The news in this publi
cation is released for the
press on receipt.
THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
WS LETTEH
Published Weekly by the
University of North Caro
lina for its University Ex
tension Division.
APKIL 5, 1922
GHAPEi. HILL, N. C.
VOL. VIII, NO. 20
Editorial Board t B. C. Hraitsoii, 8. H. Hobbs, Jr., L. R. Wilson, E. W, Knight, D. i).
i
■no!',, .7. B. Bullitt, H.W. Odum.
Entered as second-class matter NoTember14,I914. at tlie Poatofflee at Chapel Hill, K. 0 , under the act of Auttust 24, IMS.
DOUBLING WEALTH IN TEN Yl ARS
SHORT: $235,000,000
The most important state-wide cam
paign that Governor Morrison has ever
waged is well under way; and it is not a
political campaign in behalf of high of
fice for himself, but an economic cam
paign in behalf of greater wealth for
North Carolina.
It is a campaign to save 235 million
dollars a year. It means right around
a billion dollars of increased wealth in
North Carolina every four years. It
means doubling the entire wealth of
the state in the next ten years.
His propositions are very simple and
entirely practicable. Let every farm
in the state, says he, feed the farm
folks and the farm animals, and let
every home, town and country, have a
garden.
And he means business. Already he
has an active organization, headed by
Mr. John Paul Lucas, for a whirlwind
campaign to accomplish these en^s.
our population increased sixteen, per
cent. 1920 census was taken l?e-
fore the spring animals came on, which
accounts in part for the decrease.
Cowless, Sowless Farais
North Carolina, too, has her cowless,
sowless farms. We have 78,957 farms,
or nearly a third of them all, with no
cattle of any description. We have
99,559 farms, or nearly two of every
five, that have no milk cows. On these
farms are more than a half million peo
ple who hardly know the taste butter
or milk, the best foods known to man.
They are mainly eastern Carolina farms,
where cash-crop farming prevails. There
is not a single eastern Carolina county
that ranks above the state average in
the production of milk or butter. Many
of these counties produce les.s than one
pound 01 butter per person per year.
Great masses bf our people do not taste
butter or milk for entire years at a
tiiue. Whcii the baby gets sick, luilk
ooixOV/tu -icn
If it is effective. North Carolina will • boLxGweJ LcUi u
hold down the 235 million dollars of cot- j heebies aivcft ,-ick fro.,, luck
ton and tobacco, wage and salaryinf^ney j Onu-tluru of 'au fai'me-vs eat
that went out of the state in i no milk because
pay for the pantry and farm supplies cows. This is deplor-
that we did not raise at home. Facmers in the North and West
These figures are minimum figures. | L,carc^I> believe It L true. Iowa
They refer to standard farm and garden
products alone—to bread-and-meat, bog
and hominy, corn, wheat and oats, and I
the like, not to extras, daintie.s and
luxuries, and not to any food or feed
that we cannot produce in North Caro
lina.
The details of the situation appear in
} b^ttv.1 breeds
,ii,y xiiiik. cows,
fcj. cattle in 1920
she bad a few
tLiii In 191G,
more dairy cattle.
As for sheep, they are almost a curi
osity in this slate. V»e raised them in
large quantities before the Civil War,
(Released week beginning April 3)
KNOW NORTH CAROLINA
Buy Carolina .Products
Students of history tell us that
the collapse of Rusia in 1918, a coun
try of 136 million souls and of untold
wealth, was due in a large measure
to inadequate industrial develop
ment. Russia had the agricultural
products, but she did not have the
stored-up manufactured goods to
withstand a devastating war.
How much more fortunate North
Carolina is! With one section de
voted almost wholly to farming and
another region largely engaged in
turning these products into salable
wares, we are organized, both agri
culturally and industrially, to take
care of our own needs. Practically
everything that the average man
uses is grown or manufactured with
in the borders of the state.
Yet our ability to supply manufac
tured goods, made in North Caro
lina, and on a competitive basis of
quality and price with other pro
ducts, is not generally known. We
need to advertise Carolina goods.
In furniture, cotton goods, blankets,
shoes, lumber, tobacco, and in many
other lines, Carolina products are as
good as the best. Why not use them?
Certainly prosperity, like charity,
must have its beginning at home.—
A. W. McLean, War Finance Corpo
ration, Washington, D. C.
bythis time. Producing cotton and to-: NEW BOOK ON SOCIAL WORK
bacco on a bread-and-nieat basis is now j American
and always has been the only sensible | , ^ c-, . , ,, ai.
farm system in the South. { J“““al of Sociology there appears the
When the boll weevil comes, we’ll | following excellentreview of the recent
produce our own food supplies or we’ll volume Education for Social Work, by
It is
go hungry in North Carolina.
Hobson’s choice.
Foodless, Foolish Farmers
The following table shows the num
ber of stockless, foodless farmers in
North Carolina in 1920: ^
Total farms in the state 269,763
Farms with no cattle 78,957
With no milk cows 99,559
With no sheep 262,022
With no goats 265,690
With no hog», 47,733
Growing no corn 36,737
Growing no oats 235,116
Growing no wheat 180,425
Growing no hay or forage 134,424
Growing no Irish potatoes 190,694
' Growing no sweet potatoes 132,533
I Having no garden 44,197
Professor Jesse Frederick Steiner of
the School of Public Welfare of the
University of North Carolina, pub
lished by the University of Chicago
Press;
r> i. The thinness of this little volume is
Pet.
29,3 significant, for it typifies in an ex-
36.9 jcellent manner the smallness of the
I body of information and opinion up to
98.6 I this time on the subject of training for
[ social work. For Dr. Steiner has said
^•2 I about all the significant things that are
87-2 to be said, to date, on the subject.
There may be difference of opinion with
in the ranks of social workers with
some of the positions of th^ author, but
it cannot well be said that he has failed
to discuss at least the outstanding as
pects of professional training of this
new profession.
The purpose is stated in the Preface
67.0
49.8
70.7
49.1
16.4
A PARENT-TEACHER HELP
A Handbook for Parent-Teacher As- j ‘to bring about a growing recognition
sociations, prepared by Professor Har-! of the scientific basis upon which the
old D. Meyer of the University School j structure of social work must be bu_fit. ’
. ... -i-cT .I. r ii- _ TT—i —- J4-„ I-Lio TQ
„ laigC .. —,
the followmg studies by Prof. S. U but today only 28 of every 1,000 farms
Hobbs, Jr., and Miss H. R. Smed^ of Our dogs increased, but
the department of Rural Social Leo- sheep decreased 60 percent during
, the last ten years. As for goats, they times as many Irish potatoes as the en- !
of Public Welfare for the University
Extension Division, has just been re
ceived from the press. . Its purpose is
to encourage the organization of parent-
teacher associations and to assist them
j with their meetings. Outlines of study
I are given, and reference books cited
I for outside reading. Package libraries
: and books have been secured by the
Extension Division for the use of those
, who make the necessary arrangements
for this service. The bulletin is divided
into three parts.
Part one concerns the Parent-Teacher
at Work. It explains the ideals and
purposes of a parent-teacher associa
tion, showing how to organize, how to
nomics at the University.
Foodless Farms
North Carolina, says. Prof. Hobbs, . ders. ' same two counties grew half as many j
has reached an enviable position as a, We have 47,733 farms that did not sweet potatoes as our entire state. One] devoted to Suggested
! have almost disappeared from our bor- ^ tire state of North Carolina. These | ^nd maintain interest, and how
Throughout the book the position is
maintained that the professional char
acter of social work depends essentially
upon a training that has scientific foun
dations to the same extent that the
other professions have, although it is
recognized that it will take some time
to reach the standards attained in the
training for the older fields.
Dr. Steiner does not hesitate to pro
nounce criticism on some of the meth
ods employed in the past, and continued
to the present, but the point of view is
essentially constructive. The difficul
ties that have been encountered by all
who have pioneered in the field are re
cognized and their point of view sym
pathetically interpreted.
The difference in the point of view of
the earlier schools that grew out of
training courses established by social
producer of crop wealth. Only four raise a single pig in 1919. Onej)f every county in Maine grows ten times as
states produced greater crop values in six farms produced no pork.
1921. We are a great cash-crop state, consumed by these farmers consisted of North Carolina. And we-can grow : - - Child Wei-
The production of crop values has be- largely of white-sides purchased from as many to the acre as any state in the : Educational Aims and School Laws,
come so nearly universal with us that supply-merchants. This meat was bought Union. But we prefer to buy them, or and Some School Programs^
many people think of agriculture as a in pound quantities at time prices, or what is worse, to do without them. Aidinir the Community and
crop-producing business solely. The came in tin cans at 1 Gardenless Farms ■ the School, Miscellaneous Subjects.
statement has been spread abroad that prices, and this m a state thau can pio- j . ^ p
North Carolina ranks fifth state in the ; duce pork as cheaply as any state in the ; And lastly, 44,197 farms in our state ; Part three contains Constitutions and
production of agricultural wealth. We ! Union. With such a ti^endous num- had no garden in 1919. These farmers Directories. Here we have the consti-
have contused crop wealth with agri-' ber of meatless and milkless farms, were too busy growing cotton and to- tutions of the National Organization,
cultural wealth because crop farming how can we be a well-fed people? ' bacco for the market to find time to the State Organization, and Local Or
is so nearly universal with us. It is interesting to note in passing grow fresh veptables for the family pnization, along with State and Na-
We are not the fifth largest producer that while we have fewer cattle now table. It is almost incredible that any tional Directories,
of agricultural wealth, because as a than ten years ago, and almost the farmer would give his whole attenton: a copy of the bulletin will be sent
livestock state we are one of the poor- same number of hogs, our horses in- to money crops and entirely pglect fee of charge to every parent-teacher
"" ' ' creased from 166,151 to 171,486, wblle , the family table. Farmers could have association in the state, to every high
our mules increUed from 174,711 to sohool principal and to every superin-1 lent chapters are given to an analysis
256 569 or nearly fifty percent. The . with just a little attention, but one of tendenf. Additional copies may be se-I of this problem and to constructive sug-
’ ^r. t-Fio efflip riroHiippa .1 4.U., i Eio geg^jong for the establishment of social-
est developed in the entire Union. In
many states livestock and animal pro
ducts are the chief source of cash in
come for the farms, it is setdom con
sidered in this state, for only about a
fourth of the farm wealth we create
each year comes from the sale of live
stock and livestock products. The status
of the eastern half of North Carolina,
the great tenant, cash-crop area, as a
livestock region is pitiful.
Neither is our s},ate even moderately
developed as a producer of the food
crops needed for home consumption.
Cur bill for imported food and feed sup
plies is 235 million dollars a year for
milk in tin cans, for meat in tin boxes,
for potatoes, flour, canned fruits, and a
thousand other things which we can
raise as cheaply as they can be raised
anywhere in the nation. Our farmers
do not produce enough to feed them
selves, much less the nearby town and
city dwellers. These two hundred and
thirty-five million dollars must be re
tained in this state if we are ever to
become a wealthy agricultural people.
If our farmers could retain a fair pro
portion of the wealth they annually pro
duce they would become rich. But a
■system of agriculture based almost en
tirely on cash crops, in which the mar
ket value of the crops is consumed in
producing them, can never be a safe or
sane system.
It is the common opinion that we are
rapidly developing as a livestock state,
We have improved our breeds some
what, but it is doubtful if we are better
off in numbers than in 1910. At that
time we were 75 percent below the level
of even a lightly stocked farm area. A
lightly stocked farm state means a state
with one animal unit to every five acres
— an animal unit being a horse, a cow,
five hogs, or 100 fowls, and so on. In
1920 we were 80 percent below the level
■of a lightly stocked farm area. Our
livestock units actually decreased while
The meat many’lrish potatoes as the entire state j These are arranged in six | universities
mLii. r.ldino. And we. can«ow’g™“P"’tensubjects_toeachgroup.Jhe recently entered the
field is recognized. The position is
frankly taken that the universities
must assume the chief responsibility
for this training as they have for legal,
medical, educational, and engineering
training. The contributions, however,
that the schools maintained by practi
cal workers have made are clearly rec
ognized, and the need of the universities
making use of it is pointed out.
Probably the greatest contribution
made in the study is the analysis of the
problem of securing facilities for labo
ratory and clinical study. Two excel-
advent of the automobile, tlie farm every six farmers in the state produces cured at the following rates; 1 copy 50
truck and the tractor, has had no visi- no home-grown vegetables whatsoever, ^ents, 12 copies ?4.B0, 100 copies $25.
ble effect on diminishing the number of . With idle For further information regarding
work laboratories and clinics. The dis
tinction between these two types of
our workstock. An increase in mules with idle weeks and months they find this bulletin and the programs, it con- [ facilities is one which has not always
and horses means an increase in cotton no place or time to produce vegetables address The Bureau of Public | been clearly recognized in the training
^ University Extension Di-■ schools.—Cecil C. North, Ohio State
University.
and tobacco farming. Nearly nine-. for the family use. ' Djgcussion,
tenths of all the mules of the nation The simple truth is that thousands of vision, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,
are in the South, and most of them are our farms do not begin to feed the farm
in use by negro tenants on cotton farms, family and livestock. The people on
Tavr-ic these farms live on short rations espe-
Feedless k. arms ^ ■ dally in lean years. Their diet is ill-
Just as we buy large quantities ot ^j^i^nced and insufficient. They are un
milk and meat in tin cans,^ so do i ^jernourished, their children badly fed
buy flour in sacks, and hay in bales in physical development stunted,
almost unbelievable amounts. We pro-, could it be otherwise when a hun-
duce barely more than half the corn
needed for home consumption, and 16,-1 butter or milk, when
737 farms did not grow a corn j thousand farms have no;
in 1919. The farms growing no oats ^ half of all our farms pro-
numbered 235,116 or seven-eights sweet potatoes, and seven-,
them all. We produced in the state i them no Irish potatoes, when ,
less than half the \%heat consumed. We [ farms have no gardens and pro-,
imported nearly six million bushels of j vegetables? The Army Draft
wheat because 180,425 farmers, or more i humiliating tales on us in this mat-
than two-thirds of them all, grew no News Letter of March 8, |
..... A /. I , _ £ *
wheat. Half ot the farms of the state
produced no hay or forage for their
workstock. Many thousands of them
were tenant farmers who own no work
animals, no cows, no hogs, no poultry,
and raised little or no food and feed for
man or beast. Nearly exactly half the
farmers ot the state bought the feed
they might have produced at home, and
spent in this way twelve and a quarter
million dollars in cold cash.
The two heaviest yielding standard
farm crops known to man are sweet
and Irish potatoes. Every farm in North
Carolina can grow either of these. They
are grown in every county in the state,
but not by nearly exactly half of our
farmers in the case of sweet potatoes,
and not by seven-tenths of our farmers
in the case of Irish potatoes. Two Vir
ginia counties grew more than three
IMPORTED FOOD AND FEED SUPPLIES
In North Carolina in 1920
$235,000,000 is the Bill
Based on the 1920 census of Quantities and Farm Values.
1922, published the facts.
Farm people should be the best fed |
of all people. They ^ould and could
have a well-balanced diet, with just a
little attention to food production.
Every farm in our state should feed it
self first. Our farmers would produce
surpluses for sale in our towns and
cities if only our towns and cities would
settle the local market problem for
home-raised food and feed supplies.
Instead the people of North Carolina
spend 236 million dollars a year for im- 1
ported food and feed supplies. Neg-1
lecting home-raised food crops and buy-1
ing farm supplies of this sort with cot
ton and tobacco money is a hopeless
way of getting rich and getting on and
up in the world. We have tried it for |
seventy years and we ought to know it
Food and
feed needed in 1920 for man and beast, $482,022,000; produced in the state,
$247,447^000. What we do not produce in North Carolina must of course
be imported from other states and countries.
The bill for imported food and feed in 1920 was therefore $234,575,000,
and this figure covers only standard staple food and feed crops, not extras,
dainties, luxuries, etc. If these be included the bill is many millions larger.
Miss Henrietta R. Smedes,
Department of Rural Social Economics, University of North Carolina
Food and Feed Needed
For 2,560,000 people at $165 a year $396,800,000
468,000 work-animals at $78 a year 36,604,000
498,000 dairy cows at $37 a year 18,426,000
199,000 other cattle at $16 a year 3,184,000
92,000 sheep at $3 a year 276,000
1,362,000 sv/ine at $13 a year 17,706,000
117,000 animal units of poultry at $78 a year 9,126,000
Total food and feed needed $482,022,000
Food and Feed Produced
Food and feed crops $172,520,000
Dairy products, not consumed on farms 14,912,000
Poultry products 18.080,000
Honey and wax 366,000
Animals sold and slaughtered, estimated 41,679,000
Total food and feed produced $247,447,000
Deficit $234,576,000