
with minor exceptions In the perforation of the
film and In method of winding and rewinding.
These precipitated legal battles In which were
spent millions of dollars In costs, only to end, as
a rule. In compromise and combination of the competing
parties. Thus the projector, the last vital
development of motion jilctures, was ready to
revolutionize the world of amusement as early as
1895.
The first public screen showing was made April
20, 1890, at the old Koster & nial music hall. In
Twenty-third street, New York. These were simple
subjects, dancers, acrobats and the like?anything
with action In it.
The Idea that any actor would want money for
his efforts never occurred to the early film makers.
The publicity they got out of It was held to be
ample remuneration. Carmenclta. a Spanish
dancing star, performed ; Annabelle Moore put on
a serpentine; Sandow and other notables of the
time all worked on this basis of payment.
Censorship Begins
About this time came the first censorship. The
Edison company had produced a piece in which
Doloritn put on a hoochie-koochle, a dance made
known to America at the ( hicago world s fair.
Klnetoseopes by this time, In 1K90, were fairly
well distributed, and there were several doing
business on the Atlantic City board walk. Somebody
took a peep at Dolorltn, became shocked at
her performance, and promptly wrote a letter to
the authorities. The result was that the owner
of the establishment wrote the New York office,
"Send me another film. The police say that Dolorita's
dance Is too strong."
As early as ISOfl the movies, not yet known by
that title, of course, began to attract the attention
of scores of men who saw the opportunities for
money-making. Their imaginations had been fired
by such exploits as the filming, in 1S07, of the
Corbett-Fltzsimmons fight at lleno. which ran
13,000 feet, and was shown at the old New York
Academy of Music, the first special showing of a
picture. The same year one Alexander Victor, a
magician, opened the first motion-picture theater
with 200 chairs In it. This was In Newark, N. J.,
and admission was 25 cents. It soon failed.
The war with Spain helped boost the new art.
Here was an opportunity to get renl action. The
Vitagraph company, formed by Jimmy ISlackton,
a New York reporter, Albert E. Smith, a spirit
cabinet exhibitor, and one Top Hock, a Harlem
billiard hall keeper, concocted a picture called
"Tearing Down the Spanish Flag." In Chicago
George K. Spoor, news dealer by day and ticket
vender by night In a cheap vaudeville house, and
Edwin H. Amet, the Inventor of one kind of projector,
showed the destruction of Cervera's fleet.
Both of them were fakes. The flag was "torn
down" on a lot in Brooklyn, and the "fleet" was
maneuvered in a washtub at the Waukegan (111.)
studio of Spoor and Amet.
This was the day of the film pirate. If anyone
made a picture which attracted the public, others
immediately would copy It. The Industry hnd
lured the unscrupulous entrepreneur as well ns
those who lived by higher ethics, nnd where
money Is nt stake anything Is likely to happen.
One company produced the story of the crucifixion,
and another promptly copied It and "bootlegged"
It to not unwilling exhibitors.
The status of general production of pictures for
J! M/\im^c lntlonshlp nmong the pei
lClI3.n IVlOUl 1US gestlng a migration rou
The Attncopa Indians
s, who Is assistant curator the few known cannibal
r in the National museum American continent. 1
expedition the bureau of engaged In the prnctice 1
financing, will investigate^ purposes or for the lovi
In the area with a view known. Other cannibal
ing whether they are true found in Cuba, .Tarnulc
mere shell heaps, and to Columbia and Brazil.?1
;s, artifacts and pottery, tin of the Smlthsoninn
ie pottery found along the
Florida to Louisiana has | Seven radio beacons
indicating a cultural re- tabllshed on the Great 1
1^
NEWS. TRYON. N. C.
1G HISTORY
First Movie Actors Worked for
Joy of it or for the
Free Advertising
tliese days can be measured by a review of a Biograph
catalogue, then current:
134?The Pretty Stenographer; or Caught In the
Act?28 ft.?An elderly but gay broker la seated at
his desk dictating to his pretty stenographer. He
stops In the progress of his letter and bostows a
kiss on the not unwilling girl. As he does his wife
enters. She Is enraged. Taking her husband by
the ear she compels him to get on his knees. The
pretty stenographer bursts into tears.
** ?
They Use the "CutbacK
"The Life of an American Fireman," produced
in 1902, was one of the first pictures to utilize that
very effective device, the cutback. It showed a
child In a burning house, with the britee fireman
on his way. J
In 1903 Adolph Zukor, a Chicago furrier, arrived
1+ in New York to collect $3,000 which a friend had
borrowed to start a penny arcade. It was not
prospering, and Zukor's efforts to save his money
put the furrier into the penny arcade business,
and later led to his meeting with Marcus Loew,
another penny arcader. By 1906 Zukor was a fullfledged
theater proprietor. Famous Players-Lasky
corporation, the world's biggest movie concern, resulted,
while Loew is head of the Metro-GoldwinMayer
^oropany, a close rival.
Carl Laemmle, clothing store clerk of Oshkosh,
Wis., In the winter of 1905 confided to a uuii-hk"
advertising agent that he was tired of the clothing
business. They talked over the possibilities of the
movies. Finally he opened a theater In 1906. A
few months later he started a film exchange and
sold prints to other showmen. Out of his subsequent
efforts to organize the Independent Interests
In their fight against Edison came the Universal
Pictures. Both Laemmle and Cochrane, the advertising
man, made fortunes.
In 1907, the censorship pot, long simmering,
boiled over. Ramsaye recalls for us the Chicago
Tribune editorial, "The Five Cent Theater," which
damned the nickelodeon up and down hill. At
that time Chicago had 119 such shows. They
were blamed for Juvenile crime, and a list of
pictures, to which objection was taken, was
printed. The same year New York officials became
aroused and closed every 5-eent show in the city.
Exhibitors protested, there was a compromise, and
us a result the National Board of Censorship was
formed. The first stnte to pass a censorship law
was Pennsylvania In 1912.
Appealed to "Rough Element"
The cinema, It seems, had been In bad odor,
more or less, from the start. Its appeal. Its
critics asserted, was muinly to the "rough element."
Then, too, followed the theater disasters
In which many persons lost their lives. Films
often caught fire In the crude projection machines,
and many persons feared to enter such theaters
because of the reported danger to their Uvea
Everyone had heard of the Charity Bazar fire In
1897 at Paris. Nearly 180 persons, among them
many French nobles, had lost their lives when
a projector lamp exploded. Prejudicial feeling
Immediately arose to Impair seriously the status
of the screen In the minds of the upper classes.
With the establishment throughout the country
" 1 ' * - j a * -
or many tneaters mere was creuieu a ueumuu iui
more and better films. People were tiring of the
old run-and-hop variety of subjects. Exhibitors
wanted story pictures, and the producers' problems
began anew. The motion picture had no
respectability then, and actors were scornful. It
was necessary to seek out the hungry ones and
tactfully suggest work In "the pictures."
Actors who met on the movie stages of Edison,
Vltagraph and Blograph In those days kept their
film "shame" a secret. It was the accepted practice
of the time to Impress the actors Into service
as carpenters, scene painters, and the like. Florence
Turner, an early favorite, when not acting
wus mistress of the wardrobe. But when Maurice
Costello went over to Vltagraph from Edison a
precedent was set up. "I am an actor and I will
act?but I will not build sets and paint scenery."
He won on bis dignity.
Enter Charlie and His Pants
Charles Chapmnn made his screen debut In
1913. Ills big pants and curious gait caught the
eye of Adam Kessel of the New York Motion Picture
company, who strolled Into a theater just
In time to see the act go on. kessel offered him
S7f> a week to appear In the films. Charlie refused
It, as he did a subsequent offer of $100 a
week. Finally the ante was raised to $l.ri0 and he
? A 1 t-tl" 1 ril/itnro Tl'o o mmlit o t T AO
liCtt'pifU. 1II? llini l?MUIC ?UO IIIMUC HI wo
Angeles for Keystone. It was called the "Kid's
Auto Knees." and made a hit. Other Chapman
pictures followed, and the little Englishman became
famous before his name was known. Later
his name was changed to Chaplin.
Of the j later developments In the Industry, the
most slgnillcant was' the effort to avoid censorship
and jregulation that might seriously interfere
with progress. In 1917 a wild party for Fatty
Arbuckle in Boston drew unfavorable attention
both to the players and film ofllcluls who attended
It. In 1921, Arbuckle with other movie people
smashed {into a screen scandal. The divorce ol
Mary l'lckford from Owen Moore in Nevada was
another cause of scandal because of her early
marriage to Douglas Fairbanks, an actor Just
winning public favor. The producers felt that
something had to be done. They formed an
association of motion picture producers, and
placed at the head of It Will Hays, one-time chairman
of the Republican national committee, anil
postmaster general.
Hays tackled his job seriously, and Is now the
screen's most powerful figure when It comes to
deciding on what may be shown. He can kill any
story and can exile any actor from the screen.
And he has used this power.
Mr. Ramsaye has brought his fascinating history
down to the separation of the producing department
from the exhibiting department of the Famous
Players' organization. Balaban & Katz ot
rhlf'PPn took nvpr Hip th^ntoro Hn Tuna k moo
^.1%. vxvuwi a. U UI1V CI,
Famous Players bought them hack.
This present nrtlele mentions only scattered
gleanings from the eighty-one chapters of Itamsaye's
work. For one incident set down here there
are scores of equally Interesting ones gathered
in the two volumes. The one thing ahout this
history which appenls perhaps more than any
other single quality Is the attitude of the historian.
Ills face was not long and stern when he
wrote. He saw the human side of this coiuedydraniu.
He had a twiqj^le In his eye.
nples and sug- Something They Didn't Say
te' She had urged him to study the corwere
one o respondence course at home, and he
. ' 'fs 0 , e had?Just ns the advertisements said.
Whether they . . , ,
, , , At last ills snlnrv una rnl?m<) ?
_ ^ . Cl
or ceremonial monti,?a[80 just ag tjle advertisements
B of itf is not .
I tribes were 8a '
:n, Venezuela. Darling, I owe It all to you," he
Yom n Ilulle- saldInstitution.
"Well, dear," she returned, "don't
worry. You won't after pay day."
have been es- Which was just the point the adukes.
vertlsements failed to .mention,
? i'ji i " - -I
PiPliPJlgpry*
i ?.
STOP SMALL LEAKS t
IH - ft .... _
( fl Rubber Gasket"
3BMBSSS0B
A?How the Toggle Bolt Is Used; B?
Toggle Bolt for I
(Prepared by the United States Department
of Agriculture.)
A small leak in a water pipe can be
stopped in emergency as follows, according
to the United States Department
of Agriculture, In Farmers' Bulletin
1460, '-Simple Plumbing Repairs
In the Home." Place a flat rubber or
leather gasket over the leak and hammer
a stiff piece of metal, such as a
picture hook, to fit over the gasket;
secure both to the pipe with a vise or
clatnp obtainable at hardware br five
and ten-cent stores. A small leak
under low pressure Is sometimes
, stopped by embedding the pipe in richly
mixed portland cement mortar. It
Is necessary to shut off the water
from the pipe and build a boxing
around it to hold the soft mortar
closely against the pipe. Broken
sewer pipe can be repaired In like
manner. A wrapping of wire netting
embedded in the mortar Increases Its
* >1 K?l? In !
tensile strengm. a sman ?i?ic
east-iron pipe may be tapped with a
screw plug.
Leaky Screw Joint.
Where a leaky screw joint cannot
be tightened with a pipe wrench,
the leak Is sometimes stopped by a
blunt chisel or calking tool and hammer.
Sometimes a crack or hole Is
j cleaned out and then plugged and
I calked with lead, tinfoil, or a commercial
iron cement to the consistency
of putty. Sometimes a pipe band with
two bolts, or a split sleeve Is employed
to hold a thin coating of iron
cement or a gasket over a leak. If
the leak is at a screw joint, the band
Is usually coated inside with oneeighth
inch of iron cement and then
| slipped over the pipe. Keeping the
bolt farthest front the coupling or fitting
a little tighter than the other,
both bolts are tightened. During the
tightening the band should be driven
with a hammer snugly against the
coupling or fitting.
In addition to these methods and
devices, there are several kinds of
good, Inexpensive, ready-made pipe
FRESH ASPARAGUS
BEST FOR CANNING
"Hot-Pack" Method Favored
for Vegetables.
(Prepared by the United State? Department
of Agriculture.)
If you have an abundance of tenI
der, fresh asparagus in the garden
you will undoubtedly want to can
| some of It for later use. As the asparj
agus ought to be canned as quickly
as possible after It has been cut, plan
to do a little of this work frequently,
rather tliaiv, to attempt a large
4. :
tUUUUlll Ui LUlUllUg at iXHJ tilii*;.
, Use ttie pressure canner, and the "hotpack"
method, which Is recommended
for all vegetables and many fruits hy
the United States Department of Agriculture.
The point about the "hotpack"
method is that the material to
( be canned is heated to the boiling
I point or cooked a short time before
! being put into the can or jurs, so that
in the shortest possible time the
temperature of the whole jar is raised
, | to the required point. This results in
| more certain sterilization and a beti
ter product because of the shorter
cooking.
i Asparagus may be canned whole,
or out up in half-inch lengths. In the
former case it is tied in uniform bun|
dies, cut to lit into the container to
i he used, and placed in a saucepan
1 ! with boiling water over the tough
i lower portion. The saucepan Is cov>
ered tightly and boiled 4 or 5 minutes,
then the asparagus is packed
rapidly] into the containers. In the
latter ' case the cut asparagus is
brought to boil in water to cover, and
then packed in jars or tins. The containers
are completely filled up with
boiling water, and each jar is salted
, in the proportion of 1 teaspoonful of
, salt to each quart canned.
The jars or cans are put Into the?
hot canner as soon as they are filled
and processed for 40 minutes at 10
pounds pressure, or 240 degrees
Fahrenheit. Glass jars should have
the springs and rubbers adjusted halfi
way, or screw tops placed on loosely.
Tin cans are completely sealed before
being placed In the canner. After
processing for the required length of
time, remove the containers from the
canner. Seal glass Jars at once.
Place them out of drafts. Cool tin
cans by plunging them In cold water.
Keep nil canned products under observation
at room temperatures for at
least a week. Discard any showing
signs of spoilage and watch others of
the same lot until It is certain that
they are keeping.
AROUND THE HOUSE
A full-length mirror Is one of the
home dressmaker's foremost assistants.
* * *
Heat turns white silk yellow. Avoid
both hot water and hot Irons when
laundering silks.
*
A border of flowers around the vegetable
garden will pay for itself in
the pleasure it gives.
/
^
Outside of the Toggle Bolt; C?A fur tv..,
Repairing a Boiler. face Is ! J
. ouIiih.) ......
and Joint repairers obtainable of man- tJ)(i
ufacturers and dealers. \ f)M.| WI,(i|>
Leaky Spot In Tank. <los? ,.f j. - l'
A corroded and leaky spot In a steel works ti>.
tank or range boiler can be closed This u..:.
with an inexpensive repair bolt or all drii^, . '-'iH
plug obtainable from dealers. The. teed to > ,. V(. r
picture shows a homemade repairer ing you consisting
of a three-sixteenths by (;,.t a
three-Inch toggle bolt costing ten feel sh k. b .. vH
oonts nnd a flat rubber gasket, brass wltli du:: i.. fl
washer and nut. The link of the bolt, I T<?ne u.n '
| after being passed through the hole, I time. Trv li
j takes an upright position, and screw- | ? '
lng up the nut forces the gasket tightly
against the outside of the boiler. A
small hole must be reamed or enlarged
with a round file to a diameter about
five-eighths inch. The metal beneath < PiRjiSf Stt^??ew!}M
I the gasket should be firm and clean, j j.'.1..
| A little candle wick packing may be ?m *
wrapped around the bolt to prevent
leaknge along the bolt. Sometimes a .
! hole Is closed by driving in a tapered Demand for A
) steel pin to turn the metal inward. The-hr nehcaii)^^B
J forming a surface which can be tapped j . . '' ; ' H
for an ordinary screw plug. A hole in ! [jon ,,, ,, ",
the wall of a tank or pipe having con- I )s (h , |. ( ' |
siderable thickness can be easily and J ..
1 quickly closed by screwing in a la- .?,rts
I pered steel tap-plug which cuts atid j^.,.,.
! threads its way through the wall. ! j.
I These plugs In different sizes are ob- j jj,j.
tainable of dealers, and a monkey j ?? r(, ,
wrench is the only tool required to J wj,| prj ,~
insert them; it Is unnecessary to shut j fvi>i '^^1
off or drain the water from the tank j H
or pipe. |
A small leak at a seam or rivet
can often be closed by merely rubbing jjsjjti/ 7^
a cold chisel along the beveled edge KF' .1 I
of the Joint. Do not attempt to calk ? I I
a seam unless the plates have consid- J ^ I
erable thickness and the rivets are |l I
closely spaced and are close to the
calking edge, and then use extreme | uHr
caution. Run a regular calking tool v KB
or blunt chisel along the beveled
edge; tapping the tool very lightly / |B
with a light hammer, force the edge "B
of the upper plate ugalnst and Into the MOlnG!*! GlV? Dtfl
lower plate. . n - , J
1 his Safe Anfl
Use of Pectin in Making HtUTTllGSS LtlBflB
Jellies Not Understood Th* tint two
The use of pectin In making Jellies i^e^Vt^raVmuir u
Is not always uhderstood. Pectin, baby's diet, its little itoawi^H
a i j i ei i u? _ upset and towel troika w
sugar, and acid in the right propor- *,nt menace At ?cn tia?s^M
tlons are necessary In making Jelly. will prove a wonderful MP'"?
Adding pectin to the fruit Juice may ^Jlxfety'" ^ r""' fl
be helpful for several reasons. De- Mr*. John W. Motley 4
liclous Jelly can thus be made from ^er^'ii'e ?u *
the Juice of peaches, cherries, straw ^nd his bowei? were leo* ?
berries, and other fruits that do not tor s&ve ,m6 * V
,, . , , , . , It dldn t do him .air P*?
naturally contain enough pectin. Also gtarted him on
the housekeeper can be more sure of soon cot over the trroMtt^'W
success and of a Jelly ofjust the right WfT*eth'inaVTs)'?" t'l^1
texture. Color >nd flavor, too, can tion. It oonuins no
sometimes be Iniproved because the ^^^other^tnc" 'a
Juice need not be boiled so long In Ueving pair and dietroi
order to reach the proper degree of ^^ruc^atorea.0* ^ ^ I
concentration. The process Is there- -pn-pt JEVD FORCS?
fore, shortened and the housekeeper JT,Iyi1IS; Booklet Ah" I'M
relieved from some of the hottest and & j MOFFErr CO, C0LO?*B
most tedious, parf-of jelly making by g 11
the right usaof pectin extracts. Eg tTM I Nl
Pectin extracts should, however, be I 6b> 1 ' '' ?
used only in relatively sm*llxquanti- KiiiMf BfittSf Bit?
ties with rich full-flavdred Juices
to supply the lack of natural pectin. ? rtorial ^ I
When pectin Is added to waterpfl juices ticpo .,
j to conceal their poor quallt% the Jelly Oflicial si.(.
has low food value and flavor. set down thai jjH
__ District of '"niiiml'ia
Strawberry Sauce *}v"1 1 ,|?.n*J?
it . . slopped III '..--di
A few strawberries can be made to o,',ier ^Ir- :l:'rr"rM
go a long way by making a sauce as ti,ar the s!ei'i"-.-l't"r>
follows: Make n hard sauce from one- jj,a[ |?. ,-.:M ;i"
third cupful of butter, one cupful of ..SM.W?.,| air!
powdered sugar, and the stiffly beaten "
White of an egg. Crush two-thirds of Don't Forget Cuticura
a cupful of fresh strawberries and when a<|dii.^ t" >"ur
bent gradually Into the hard sauce. ^ eXqUlsite fa1 " Ii' l'"''
This may be slightly warmed over hot "powder nu'l l,,'rfuL,f(
water. The acidity of the berries may perfume s"i''rfUf,y<*B
capee the sauce to separate some- . ' jt |?>,-aii?c""e 0 -vlH
what, but this does not affect the J|f ^ (Soap
flavor- 25c?each m
Vitaminea and Minerals A woman * ^ ^ ,n ,<J*\
Oranges are a rich source of .vita- 's t,le Frt''' H
mines and minerals. Children need a Thucker.i>- -?* ^
constant and abundant supply of these .. ,r, t . tB
things in their food to help them The v,'r|i,l.']<
grow and develop normally. Oranges and com ?^
also have the advantage that they can ?
be given between meals without spoil- r "1 " A'
Ing the appetite for other foods at ? w wthe'regular
meal times. In fact they
seem to sharpen rather than dull the ^ ^
appetite. q
Buy Milk in Bottles ^ Ju
The best way of buying milk Is In BW j (
bottles. In this form It can be kept /VkMlH'?V'0fi I
clean and cool more easily during delivery
and Is much more convenient to <
nanuie. Dipping milk from large cans ''/'a '"foM
and pouring it into customer's recep- little ??">?*,' ? > .aC,ii^'
tacles on the street exposes it to dusty
air and is bad practice. h . '
Phjroician* *k; -s'Sm
the most _ ^
to science. M? > M
Corn meal is useful for taking out i?*nold-^1" i?('' 1
grease stains on rugs. Rub the meal purgCT,'h^b^i' ?
into the stain, using a fresh supply v^sr.i^ *r|
as it absorbs the crease * - - " *""
"eocwidll ??* * I
Attractive and Inexpensive table J, jTh/i - , I
runners can be made of crash towel- ^11 enJyou"','u','^
lng. They give a summer touch to the famcock L:s';r' 'y"!jJl
luncheon or supper table. Ba
* - B~~*
Fresh pineapple and strawberries HaflC? iipil
make a combination worth trying, <' CO^P" JH
whether as a breakfast fruit or as a Sulp^M'
dessert for dinner or supper. ???.