The news in this pubii-
cation is released for the
press on receipt.
THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
NEWS LETTEE
Published Weekly by the
University of North Caro
lina for its University Ex
tension Division.
DECEMBER 21, 1921
GHaFEL hill, n. c.
VOL, VIII, NO 7
E litorial Board t o. 0. Braiison, 8. H. Hobbs, Jr., L. R. Wilson. E. W. Knight, D. D. Carroll,'J. B. Bullitt, H. W. Odum. Entered a.s second-class matter November 14,1914, at the Postofll'ce at Chapel Hill, N. C., under the act of August 24, 191*.
URBAN TENANCY
The homeless multitudes in urban
areas is the last phase of the tenancy-
problem discussed by the North Carolina
Club at the University. We are present
ing a few of the findings of Mr. J. G.
Gullick of Gastonia, N. C., who led the
Club discussion.
Tenancy ratios in the principal cities
of the country have not increased on
the whole during the last ten ; years.
But the situation is considered fa\ from
encouraging by constructive thihkers,
because with a nearly stationary ratio of
renters in these cities there has been a
great numerical increase, and some
cities have suffered both numerical and
percentage increases.
It was brought out at the Club meet
ing that fifty-seven million or 54.4 per
cent of all the people in the United
States at the present time live in rented
dwellings. These figures cover country
and city homes combined.
The 1920 statistics for city homes
alone in the country at large have not
yet become available, but judging from
the visible increase in home tenancy in
many industrial centers it is estimated
that approximately two-thirds to three-
fourths of all the homes in urban alreas
are rente^d. Ten years ago the ratios
of rented city dwellings in North Caro
lina ranged from 62 percent in Greens
boro to 77 percent in Winston-Salem,
and undoubtedly these ratios have great
ly increased during the census period.
RacK-Rented Cities
However, the facts for cities of 100,-
000 or more inhabitants have been an
nounced and these statistics show that
home tenancy runs into almost unbe
lievable figures in our principal cities.
The percent of tenants and renters in
1920 was highest in Greater New York,
in which city 87.3 percent of all the
dwellings were occupied by renters and
only 12.7 by owners. In the borough of
Manhattan, where most of the dwell-
bolshevism in every land and country.
They are certain to stand in vigorous
opposition to radical propaganda. A
man with a plot of ground and a house
of his own is not interested in plans to
dynamite the existing order of things.
Civilization is r’ooted and grounded in
the home-owning, home-loving, and
home-defending instincts.
For a fuller discussion of this -prob
lem of democracy, see the 1920-21 Year
Book of the North Carolina Club, pp.
59-76.
The Club members are now working
on the causes and possible remedies of
tenancy and their findings will be given
to the public during the college year.
THE CALIFOHNI/i WAY
It is highly advantageous, as a part
of all the process of reviving and mod
ernizing country life, to create here and
there a new community which can be
started upon the plans and principles of
today, and which is not handicapped by
the outworn methods and traditions of
the past. It is for this reason that we
have attached so much importance to
the state-aid farm colony plans of Cali
fornia under the leadership of Dr. El-
wood Mead. The state finds a tract of
land; uses its own experts to prepare
it for cultivation, lay it out,’ and sub
divide it; projects the neighborhood
facilities; advises upon the most avail
able crops; aids in the construction of
houses and farm buildings as well as in
the provision of roads, schoolhouses
and so on; and then carefully selects
the colonists.
The community organizes under a
state board of directors and a colony
superintendent, although each farm
family is in full ownership of its own
farm. With a very small amount^^of
capital of his own, the colonist makes
his beginning, but he has the benefit of
the immediate use of all the capital in
vested in his farm ar^d its improve-
tagrarTslum tenements,''apartment nients, besides the benefit of expert
houses, and family hotels, the ratio ot
tenancy rose to 97.9 percent, which
means that only twenty-one people in
every thous^ind owned the roofs over their
heads, while 979 of every thousand in
habitants lived in rented dwellings at
the mercy of their landlords. In Bos
ton, Jersey City, and Fall River, the
tenancy ratios ran beyond 80 percent.
Renters and Citizenship
But what do these figures mean? Do
the homeless multitudes concentrated
in cities constitute a problem? If so,,
why? The answer, said Mr. Gullick, is
found when one compares the citizen
ship of tenant populations, taken as a
whole, with that of home-owning pop
ulations. No one can deny that home-
ownership has a steadying, uplifting
influence in a person’s attitude toward
schools, churches, law and order, and
the like concerns of community life.
There seems to be nothing to take the
place of home-ownership in tying a
man’s heart to his community or state.
No matter if a man does have commu
nity loyalty without home-ownership,
in nine cases out of ten he would have
more of it if he owned his home. Let
a man have a home and family in any
community and it is natural for him to
have a more vital interest in that com
munity than if he did not own a foot of
soil and a home of his own. A man
owning his home or a material part of
his community will strive to make his
surroundings more attractive, for in
the first place it makes the home town
MEASURE OF A COUNTRY
James Russell Lowell
I am saddened when I see our suc
cesses as a nation measured by the
number of acres under tillage or the
bushels of wheat exported; for the
real value of a country must be
weighed in scales more delicate than
the Balance of Trade.
The garners of Sicily are' .empty
now, but the bees from all climes
still fetch honey from the tiny gar
den plot of Theocritus. On a maf^
of the world you may cover Judea
with your thumb, Athens with a
finger tip, and neither of them fig
ures in the Prices Current; but they
still lord it in the thought and action
of every civilized man.
Did not Dante cover with his hood
all that was Italy six hundred years
ago? Material success is good, but
only as the necessary preliminary of
better things.
The measure of a nation’s true
success is the amount it has contrib
uted to the thought, the moral ener
gy, the intellectual happiness, the
spiritual hope and consolation of
mankind.
advice and community facilities. He
has an amply long period of years in
which to pay off increments to the prin
cipal he invests, along with his regular
payments of interest.
California would have rendered a
great service to the nation, even if it
had definitely limited its oflScial activi
ties in this field to the organizing of
only two new farm communities. The
value of the thing lies in the fact that,
from beginning, to end, these projects
are the crystallization of the best avail
able experience and knowledge.
Great land owners in California now
see that instead of marketing their lands
in a speculative spirit, haphazard, ’ to
any purchaser who happens to come
along, they can—to far better advan
tage for themselves as well as for the
country—lay out the lands before mar
keting them, with reference to creating
an organized community. They find
available for their purposes all the ex
perience of Dr. Mead and the state au
thorities in selecting and locating colo
nists. They see the advantages of
adopting the policy of capitalizing im
provements for the settlers, on the
plan of long-time credits.—Review of
Reviews.
a more desirable place in which to live
and a safer place in which to rear his
family.
A Safe Democracy
How much chance is there for a sane,
safe democracy in any state or nation
populated by a homeless people who,
in the very nature of things, move from
place to place under the urge of neces
sity or tfie lure of opportunity, who
lack identity with the community in
which they live, who feel little respon
sibility for law and order, and who lack
a proprietary interest in schools and
churches and other agencies of pro
gress, prosperity and well-being?
It has beefi found that the homeless
multitudes of large cities are a fertile
seed-bed of irrational social impulses.
A MODERN COUNTRY BANK
In 1920 the People’s National Bank
of Charlottesville, the county seat, de
cided that the growth of its business
was wrapped up in the development of
the rural resources of Albemarle county.
It established a Department of Rural
Development, with H. R. Boswell, a
successful and intelligent farmer, at its
head. His plan was to put organizing
energy back of the regular county offi
cials, keeping the bank in the back
ground. Within a year the bank added
2,700 accounts to its list, nine-tenths of
them being farmers. Some of the
gold deposited under mountain hearth
stones for twenty years has thus been
brought into circulation and use.
Through Mr. Boswell the bank or
ganized and partly financed a triple co
operative campaign on the part of the
County Farm Agent, the County Super
intendent of Schools, and the . County
Health Officer. The appointment of
the last official was secured through an
appropriation by the local Red Cross,
Home ownership neutralizes destruc- Better farming methods, better schools,
tive socialism of every sort. Home j better health conditions, and better
owners are enemies of anarchy and roads were the objects.
The bank secured a moving picture
piachine, good films, and an operator.
It sent out invitations in the name of
the three officials to public meetings in
schools and churches in all parts of the
county. The first year thirty-five meet
ings were held and three-quarters of all
the rural population of the county at
tended them.
When the work started there was one
accredited rural high school, now there
are ten. An agricultural high school
is being built in each of the five dis
tricts. The farmers voluntarily raised
for school purposes twenty percent more
money than the total amount of the
county school tax. They paid bonuses
to get better teachers and to build per
manent cottage homes for the rural
teachers. Every country school in the
county has been furnished with an ex
cellent phonograph and records.
The bank held corn and apple shows
in its own building and tested seed corn
for all comers. Farmers’ unions for
cooperative buying and selling were or
ganized. Experts from the depart
ment of agriculture atWashingtongave
demonstrations of apple packing, prun
ing, and other works. The bank is now
introducing new forage and hay crops,
and financing the purchase of blooded
cattle, hogs, and poultry.
Concrete and other permanent roads
are being built all over the county.
Every district but one has approved
considerable bond issues to continue the
work.
Spnitary inspect^s are at work in all
the^ rural sections. Clinics are being
held in remote mountain districts, with,
special attention to the teeth of the
school children. Visiting nurses travel
the county. Both the white and
colored population are given attention.
This Tall the bank is showing at the
public meetings moving pictures of the
best and worst conditions in the county,
having taken its own films during the
summer. It is increasing and extend
ing the work. From every standpoint it
pays. —World’s Work.
EXTENSION PUBLICATIONS
The following publications of the Ex
tension Division of the University of
:^orth Carolina will be sent upon appli
cation, either free or for the prices list
ed. Address Chester D. Snell, Exten
sion Director, Chapel Hill, N. C.
The first list consists of University
Records, and the second, of Extension
Leaflets. In ordering, please so state,
giving both the number and the title of
the publication.
University Recor4s
8. Cooperative Institutions Among
the Farmers of Catawba County. Price
26c. *.
12. The Teaching of County Geogra-
phy. Price 25c.
21. Measurement of Achievement in
the Fundamental Elementary School
Subjects. Price 25c.
23. The North Carolina Club Year
Book: Wealth and Welfare in North
Carolina. Price 25c.
■ 25. Local Study Clubs. Price 25e.
27. Standard Educational Tests and
Measurements as a Basis for a Cooper
ative Plan. Price 25c. /
29. Comparative Results of a State
wide Use of Standard Tests and Meas
urements. Price 26c.
31. Compulsory Military Training.
Price 25c.
32. A Study of the Public School in
Orange County, North Carolina. Price
25c.
36. Plays for Amateurs. Price 50c.
37. Further Use of Standard Tests
and Scales as a Basis for a Cooperative
Research Plan. Price 26c.
38. The Construction of Schoolhouses.
Price 50c.
39. The Teaching of Geonietry. Price
50c.
41. N. C. Club Year Book: State
Reconstruction Studies; Price 75c.
1. Design and Improvement of School
Grounds. Price 75c. (Special Series.)
• Extension Leaflets
Vol. I, No. 10. Selections for Speak
ing in the Public Schools: I. Lee, Lin
coln, and Washington Anniversaries.
Price .10.
Vol. I, No. 12. American Ideals in
American Literature—A Syllabus. Price
,10.
Vol. I, No. 14. National Ideals in
British and American Literature. Price
.50.
Vol. I, No. 16. The Community Pa
geant. An Agency for the Promotion
of Democracy. Price .IQ.
Vol. II, No. 4. The American Uni
versity and the New Nationalism. Free.
Vol. II, No. 5. A Syllabus of Com
parative Government and National
Ideals. Price .25.
Vol. II, No. 6. Reconstruction and
Citizenship. Free.
Vol. II, No. 7. Studies in the Social
and Industrial Condition of Women as
Affected by the War. Price .10.
VoL II, No. 9. Sanitation in the
South. Price .25.
Vol. II, No. 10. A Manual for Teach-
Community Music.
ers on the American’s Creed and Our
National Flag. Price .26.
Vol. Ill, No. 1. Studies in Citizen
ship for Women. For Women’s Clubs.
Price .25.
Vol. Ill, No. 2. Country Home Com
forts and Conveniences Series. Parts
I and 11. Free.
Vol, III, No. 4. Physical Education.
Free.
Vol III, No. 5.,
Free.
Vol. Ill, No. 6. The Consolidation
of Rural Schools, Price .25.
Vol. III,. No. 7. Our Jleritag^. A
Study through Literature of the Amer
ican Tradition. For Women’s CluBs.
Price .35.
Vol. Ill, No. 8, The Consolidation
of Rural Schools.. Second Edition. Price
.25.
Vol. Ill, Nos. 9 and 10. Development
of Farm Water Power, Country Home
' Comforts and Conveniences. Series
j No. 1, Part III. Free,
I Vol. IV, No. 1. Constructive Ventures
jin Government: A-Manual of Discussion
and Study of Women’s New Part in the
* Newer Ideals of Citizenship." ForWo-
* men’s Clubs. Price .50;
' Vol. IV, No. 2, Construction of Farm
Telephone Lines, Country "Home Com-
* forts and Conveniences. Series No. 1,
Part IV. Free.
Vol. IV, No. 4. Library Extension
Service. Free.
Vol. IV, No. 5. Community and Gov
ernment. A Manual of Discussion and
Study of the Newer Ideals of Citizen
ship. Price .50.
Vol. IV, No. 6. Music at the Public
Schools. Free.
Vol. IV, No. 7. A / Study Course in
Modern Drama. For Women’^s Clubs.
Price .50.
Vol. IV, No/ 8. Community Music
Methqds and Materials. Free.
Vol. IV, No. 9. High School Athletic
Contests. .Free.
Vol. IV, No. 10. A Study Course in
American Literature. For Women’s
Clubs. Price .50.
Stamps, Checks, or Money Orders
accepted. Address: University Exten
sion Division, Chapel Hill,, N. C.
TOWNSHIPS LOSING POPULATION 1910-20
Arranged by counties, showing (1) the percent of such townships in each
county, and (2) the number losing population. The total number of townships
in North Carolina is 1016. The townships counted out because they lost terri
tory during 1910-20 were 31 in number. Sixteen townships in Hoke and Avery
are- also counted out because there are no 1910 census figures for these counties.
Of the remaining 969 townships 308 lost population .during the last census
period or nearly 32 percent. Which means that nearly one of every three town
ships in North Carolina suffered population losses 1910-20.
Based on the 1920 Census Bulletin on Population.
Department of Rural Social Science, University of North Carolina.
No. twps.
losing pop.
1
1
2
2.
3
6
3
3
2
2
3
3
2
'5
5
5
6
2
2
Rank County Pet. twps.
losing pop.
No. twps.
losing pop.
Rank County Pet. twps.
, losing pop..
1
Cumberland ..
. 0....
0
45
Washington ..
26.0
1
Gaston
0....
0
51
Buncombe. ...
28.6
1
Greene
. 0 ..
0
51
Durham
28.6
1
Jones
. 0 ...
0
51
Lee .
. 2&.6.
1
New Hanover
. 0...
0
54
Mitchell
30.0
1
Orange
0
0
54
Randolph.....
30.0
1
Sampson......
. 0
0
56
Bertie
3S;3
1
Wayne
. 0...
0
56
Craven
33.3
1
Wilson
. 0...
0
56
Dare
33.3
1
Yancey
. 0 ..
0
56
Hertford
33.3
11
Robeson
. 4.0...
1
56
Northampton.
. 33.3
12
Guilford
. 5.6,'.,
1
56
Person
33.3
13
Johnston
. 5.9..
1
56
Polk
. 33.3
14
Edgecombe ..
. 7.1...
1
63
Rowan
35.7
14
Forsyth
. 7.1...
1
63
Surry
. 35.7
16
Alamance ....
. 7.7...
1
65
Caldwell
38.5
16
Pitt
. 7.7...
1
66
Bladen
. 40.0
18
Cabarrus
. 8.3...
1
66
Perquimans ..
. 40.0
18
Lenoir
. 8.3...
1
66
Tyrrell
40.0
20
Rockingham..
. 9.1...
1
69
Burke
. 41.7
21
Martin
.lOvO...
1
70
Davie
. 42.9
22
^oore.......
.11.1...
1
70
Gates
. 42.9
22
Yadkin
.11.1...
1
72
Iredell
. 43.8
24
Anson
12.5...
1
73
Stokes
. 44.4
25
Nash
.13.3...
2
74
Cleveland
. 45.5
26
Richmond ...
.14.3...
1
74
Macon
. 45.5
27
Harnett
.15.4...
2
76
Chatham
. 46.2
27
Duplin
15.4...
2
76
Haywood
. 46.2
29
Brunswick....
.16.7...
1
78
Davidson
. 47.1
29
Carteret
.16.7...
2
79
Beaufort
. 50.0
29
Halifax
.16.7...
2
79
Catawba ... .^
. 50.0
29
Pasquotank ..
16.7...
1
79
Chowan
. 50.0
33
McDowell ....
,18.2...
2
79
Currituck
. 60.0
34
Wilkes
-.19.0...
4
79
Madison
. 50.0
35
Clay
.20.0 ..
1
79
Rutherford...
. 50.0
35
Franklin
20.0...
2
85
Ashe
. 53.3
35
Stanly
.,20.0...
2
85
Jackson
. 53.3
38
Wake
..21,1...
4
87
Hyde
60.0
39
Columbus ....
. 21.4...
3
87
Lincoln.......
. 60.0
40
Caswell
..22.2...
. ... 2
87
Mecklenburg
60.0
40
Granville ....
. .22.2,..
2
87
Montgomery
60.9
40
Union
.22.2...
. ... 2
87
Onslow
^ 60.0
40
Vance
.22.2...
2
92
Cherokee
. 66.6
44
Watauga
..23.1...
3
92
Graham
. 66.6
45
Henderson....
-25.0.*.
2
94
Alleghany ...
. 71.4
45
Scotland
..25.0.;.
1
95
Alexander ...
. 75.0
45
Swain
..26.0...
1
96
Pender
. 80.0
45
Transylvania.
..25,0...
2
97
Camden
.100,0
45
Warren
..25.0...
3
9?
Pamlico
.100.0