The news in this publi
cation is released for the
press on receipt.
THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
NEWS LETTER
Published Weekly by the
University of North Caro
lina for the University Ex
tension Division. --
APRIL 22, 1925
CHAPEL HILL, N C.
THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS
VOL. XI, NO. 23
Ediiorial B,„.rl. E. C. Branson, S. H. Hobbs, Jr., L. E. Wilson. E. W. Knight, D. D. Carroll, J. B. Bullitt, H. W. Odom.
Entered as sscood-ciass mattor November 14, 191.1, at the Postoflico at Chapel Hill. N. C., under the act of August 24, 1912
S 5. DEEP RIVER SURVEY
In the last week’s issue there were
presented certain unfavorable condi
tions which exist on a number of rather
small streams in the state, on which
are located individual water power de
velopments. It was shown that these
inefficient conditions could be greatly
improved by giving thought to the de
velopment of the stream as a whole,
instead of piecemeal. This week we
are to consider a thorough investiga
tion recently made by the state to in
dicate what actually could be done on a
typical stream of the class under con-1
sideration. j
The Deep River rises in Guilford
county, the two chief forks coming to
gether just above Jamestown. The
river flows in a general southeasterly
direction through Guilford and Ran
dolph counties to the Moore county
^ line. From there it flows nearly due
east to Carbonton, and thence in a
northeasterly direction to Moncure,
where it unites with the Haw River to
form the Cape Fear. The total length
is about 114 miles, and the total drain
age area about 1,340 square miles. The
river is typical of a number of Pied
mont streams.
Surveying a River
Late in 1922 nine .’of the mill and
power interests on the river agreed to
contribute one-half t.he expense of
water power investigation of the
stream, to be carried on by the^Geolog-
ical and Economic Survey, now the
Department of Conservation and De
velopment. Field work was carried
on during the summer of 1923, and a
detailed report issued in 1924. Free
copies'of the report may be obtained
from 'the Department.
First a complete plan and profile of
the river was made, showing the loca
tion of all existing developments, and
the amount of fall at each. All of the
undeveloped fall was measured, and
possible dam sites capable of economic
development were investigated. Ac
curate levels were run along the river,
and in many instances were the first
authentic elevations to be established
in various towns. The investigation
brought out the following points.
1. The total fall from the crest of a
proposed 40-foot dam near Jamestown
to the mouth of Deep River near Mon
cure is 612 feet in a distance of 114
miles. The fall now developed is 302
feet. Of the 310 feet now undeveloped
the investigation indicates how 247
feet may be economically developed,
utilizing 90 percent of the total fall on
the river. The river would then be
just a succession of ponds for almost
its entire length.
Storing Flood Waters
2. Stream flow studies indicated a
very' ^.’’W discharge during the low-wa
ter Months of each year. Many exist
ing plants had to shut down at these
times, or depend wholly on steam
power. Yet large quantities of water
flowed over the present dams in times
of flood, and produced no power. In
vestigation showed that most of the
dams were from 15 to 20 feet high,
and were nearly filled with silt, so as
to be able to store little or no water.
Three economical undeveloped dam sites
were found where dams of 40-, 50-, and
SO foot height respectively could be
built, creating large storage reservoirs
where excess flood waters could be
retained for use during dry periods.
By means of these reservoirs the de
pendable low-water stream flow could
be increased three times, which would
increase the low-water power at all
present plants by the same amount.
Moreover, the destructive effect of
floods would be lessened, and the ero
sion occasioned thereby reduced.
3. Silting at present power dams was
investigated, and , -indicated that at
many plants nearly half the available
power is lost through inability to store
the night flow because the ponds are
filled up. Methods for removing silt
were studied, and this part of the inves
tigation especially has been widely quot
ed in national engineering periodicals.
periods. Secondary power is power
which can be produced for shorter
periods. The investigation showed
that at present plants in operation
there is developed 279 feet fallen Deep
and Rocky Rivers, with 1,147 twenty
four-hour primary horsepower and 4,597
secondary seven-months horsepower
theoretically available. If the rivers
are fully developed in accordance with
the scheme recommended, 604 feet fall
will be developed, and there can be pro
duced 8,160 primary twenty-four-hour
horsepower, and-6,774 twenty-four-hour
secondary horsepower. If the power is
used only during a ten-hour day and the
total flow canbetised, this is equivalent I
to 39,400 primary and 16,370 secondary
horsepower.
Super-Power on Small Scale
5. It happens that at the lower end !
of the river are located the Deep R.iv-1
er coal fields. These are admirably |
situated for supplying cheap fuel to a
large auxiliary steam power station,
which could supply power during those
parts of the year when the stream
flow was low. Such a station would
enable the secondary power to be used
as primary power, and would permit
the development of 16,000 primary
twenty-four-hour horsepower available
all the time during an average year. ’
This steam power would be far cheaper
than that now produced at the small
local plants, both because it would
be made from cheaper coal, and be
cause the "tjlant would be more effi
cient. One such mouth-of-mine steam
plant is already located near Gulf.
6. An interesting illustration of the
value of the proposed storage reser
voirs is in their effect upon existing
plants. If the storage projects were
developed these plants could produce on
a twenty-four-hour basisj'over 1,700
primary horsepower more than they
now produce.
7. In order to make the scheme for
complete development of the river
effective, it is necessary that all of
the plants should be interconnected by
transmission lines, so that surplus
power at one plant might be sent to
another plant, and the power from the
mouth-of-raine steam plant] at the
bottom of the river could be transmit
ted up stream. Moreover, the new de
velopments on the river] would then
only have to be power plants pure and
simple, the output being transmitted to
the existing mills which are in need of
more power or to new industries which
might locate where there were good
railroad facilities, and at some distance
from the river. In short, under the
scheme proposed, there would be ere
THE PRINTED PAGE
It is not my purpose to emphasize
the importance of reading, the in
fluence of the printed page upon
modern life—it is so evident that
emphasis is superfluous—it would
be arguing the obvious. Civiliza
tion as a process must have a me
dium through which to express it
self. Since the invention of print
ing, the printed page has been the
main medium through which the
collective experience of the human
race is recorded and passed on to
society.
Lack of communication, or a re
sult of the lack of reading, is one of
the outstanding causes of the origin,
or at least of the duration, of the
Dark Age. In that age the collec
tive experience of the race in the
past could not be added to the per
sonal experience of the individual.
The individual is not only a member
of his family or group, but also of
a larger unit which runs back to
primitive man, and if the line of
connection is cut or clogged, we
have a low ebb in civilization.
Reading by presenting to us the
past and the present, by reveal
ing to us what others are doing and
what they have done, throws light
upon our present problems and
future difficulties. It has on the one
hand the potential power to develop
breadth of citizenship, fullness of
life. It renders the individual’s vo
cation more profitable and illumi
nating, his leisure time more enjoy
able, his understanding of public
questions more adequate, his con
ception of life more versatile—in
fact in every way it renders him
more capable to adapt himself to an
ever-changing social environment
and more susceptible to the needs
of a multifold society. On the other
hand, by fostering an adequate un
derstanding, it renders the social
structure able to cope with social
complexes and to meet adequately
the demands of a diversified life,
and to prepare the individual to live
—not merely to exist. Only in this
way is society able to present to
the individual an opportunity for an
harmonious dvelopment equal to his
natural ability and to insure a de
mocracy co-extensive with the de
mands of a complex life.—Orlando
Stone.
DOES NORTH CAROLINA READ
times as much as the Southern states,
which occupy the cellar position.
The table brings out some interest
ing facts. Puritanic New England is
the most conspicuous rival of the un
conventional far West. The Rocky
: Mountain states—and mountains gen
erally make contacts difficult—rank
, high in reading. Broadly speaking the
agricultural Middle-West and the in
dustrial Middle-Atlantic states occupy
almost the same position, whereas the
Middle West and the farming South re
fuse to be classed together, the former
reading more than twice as much as the
latter. The South reads less than
half as mucl> as all other sections of
the United States combined.
Our Women Read Little
The second question, to what extent
do the circulations of the different
types of magazines vary, is answered
in part by the accompanying table
which shows the rank of the states in
the reading of women’s magazines.
This table shows the circulation of a
group of eleven women’s magazines
that had in 1924 a combined circulation
of 12,721,760. By comparing this table
with the one showing the distribution
of 47 general magazines it will be seen
that the states rank almost exactly
the same in each case. California ranks
first with one copy of the_ women’s
magazines for every 4.6 persons. Ore
gon and Washington follow in close suc
cession; whereas North Carolina ranks
forty-third, the same rank that she
occupied in the table carried last week
which showed the rank of the states as
readers of the 47 leading magazines of
all types.
One women’s magazine comes into
North Carolina for every 18.06 intiab-
itants, while the average for the
United States is one copy for every
8.31 inhabitants. In other words, the
women of North Carolina read less
than half as much as the women the
country over just as the state reads
less than half as much, all magazines
considered, as the average fhr the
Carolina
read. As a reader of magazines only
five states of the Union m?ke a poore?
showing. -The rank of tlie states in
the circulation of newspapers will be
^ future study.—Orlando
THE CIRCULATION OF “CLASS” MAGAZINES IN 1924 ~
The following table shows the rank of the states in the circulation of "class”
magazines, magazines that appeal to a particular class of people The
class magazine|,xionsidered are as follows: Field and Stream . a
ct:™;! Scientific Im:"'
United States average, one magazine for every 86.24 inhabitants.
Orlando Stone, Research Fellow
Institute for Research in Social Science, University of North Carolina
Rank States
tions: (1) What is the status of the
various divisions of the country in
reading? and (2) to what extent do
the circulations of different types of
magazines coincide?
Forty-Seven Magazines
The answer to the first question is
ated along Deep River a small-scale given in the following table which
super-power district, with existing and shows how the various geographic
potential capacity to meet’ithe] power \ areas rank as readers of the 47 leading
needs of the region for a long time in ' niagazines with a nation-wide circu
the future. j lation.
The best test of an investigation of Rank Group Inhabitants
the sort outlined is whether business
interests regard it feasible to carry
out. In this particular case the two
Primary and Secondary Power
4. By primary power is meant that
power which can b3 produced for prac
tically all the year, even in the driest
small power companies located on the
river, and which would normally have
become the nucleus of the expansion of
the scheme, were bought out by one
of the largest power companies in the
state as soon as the results of the
vestigation began to develop. It will
be interesting to note whether these
purchases were consummated with the
idea of helping to develop Deep River
as a power asset to the state under
some such plan as outlined, or whether
they were made to gain control of
a vital link in the carrying out of Ihe
scheme and prohibit or greatly hinder
the competition which might have de
veloped from more efficient utilization
of the power producing capacities of the
river. Whatever the outcome of this
aspect of the matter it is a fact that
several of the mill interests which co
operated in the investigation are going
forward with plans based upon the re
sults of the investigation.—Thorndike
Saville.
WOMEN’S MAGAZINES
in the last issue of the News Letter
there was carried a table showing the
rank of the states as readers of the 47
prominent magazines with nation-wide
circulation. After glancing over the
study the reader might ask two ques-
per Magazine
Oregon, Wash-
1.99
1 Far West:
California,
ington
2 New England:
Connecticut, Maine, Massa
chusetts, New Hampshire,
Rhode Island, Vermont 3.11
3 Mountain:
Arizona, Colorado, Idaho,,
Montana, New Mexico, Ne
vada, Utah, Wyoming 3.46
'4 Middle West:
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kan
sas, Michigan, Minnesota,
Missouri, Nebraska, North
Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota,
Wisconsin 3.54
Middle Atlantic:
Delaware, District of Colum
bia, Maryland, New Jersey,
N-ew York, Pennsylvania
6 Southern:
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,
Georgia, Kentucky, Louis
iana, Mississippi, North Ca
rolina, Oklahoma, South Ca
rolina, Tennessee, Texas,
Virginia, West Virginia 7.36
United States average 3.97
The South Ranks Low
The states on the Pacific, with one
magazine for every 1.99 persons, easily
outrank other sections, reading about
60 percent more than the New Eng
land states, and three and seven-tenths
Inhabitants
per Magazine
1 California 39.92
2 Oregon 48.96
3 Washington 54.04
4 i^evada 56.41
5 Wyoming 68.16
6 Montana 74.06
7 M'ichigan 74.09
8 Arizona 74.30
9 Florida 76.93
10 Connecticut 80.46
11 New York 80.81
12 Colorado 81.48
13 Idaho 81.86
14 Utah 83.17
15 Ohio 84.71
16 Maine 86.46
17 Massachusetts 86.89
18 Illinois 88.34
19 New Hampshire 91.33
20 Minnesota 98.28
21 Pennsylvania 102,85
22 New Jersey 103.44
23 Vermont 106.04
24 Indiana 106.93
Rank States Inhabitants
OK XT u 1 Magazine
25 Nebraska Ill 37
26 Rhode Island 115 29
27 Wisconsin jjg
28 Iowa 117 53
29 Missouri 224 91
30 South Dakota 125 37
31 Maryland 12S 16
32 Kansas 229.'66
33 West Virginia 130 87
34 Delaware 232 34
35 Oklahoma 236 63
36 Texas 142.66
37 New Mexico 242 88
38 North Dakota 248 12
39 Louisiana 292 41
40 Virginia 220.'91 '
41 North Carolina 244.00
42 Tennessee £44 31
43 Arkansas £58 89
44 Georgia 28o!o8
45 Kentucky 327 ^72
46 Alabama 322 28'
47 South Carolina 337 32
48 Mississippi • _ 421 03
DOES NORTH CAROLINA READ
The Circulation of Women’s Magazines in 1924
The following table shows the rank of the states as readers of women’s
magazines The table is derived by dividing the total circulation of women’s
magazines by the population.
California ranks first with 4.60 inhabitants per women’s magazine and Mis
sissippi ranks last with 24.89 inhabitants per women’s magazines in’circulation
in the state. Only^five states rank below North Carolina. * °
United States average, one women’s magazine for every 8.31 inhabitants
The magazines whose circulation this table concerns are* Delineator Desivn
er and Women’s Magazine, Good Housekeeping, Ladies’ Home ’ Journal'
McCall’s Magazine, Modern Priscilla, People’s Home Journal People’s Pnnnl„:
Monthly, Pictorial Review, Vogue, and Woman’s Home Companion. ^
Orlando Stone, Research Fellow
Institute for Research in the Social Sciences, University of North Carolina
Rank States
3.64
Inhabitants
per Magazine
1 California 4.60
2 Oregon 4.67
3 Washington 6.37
4 New Hampshire 5.46
6 Wyoming 5.69
6 Vermont 6.94
7 Iowa 6.19
8 Ohio ... 7 6.26
9 Michigan 6.31
10 Connecticut 6.35
11 Massachusetts 6.38
12 Maine 6.39
13 Colotado 6.52
14 Nebraska 6.63
16 Nevada 6,83
16 Indiana 7.08
17 New Jersey 7.21
18 Minnesota.... 7.23
19 Montana 7.40
20 Kansas 7.41
21 Rhode Island 7.60
22 Illinois 7.78
23 South Dakota 7.81
24 Pennsylvania 7.85
Rank States
Inhabitants
9K M V , Magazine
2o New York ^ 97
25 Florida
27 Wisconsin
28 Delaware
29 Idaho
7.97
8.03
8.18
8.20
30 Missouri §22
31 North Dakota 9 05
32 Maryland o qa
33 Utah
34 West Virginia
35 Arizona.
9.66
9.86
9.93
3.6 Oklahoma 2.I 17
37 Texas 11 80
38 Virginia 23.49
39 New Mexico 14 32
40 Kentucky * ” 24.42
41 Tennessee 16 83
42 Arkansas 2g*Q2
43 North Carolina islofl
44 Louisiana igj44
45 Georgia 21 64
46 Alabama - 22 01
47 South]Carolina 22 83
45 Mississippi j 24[89