The news in this publica tion is released for the press on the date indicated below. THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA NEWS LETTER Published weekly by the University of North Carolina for Its Bureau of Extension. JULY 28, 1915 CHAPEL HILL, N. C. VOL. I, NO. 36 EdUorlal Board. B.C. Branson, J. G. deR. Hamilton, L. R. Wilson, Z. V. Judd, S R Winters T A wiir ^ ^ — NORTH CAROLINA CLUB STUDIES MOVING TO TOWN When a tenant fanner in Gaston coun ty move; a family ol' five, into town he } loses iipon an average $429 worth of sliel- f ter, food ami fuel that were his on the farm without the expenditure of so iiiuch : ^ as a single cent. ■ * In towns, these primary necessities call r for money, in even larger totals. - • Sheer t!xistence wants in the country • called for an average of only 576 in cash ;■ for the whole year. In town, the family handles more money, hut as a rule .saves less and owns less at the end of the year | Three of these saiiie far}ners own *and . than in the country.—Figures from the use co-nperatively an eight hor.-e power -Federal Farmers Bulletin, No. 635. gasoline engine for running machinery — , on theij; farms. A half dozen clover hullers owneil and oi^erated in this way would double the clover acreage in Orange in a single year, and send the county a long way forward in live stock development.—Dr. Lillian W. Johnson. CO-OPERATION IN ORANGE Co-operative telephones and mutual lire insurance 4ire well developed features of country life in Orange county, North Carolina. But the other day in our farm-home survey we found another co-operative en terprise of interesting sort—a saw inill, feed mill and cotton gin plant run by a twenty-two liorsc-pouer gasolint' engine. ] t is owned by eight men who put in 5^150 apiece. It is operated by two of the meu anl tiie profits are divided annually. RETARDED PROGRESS In Durham county. North Carolina, the farm wealth accumulated up to 1910 amounted to a.little more than $3,500,000. In this same year the county imported food and feed supplies, to be consumed ■within its own Iiorders, amounting to over $2,500,000. What does this mean? Sinijjly, that the citizens of Durham county are paying . out each year for food and feed supphes almost as nuich Vvealth, in cold cash, as the farmer.s have been able to accumu late in-the whole history of the county. In other words, it means that if the farmers of Durham county would supply their home uuirkets with the food and feed needed by Durham county jieople, the accunmlated farm wealth of the coun ty \\ould be doublel in less than two jears. KSWAPPING amid STREAM V/astou county in 1880 had 4S dislilier ^ les; and led the .state in the business pf '^Iwhiskey pro(hictiou. '''r In 1914, the distilleries had been dis- placed by 65 cotton mills with 608,000 spuidles consuming one-fifth of all the raw cotton used in the mills of the state. The county now has §14,400,000 worth of projierty on the tax books; spends $120,000 a year upon public schools, and has banking resources amounting to a half million loIlars, says the Gastonia €fazette. Swapping horses amid stream is some times a good policy, the old adage to the contrary notwithstanding. LEADS THE SOUTH Under the direction of the field agents of the Federal Farm Demonstration otliee in Ealeigh, the 7,386 acres of corn in North Carolina in 1914 yielded an average of 45.9 bushels per acre. It is the best showing made in the South. It is nearly two and one-half times the average yield of the state-at- large. The averages in Caldwell, Henderson, Buncombe, and Surry ranged from 60.4 bushels to 65.4 bushels. Our long growing 'season gives the South an inunense advantage in corn production. Better methods would easily double our corn crop, and |iut an end to our need of imported corn. Our need in every crop is not a larger acreage, but a larger yield per acre at a smaller cost. THE SOUTH OF THE FUTURE The South of the. future is going to ■tje a land of flocks and herds, of corn fields and silos, oi big l)arns and heavy machinery, of meadows and pastures, and all the things which go with live stock farnung. This change is not going to come all at once, of course, Imt very gradually. And it is not goii'g to come at all un- t!l larmers i-ealize a*other l)ig fact: that feeds must come before livestock, and that the grass will not bo sowed nor the legumes planted to supply the horses and cattle and hogs and sheep^ but that these animals will be grown an fed because of the abundance of feeds and the pniftts to be had by utilizing them. system of livestock farnung aud the profits that come from livestock farming are alike impossible without and abundance of feeds. At the very founelation of stock husbandry are grass-clad fields and well-filled hay mows; and'until these are liaii, any large development of the livestock in dustry will he profitless, if not impos sible.—E. E. ]\Iil!er in the Banker- Farmer. our increasing attention to cotton and to bacco, and our crop-lien, fann-tenancy system of raising these crops. In 1914 our tobacco was 14 times, aiul our cotton crop 24 times these crops in 1850. Farm tenancy imder the crop-lien system is a negation of diversification and sufficient food production: UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EDUCATION LETTER SERIES NO. 37 NORTH CAROLINA LEADS North Carolina leads tlie Union in the manufacture of chewing and smoking tobacco, with a record of 104,329,283 lbs. fr the year ending June 30, 1914. Nearly 74 million lbs. of the total were manufactured in the 5th district. The ^tal internal revenue taxes collected in tlii-i district amounted to nearly six and one half million dollars. For the whole ’ state the amount was nearly tweh't^ mil lion dollars. MOORE’S EDUCATIONAL ‘PROGRESS In 1907 her total school property was . worth 122,720. In 1915 it is worth ?^100,000. In 1907 her total expenditures for all , purposes was $20,365. In 1915 her total expenditures for all imrposes A\'as nearly $50,00Q. lu 1907 she had 108 one-room school houses, and many of these were of logs. Today she has but 65 one-rooin buildings ' and not a single one of logs. In 1907 the average length of school term was 80 days while last year it was 119 days. In 1908 She had but 10 local tax districts includ ing her \'illages, while she now has 34 in which the average length of school term a little more than 150 days. In 1907- 1908 the average salary paid white teach ers was *29.36, in 1914-1915 it is $41.11 ■»|rom the general county fund, exclusive . of local taxes which supplemented all the the way u]) to $75 per month in the rural schools and above that in t?ie villages. Two towns paid $1,200 each. In 1908 she had but 12 public school libraries, now every white school except fl^'ehasa library, and about one dozen colored schools. A number of these li braries have been supplemented several tinies, and now contain a fine selection of juvenile books.—Supt. J. A. McLeod, Moore County News. WHERE DOES RANDOLPH STAND? Randolph county is composed almost entirely of rural conununities, and the backbone of her civilization is her farm ing capacity. There are no large cities in the county and but few manufacturing industrie.s of note. And the fact that the county is one hundred and thirty-one years old is sig nificant. Why? First, because the farm wealth accuhuilated in the county during these years amounts to 17,800,000; and second, because the food and feed im- portc'd, for consumption within tlie coim- ty, in 1910 was $1,150,000. This means, of course, that-every seven yeai’s, the people of Kandolph send out of the county for supplies that could easi ly be raised at home, more wealth in actual cash than the farmers of the coun ty have been able to accumulate in 131 years. Of course, this is a little better showing tTian some oi' the other counties in the state are making, yet it is not a very good showing, and the farmers of the county ought to wake up and get busy.— G. W, ISradshaw. TAX RETURNS IN THE UNITED STATES Heal property and ini]>rovements there on are listed for taxation at rates varyuig from 11.7 percent of their true value in Iowa to 100 [>er cent, or at their full value, in New Hampshire and Wyoming. In North Carolina, such properties must be listed for taxation at their true' and actual value in money when sold for cash in the usual manner of selling. Howe\-er, these properties appeared on our tax books in 1912 at an average of 60 cents in the dollar of their true value, says a recent report of the Census Bu reau. M'e ai'e next to the bottom iii per capi ta wealth, but near the top in tax assess ments. Only fifteen states made returns at a higher and thirty at a lower per cent of actual valuation. The rates at which real property and improvements thereon werc^ tHxed in the various states in 1912 was as follows: liauk State Per Cent TEACHER FOR NEXT YEAR Children ought to have the very best teachers and committeemen ought to try to get the very best that can be had for the money apportioned to their district. How Teachers Are Elected The school couuuittee that is on the job always has a special meeting for tlie purpose of carefully lookiiig into the qualifications of ap[>licants; and, if pos sible, the committee will have a personal interview with the applicant before election. Why Change Teachers? One great draw'-back to progress and efficiency in our schools is the constant changing of teachers. A teacher who was in the school last year is allowed to drop out anfl an untried teacher is l)rought to take her place. Next session she gives way to another strautrer and year by year this changing goes on, and the children at the opening of each ses sion begin their work under a teacher who knows nothing of their personal traits, peculiarities, or natural ability, aud hence they cannot move off from the first as easily and smoothly as they would were their former tc^acher back af*iier post. Young Blood in Teaching The principal of a prosperous hiah school used to say that lie preferred to employ as teachers young men just from college—young men of scholarship, vim, and energy, young men who wished to teach for a few years only and then 'j-o into some other profession for their life work. He said that in this way he got young blood, energy, and ejithusiasm in his corps of teachers. This is true, may be; but it is certainly true that he dil have in his school young teachers who had no permanent interest in teaching, no professional pridc' in their^work, and no enl:husi*astic desire to become leaders in education. The young blood which we need in our schools is that which comes to stay and to build for th(> future. Keep Last Year’s Teacher hast year’s teacher knows more about tlie boys and girls in the school, knows more about the relation of the school to the community, than any new teacher can know, and is far better prepared to push forward the school interest of the neighborhood than any new teacher pos sibly can. A Great Loss This constant change of teachers is a great loss in efficiency in schoolroom work aud tlie children are the loseis. The time is coming when the public will demand aud require that there be as few changes in the teaching foive ff the school as possible, that the teachers be well paid, that they be kept from year to year, and made to feel that they are to be not only the teachers of the children but promoters of'the best interest of the community in which they teach. Aud by the way, how uiauy new teach ers will you have in your school next year? in 1860 in 1914 33.0 bu. 24.6 bu. 4.8 bu. 3.1 bu. 14.5 bu. 3.6 bu. 13.7 bu. 12.3 bu. .65 p: .29 .55 .07 1.9 . .58 NORTH CAROLINA IN 1860 AND IN 1914 Food Productio Corn, per jiersou \\’heat, per j)erson I’otatoes, sweet and Irish, per person Oats, per work- animal Cattle, per person Sheep, per i)erson I logs, per person IMilk cows 1 to every 4.4 persons 7.5 per sons Our production of corn, wheat and oats nearly doubled during this interval; but our population increased nearly exactly two and a half times over. Less Bread and Meat Peanuts, hay, and forage excepted, the per capita production of food and feed stuffs was less in 1914 than in 1860; corn a fourth less, wheat nearly a third less, potatoes three-fourths less, beef more than a half less, pork nearly two-thirds less and mutton nearly seven-eighths less. And Why? In tlie main, the explanation lies in 1 'W'yomiiig loo 1 New Hampshire lOO 3 ilassachusetts 90.6 4 Ohio 90 5 Idaho 85 6 Khode Island 75,2 7 Wisconsin 75 8 JIauie 73,8 9 Kansas T.. 72.4 10 ^'ermont 70 11 Connecticutt.. \ .. 66.7 11 New York 66.7 13 ilaryland 65.8 14 Oregon 63.5 15 Kentucky 62.2 16 Tennessee 60 16 North Carolina 60 18 ^Michigan 58.7 10 Pennsylvania 58.6 20 Delaware 56.7 21 Mssissippi 54.8 22 New Jersey 54.1 23 Georgia.... 52.5 24 Virginia .- 50.8 25 Arizona 50 25 Texas 50 27 West Virginia 49.7 28 South Dakota 46.2 29 California - 45.1 30 Indiana 45 31 5Iontana,... 43.5 32 M'ashington 42.3 33 Alabama 40 33 Missouri 40 3'i Louisiana .' 40 36 Minnesota 37.1 37 Florida 35.5 3S Utah 33.3 38 South Carolina 33.3 40 Nevada 30 41 Arkansas 28~ 42 New Mexico 25.7 43 43 \A5 46 47 4K Colorado 25 Oklahoma 25 Illinois 18 North Dakota 17.2 Neliraska 15 Iowa XI,7 HOW MUCH WE EAT Few people hax'te any exact notion of the quantities of the various articles of food consumed per family or per person per year, or what the annual food bill amounts to; how much coffee, tea, flour, sugar, beef, pork, poultry, butter, milk, eggs, fruits and vegetables are consumed [ler person in the run of a year, or the cost of the same. Quantities and costs will vary, of course, with the income, the standards of living, the flut'tuating jirices, and the methods of (lurchase. The Biggest Item in a Small Income In general, $405 of a thousand dollar income goes for food alone. In the South Atlantic States in 1913, the average cost of the food consumed per person in the run of a year was around §84. In Gas ton county, in 55 farm homes, it was $89. This total varies froui year to year with the rise or fall of market prices. ■ Food and shelter are the biggest totals charged against a small income. The telephone and deli\ ery wagon add nearly 40 per cent to the cost of pantry supplies; that is to Bay, public markets and the market habit on part of house- wi\-es reduce the cost of paTitry bills to this extent; or so it was found by a group of people in W^ashington City a little while ago. The country over, the average annual consumption per [terson is 48 lbs. of but ter, 13 poultry, 17 1-2 dozen eggs, 152 lbs. of meat all told, 6'bushels of grain; in.the Southern States, 4 bushels of wheat. Meat Diet Below the Average In 55 farm families in Gaston county in 1413, these averages were 6.8 lbs. of coffee per person per year; jwultry 11.5 fowls; milk and buttermilk, 119.2 gal.; sugar 62 lbs.; flour 313 lbs.; pork 122lbs.; beef 2 Ibs^; butter 41 lbs.; eggs 27 doz.; apples 3.5 bu.; and potatoes 5.6 bu. Compared with 51 farm homes in Iowa, the Gaston county farmer consumed .more flour, butter, milk, vegetables and fruit; but less coffee, sugar, jwrk and beef, eggs, apples and potatoes. Food Consumed in Worh-Gangs Food supplies are bought for logging camps and road building gangs upon the following basis of consumption per labor er per year; Beaus 52 lbs.; fresh meat 547 lbs.; cof fee 30 lbs.; dried fruit 30 lbs.; canned fruit 91 gals. ;«igar l-i2 lbs.; corn meal 55 lbs.; flour 365 IIis.; potatoes 4S6 lbs.; other vegetables 219 lbs. ; tripe 20 lbs. Not all these things are served every day of course. The totals indicate the daily ratios per man. Keep Tab on the Home Pantry I Iousewi\ es interested in pantry supply totals and averages will be furnished Upou application with record blanks by the Department of Kural Economics and Sociology at the University. UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTED WHEREAS, The Summer School teach ers of the University of North Carolina recognize the great need of a higher pro fessional standard for public school^t(^ach- ers, and AVIIEREAS, We believe that this standard should be uniform throughout the state; therefore, be it KESOl.VED. 1. That we hereby en dorse the Bill ])resented to the last Legis- iature known as the Teachers’ Uniform I''xaniination and (Certification Bill. 2. That we reipiest Prof. E. E. Sams, State Supervisor of Teacher Training, to have similar resolutions read before all the teacher,^ attending the institutes in the state with a recjuest for endorsement. 3. That we request all teachers attend ing the several summer schools through out the State to endorse this Bill. 4. That all such resolutions be proper ly presented to the Committee on Educa tion in the next General Assembly. 4. That a copy of these lieto’utions sent to the state press. Committee: I. C. Griffin, Mrs. J. Beam, Miss i'lary Kilpatrick, L. CRiwford, J. II. Gentry be A. R. VERY FEW RICH PEOPLE The Federal Government collected in come taxes from individuals in North Carolina amounting to $46,566 for the year ending June 30, 1914. Eight Southern states paid more and only three ]>aid less—Arkansas, South Carolina and Mississippi. Only 1991 in dividuals in North Carolina had incomes of $2,500 and over; 237 enjoyed incomes of 10,000 and over; 28 had incomes of $20,000 and over; one^had an income be tween $250,000 and $300,000; and one, an income between $300,000 and $400,000. In 1913, North Carolina collected ui- come taxes amounting to $52,710. In 33 counties not a single individual had an income of more thau $1,250.

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