1
The news in this publica
tion is released (or the press on
receipt.
THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
NEWS LETTER
Published weekly by the
University of North Carolina
for its Bureau of Extension.
MARCH 26,1919
CHAPEL HHX, N. C.
VOL. V, NO. 18
Bditorial Board i E. C. Branson, J. G. deB. Hamilton, L, B. Wilson, D. D. Carroll, G. M. MoKie
Entered as second-class matter November U, 19U, at the fPostoffloe at Chapel HiU, N, C., under the act of August 24,1912.
CAROLINA LIVESTOCK LEVELS
THE ROAD TO TRIUMPH
You lastly, delegates of foreign nations,
who have come from so far to give proof
of your sympathy with France—you bring
me the deepest happiness which a man
can experience who believes implicitly
that science and peace will triumph over
ignorance and war, that people will learn
to agree together, not for purposes of de
struction but for improvement, and that
the future will belong to those who shall
liave done the most for suffering human
ity.
I addres.s myself to you, my dear Lister,
and to all of you illustrious representa
tives of science, of medicine, and of sur
gery.
Young people, young people, confine
yourselves to those methods, sure and
powerful, of which we as yet know only
the first secrets. And all, however no-
We your career, never permit yourselves
to be overcome by scepticism, both un
worthy and barren; neither permit the
hours of sadness which pass over a nation
to discourage you.
Live in tlie serene peace of your labora
tories and your libraries. First ask your
selves, What have I done for my educa
tion? then, as you advance in life. What
have I done for my country? so that some
day that supreme happiness may come to
you, the consciousness of having contrib-
iited in some manner to the progress and
welfare of humanity.—^Louis Pasteur on
rhis 70th birthday in 1892.
THE DON'T-WORRY FARM
1. We have faith that, one year with
another, nature is bountiful and kind.
2. Acting upon this faith we keep our
soils deep and mellow and rich and well
drained; so that they may have moisture
and strength to tide over drouths and
capacity to absorb floods.
3. We diversify and rotate our crops,
every season in some fields, after many
seasons in others, so that if nature’s ways
discountenance one crop they must smile
others into plentiful harvests.
4. We sell where and when the world
wants our products and store when it
■doesn’t need them.
5. We strive for permanence irf soil
and buildings because our plan includes
the future as well as the present.
6. We farm for the love of it first and
to make the most of it second, that the
part of the world which has no land may
eat from the bounty of ours.
7. because of these our aims we be
lieve it unnecessary to worry, easy to pros
per, and difficult to be unhappy.—Ex
change.
and vitality. It will be a powerful influ
ence in Americanization.—The Associated
Press.
A BIG HEALTH PROBLEM
Fifty percent of the 25,000,000 boys
.•and girls of school age have physical de
fects that impede normal development,
Willard S. Small, school hygenic specialist
of the I’ederal Bureau of l-lducation, said
in an address the other day before the
American Public Health Association in
dflcago.
After declaring tiiat the nation’s need
of physical education is imperative, the
ispcaker pointed out that 2,500,000 men in
the first draft were disqualified for active
military service because of physical de
fects, and added:
Being unfit for military service, they
were therefore unfit to render full service
in any capacity. They were unable to
.get fall returns from life in work and
happiness.
The physical education needed must
.-asnunie physical activity as the basic thing,
ithe speaker added. There must be whole-
tsoine physical environment, individual
(physical examination and record, and
vmedical supervision of schools.
It should provide for all persons between
rflix and 18 years of age. It should extend
its benefits to youth above the compulsory
.school age. It should provide federal aid
to permit states to carry on effective sys
tems of physical education. This federal
. Aid sliould be limited to preparation of
,) teachers for skilled service and payment
,; /or skilled service.
Tire program proposed will raise the
positive co-efficient of the physical life of
■ ' the nation. It will build morality upon
Hie solid foundation of physical soundness
THE COUNTRY PARSONAGE
1— It indicates life. Dead churches
and communities don’t believe in, much
less build, parsonages.
2— It helps the church. The parsonage
witli pastor hard by the church helps in
all phases of the church work.
3— It increases the pastor’s sphere- of
service. Living in the community makes
it easy for him to visit the sick and bury
tlie dead. This is the preacher’s greatest
missionary opportunity.
4— It helps to purify tlie social life of
the community. Our young people are
social beings and a good parsonage and a
wise pastor will see to it that the social
energies of the young people are directed
along the right channel.
5— Itmakes it much easier for thechurch
to enter upon a larger task. That is, it
makes it easier for the church to go from
once-a-month preaching services to half
or full time; to build up a standard Sun
day school; to increase the efficiency of the
auxiliaries and double its offerings to the
Kingdom enterprise.
6— It contributes to the unity of the
church and community life. It cultivates
brotherly love and Christian fellowship
and settles differences between the people
without resorting to the church confer
ences and state courts.
7— It helps to win the unsaved to the
Lord Jesus Christ and sets straight again
“trunk members” who have wanderedfar
from the paths of the Lord God of hosts,
and deepens and develops the Christian
graces that fit and prepare God’s people
for taking the world for Him whom we
crown as Savior, King, and Lord.
8— The country parsonage is an excel
lent tonic for curing the country church
of many of its present day ills and ail
ments .
9— Country churches or groups of
churches owning parsonages will find it
easier to secure and hold trained and con
secrated pastors than churches or fields
having no parsonage.
10— The country people are adundantly
able to build parsonages. It is their duty
to make moral and financial investments
in the moral and spiritual forces of the
community. No investment will yield
richer returns than money spent in par
sonage building. The ^weet, rich, inspir
ing influence of the pastor and his com
panion upon the lives of the young people
of the community will more than justify
such a course and expenditure.—G. C.
Hedgepeth, in tlie News and Observer.
THE WORLD’S IDEAL
This war has witnessed a rebirth of
democracy. A democratic association
of democratic nations is the ideal the
world is striving to attain, and of this
ideal President AVilson is the chief ex
ponent. In one of his Fourth of July
addresses he said:
‘ ‘If I did not believe that the moral
judgment would be the last judgment,
the final judgment, in the minds of
men as well as at the tribunal of God I
could not believe in popular govern
ment. But I do believe these things,
and, therefore, I earnestly believe in
the democracy not only of America
but of every awakened people that wish
es and intends to govern and control
its own affairs.”
In this faith lie went to Paris to
bind the nations together in democ
racy and peace.—John Latane, in
The AVorld’s AVork.
remedial legislation in the interest of the
'American people and not in the interest
of any body, tliereof, large or small.
I believe there is no justification in gov
ernment, where officials are elected and
lavfs made by the people, for a minority
to threaten bloodshed and anarchy unless
the majority shall submit to the will of
the minority.
I believe that America belongs to Am
erican citizens, native and naturalized,
who are willing to seek redress for their
grievances in orderly and constitutional
ways, and I believe that all others should
be taught, peacefully if we can and forci
bly if we must, that our country is uot an
international boarding house nor an an
archist cafe.
UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
LETTER SERIES NO. 161
THE SAME AGAIN
Our great American ideal, if it means
anything, means equality of opportunity.
That'means an equal chance for every boy
and every girl, high and low, rich and
poor, urban and rural, to develop him
self or herself to the fullest capacity pos
sible. In other words if the boy is tre
mendously interested in mechanics he
onglit to have an equal chance to develop
himself as an expert mechanic with the
boy who is interested in medicine and
wants to become a doctor. So with the
girl who would be a nurse, the boy wlio
would be a stock breeder, the girl who
has a taste for milinery, dressmaking, bus
iness, etc.
What it Does Not Mean
Now this does not mean identity of oppor
tunity. Equality and identity of opportu
nity are not the same. To provide identi
ty of opportunity might very well do the
very opposite of rendering opportunities
equal. To compel the boy who can express
himself best through languages to study
and become an expert business man is to
refuse him an equal opportunity with the
boy v?ho best expresses himself as a busi
ness man and is trained for it. To compel
every child in school, that is, to take ex
actly the same courses and to study them
in exactly the same way is to provide
identity but not equality of opportunity.
Clear Enough
Again to expect all pupils in school to
finish a given piece of study in a given
length of time is to provide and compel
identity of opportunity. One pupil be
cause of natural endowments or fortuitous
circumstances may be able to finish the
work of a grade, say, in one-half the
allotted time. To compel that pupil to
spend the given allotment of time in cov
ering the work of that grade is to refuse
him an equal chance of development no
less than to force the less fortunate pupil
to finish the grade in the allotted time is
a refusal to give him an equal chance.
The more you think about the applica
tions of this great American ideal of ours
the broader and more far-reaching they
appear. There are literally scores of ways
in which our schools are not applying the
principle for which we have fought and
in which we profess to believe to the ex
penditure of the last dollar and the last
man.
FARMERS’ CITY MARKETS
A city market estalilished last summer
in Trenton by tlie farm bureau of Mercer
County, N. J., was so successful that the
the plan is to be carried out tliis year on
a more extensive scale. The county agent
estimates last year’s business of the mar
ket at $500,000 wortli of farm productii
sold at wliolesale and retail.
Until last year Trenton had no market,
and for 25 years farmers had backed their
wagons up to the curb in the center of
the business section of the city. Establisii-
ment of the markets resulted from co
operation between the county agent, tlie
Bureau of Markets of the United States
Department of Agriculture, and tlie city
officials of Trenton.—U. S. Agrl. Dpmt.
News.
A NEW AMERICAN CREED
Speaking before the national press club
in AVashington, Vice-President Marshall
gave tlie following as a new creed for
Americans:
I believe tliat the American republic as
instituted by the fathers constitutes the
finest system of government ever ordained
among men and affords the machinery
for the righting of grievances without
resort to violence, tumult, and disorder.
I believe tliat every inequality whicli
exists in the social and economic condition
of tlie American people is traceable to the
successful demands of interested classes
for class legislation, and I believe, there
fore, that practical equality can be ob
tained under our fonn of government by
OUR LIVESTOCK LEVEL
Elsewhere in this issue we are present
ing a table showing the states of the Un
ion ranked in order from high to low ac
cording to the total quantity of farm ani
mals of every sort on land in farms in
1910, as per the Federal Census figures
of that year.
The calculations consider (l) the defini
tion of a lightly stocked farm area,
which is one animal unit to every five
acres, (2) the number of acres of land in
tarms in each state, and (3) the number
of animal units on hand in 1910 com
pared with the number the area is able
to support—and ought to support in or
der to be even a liglitly stocked area.
The percent for each state expresses what
is compared with what might be.
Moreover, it is important to keep m
mind tliat the results exliibited in the
table concern merely the number not the
quality of farm animals.
A similar table showing tlie livestock
levels of tlie counties of North Carolina
will appear in next week’s issue.
Too Little Livestoch
It appears tliat in 1910 we liad just a
trifle more tlian a fourth of the farm ani
mals we ought to have had on our 22 mil
lion acres of land in farms, to say nothing
of our nine million wooded acres. In other
words we were nearly 75 percent below
the level of even a lightly stocked farm
area in the census year. Only two states
—South Carolina and North Dakota—
made a poorer showing.
In 1910 we liad only tliree and a third
animal units per farm family, which is a
midget figure compared with 26.9 in Iowa
and 27.1 in Nebraska. Only South Car
olina made a poorer showing with 2.
animal units per farm family.
The simple fact is, we have too little
livestock in North Carolina to feed our
farm families, to consume waste, to re
store fertility to the soil, to reward di
versified cropping, and to keep farm la
bor steadily occupied throughout the
ily, which is around 152 pounds a year
per person, and produce a small surplus
for sale.
The small Carolina farm that has this
amount of livestock or anything like it is
rare, as we all know. But the 1910 Cen
sus of Agriculture tells the story better.
There we find that 17,000 Carolina farms
in the census year had no poultry, 42,-
000 farms had no hogs, 54,000 no cattle,
67.000 no milk cows, and 222,000 no
sheep.
It is almost unbelievable, but so the
census reports.
But these figures do not reveal in full
detail our neglect of bread and meat
crops. The same volume shows that
25.000 farms raised no corn in 1910; 183,-
000 no hay and forage; 188,000 no wheat;
and 204,000 no oats.
These figures explain why 76,000 Caro
lina farmers were forced to buy feed for
their farm aninals, and to spend for this
purpose an average of $41 apiece in 1910.
They also explain wliy our bill for im
ported food the same year was nearly 120
million dollars.
All told, they explain why the per cap
ita wealth of our country population in
farm properties is so small.
Gains Since 1910
The gains we have made in agriculture
in North Carolina have been made for
year.
most part since 1910. Until that date we
were crop-farmers merely—cotton and to
bacco farmers mainly. Since that date
our gains in food and forage crops and
in meat and milk animals have been tre
mendous—not greater than in most other
southern states but epoch-making never
theless. These gains in the South have
been due to four causes, (1) boll weevil
conditions, (2) the bankruptcy wrought
by 9-cent cotton in 1911-12, and by 6-cent
cotton in 1914-15, (3) the sky-high prices
of food and feed supplies during the four
years of war, and (4) state and federal
activities in behalf of agriculture.
The county, state, and federal funds
combined make a total this year of more
than $1,000,000 for agricultural and
vocational promotion in North Carolina.
It is a princely figure and results are
bound to follow anything like an efficient
expenditure of such a huge sum of
money.
However, we have a chance at crop and
livestock totals by counties only once ev
ery ten years, cotton alone excepted. The
1920 census will be taken in April of next
year, and then we shall have a chance to
know in some reliable way just what
states and counties have moved up, mark
ed time, or lost ground during the last
ten years.
LIVESTOCK IN THE UNITED STATES
The states are arranged in order from high to low according to tlie percent of
livestock each state was sustaining in 1910 as compared with what it might sustain
on a liglitly stocked basis; that is, one animal unit to every five acres. A '.heavily
stocked area is one animal unit to every three acres.
An animal unit is one mature horse or mule, one milch cow or a two-year-old
steer; two other cattle; two yearling colts or tour spring colts; five hogs or ten pigs;
seven sheep or fourteen lambs; or 100 laying hens—so reckoned because tliey .con
sume about the same amount of food.
The calculations were based on the acres of land in farms and the number of
farm animals of all kinds on liand in 1910 as these appear in tlie Federal Census of
that year.
The average for the state was 25.4 percent, rank 46th. Average for the United
States 48 per cent; for Iowa 87.8 percent.
H. M. HOPKINS, University of North Carolina.
The farm of average size in North Oar-
lina is 35 cultivated acres. If even lightly
stocked with domestic animals, it would
liave one horse or mule, 2 cows, 2 other
cattle, 2 liogs, 6 pigs, 7 sheep, 6 lambs,
and 50 hens; or 7 animal units all told,
in some such combination.
Livestock in this quantity would fur
nish all the meat needed by a farm fam-
Bank State
Percent
Rank State
Percent
1.
Arizona
281.0
24.
A’ermont
50.2
2.
Utah .
93.3
26.
Maryland
49.2
3.
Iowa
87.8
27.
Delaware
48.5
4.
Nevada
86.4
28.
Nebraska
44.9
5.
Idaho
85.9
29.
Oklahoma
44.7
6.
AVyoming
77.4
30.
Kansas
44.4
7.
AVisconsin
75.2
31.
Arkansas
43.9
8.
Ohio
71.2
32.
C'olorado
9.
Florida
68.5
32.
Tennessee
43.2
10.
Illinois
66.7
34.
Kentucky
41.5
11.
Indiana
66.2
34.
AVest Virginia
41.5
12.
Connecticut
66.0
36.
California
13.
New York
65.6
37.
Mississippi
39.3
14.
New Jersey
65.4
38.
South Dakota
36.3
15.
Michigan
61.8
39.
Alabama
15.
Missouri
61.8
40.
Virginia
33.0
17.
Pennsylvania
59.6
41.
New Hampshire
31.3
18.
Montana
58.8
42.
Maine
29.7
19.
New Mexico
57.7
42.
Texas
20.
Massachusetts
54.8
44.
AA’ashington
29.5
21.
Louisiana
54.2
45.
Georgia
22.
Minnesota
51.9
46.
Nortli Carolina
25.4
23.
Rhode Island
51.5
47.
South Carolina
24.
Oregon j ....
50.2
48.
North Dakota