Ik Americas M automatically tee
image* of African people being
brought to Ac South ki work on btg
crops. awl serving Acir owners in any
other way tie mandril This is a
' justifiable image of slavery la Ac
America* but M k aa Acomplese one.
| A good friend from Cbitimacha
territory, Larry Rlchanl, recently
pointed out that mocb mote study
needs to be done into the historical
? - _/ t- ?t 1_
efkiiavcmem ov inui.m peopie
Richard is beginning research
which looks at Indian slavery in
He has polled together some <
impressive number*: ft*example, his
research indicates that in one -
Bolivian mine. fHntwi. as many as
four mtllioo Indian slaves worked
(and died). Listening to Richard talk
aboot this topic, and looking over what
he wrote aboot it. started me to
wondering what other evidence I
might be able to find here at
Pembroke Stale University
concerning Indian slavery in the
American.
From the very beginning of
Eeropean contact with Native
Americans, the "explorers" were
thinking vt Indian people as potential
slaves. Christopher Columbus wrote
hack lo Spain thai this new land he
had found could supply as many
Indian slaves as the king and queen
might require. The Portuguese
explorer. Oaspur Cone-Real, took I
shiploads of Indian slaves from I
Labrador in 1901 (the word Labrador I
translates lo "a place from which I
labor material comes").
Aylirio took lathan slaves in the
Civolinas in the 1920s. When Cahcza
de Vaca and Estevanico left the
11 1 1
Southeast in the 153* and headed for
what know New Mexico, Wey wew
net by a column of Spanish aoidien
who were oat oa a slave-raiding
expedition (ram Mexico. When <k
Soto marched artxmd from Florida to
dw Carolina, in the 1540a. he look
many kalian .laves a. porters for hie
soldier*
French colonists also were heavily
involved in Indian slavery Sp many
Pawnee Indians were *okl by Apache.
Osage and Comanche raiders to the
French settler* in the Mississippi
Valley thai the settler* believed the
Preach wont ft* Pawnee (Pan/) meant
all Indian slaves in general.
English colonists aim got into
the act from New England to
Georgia during much of the 17th and
J8tb centuries. Indian* were being
enslaved. Some of them were put to
work here in the colonies, while many
other* were sold in Boston and
Charleston and sent hi the plantations
of the Caribbean. Alter animal lur*.
Indian slaves were the second mint
common item offered, in trade by
Indian, seeking to conduct business
with cokmist*.
Some of the English colonial
traders became so greedy that they
actively encouraged "friendly"
Indians to make rakJs on other Indian
nation* solely for the purpose of
taking Indian skive* to he sold in
Charleston (for example, the case of
Long and Wiggaii. who convinced the
Chenikce hi make a slave raid on (he
Yuchiin 1714). This problem became
so rampant that the Board of
Commissioners of die Indian Trade
ruled that Indian slave* could ma he
sold in CharlcMtm if they had been
seized on these purely slave-raiding
expedition* The Commissioners
?
further stated thai India* stoves could
be sokl only if *ey had been taken
in ordinary warfare between tribes
only if they had been held by then
Indian captors for a period of three
days prior to their being add. This
suggests that a very great many
imtiaiw were bams enslaved during
this period
The America) Revolution and
the founding of the United States of
America woold not he the end of
iivtian enslavement. IiyHar**
who resisted removal to Oklahoma in
the period surrounding the infamous
"Trail of Tears" were enslaved (see
Angie Debo's History of the Indians
of ike United States). When
California became a state in 1830.
some of its rust stale laws allowed
Indians to be enslaved, and prohibited
them from testifying in court Debo
cites a California newspaper article
from 1854: "Abducting Indian
children has become quite a common
practice. Nearly all of the children
belonging to some of the Indian tribes
in the northern part of the state have
been stolen. They are taken to the
southern part of the state and there sold
(1972; page 165)."
Thus for more than 350 years of
the earliest written history of
America. Indian slaves were a
constant part of the picture. There is
no reliable way U> calculate precisely
how many Indians were enslaved
during this long period, but h is clear
that the number must have been very
large indeed.
For more information about
Native Americans and slavery during
historic times, visit the Native
American Resource Center in Old
Main Building, on the campus of
Pembroke Stale University
Application
Deadline
AY'1' 4> i$: '? B ' *v '<
Extended
V
The application deadline for the
Junior Mjm Lumber Pageant lias beet i
extended until Jutv .It. I?H4
Applications may be obtained ai ihr
Maui Office of Lumbee Regional
Development Association in
contact James Monroe Chaws* (9IOi
521-8602
Municipal Association
Elects Officers , ,
. ...L *?'
f i NI'W w f ATflO *"*K ? w
The Robeson County Municipal
Association, at its meeting in Max ton
on June 30. 1994 elected its officers
for fiscal year 1994/1995 Elected as
PresidentAThainnan. to serve in the
office held by Robeson County
Commissioner. Mr. Noah Woods, is
Pembroke's Mayor. Milton R Hunt
Elected as Vice President/Chairman
to serve in the office held by
Proctorville's mayor. Hal D. Ivey. is
Rowland's "Mayo*. Mitchell H.
Walker. Appointed as Secretary for
the Robeson County Municipal
Association, in the office held by
Robeson County Manager's Office
Records Specialist. Mr Kenntth R
Prevatte s Pembroke's Town Clerk.
Ms JoAnn Neville. The next meeting
of the Association will be held in
September and will be hosted by the
Town of Fairmont.
Vote for
Emma Lee Locklear
District 13
(Prospect Community)
Lumbee Tribal Council
Saturday, August 27, 1994
J 6:30 a.m.-7:30 p.m.
^CowwWktoEcoBOwkDiw^
A11or^y*n?]co"nselo" At Law
ARNOLD LOCK LIAR
ARLYI JACOBS
RONNIC SUTTON
lis OR AD Y HUNT
821-3413
W V? . : .'? . ? ; * , ,
ROWLAND MANOR APARTMENTS
S02 B. McConnick St
Rowland. NC 2S353
New I Mtmm AfWtMMtS
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fcinfl dhtnn 111 pmfi -ttfrlaa wialarpiSmWMwdi
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I iWal lJRll?AnilabieBdlCSPP#'
/\ Uafead Mimimm
L=J K) Bo* 42934
WLMOMNC FeywMk. NC 2S309
oqOKVUMrr nam: ?t*32MM*
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tAjL
Dear Miss Coonee
Now. we'vegots whole passel of i
folks running for tntel council and 1
tribal rhnirmsr That's the way a
democracy worts. Miss Coonee
Everybody gits a chance 10 throw in
their mane According to what our i
dth-gnfc* have done, a candsdatr has i
to eit 40% of the vole if 3 or more are
naming for the same seat CM Wiz I
agrees with this, even though he hates i
theidcaofhavingtogohackand vote <
again But. when you got so many
candidates running for the same seat
ain't much you can do but let the i
people weed them out Itsajobnoone
wants, but ittajob that has to be done <
and our constitution lets the people
do just that
The bovs at the store said some ot
these candidates ate courting these
delegates mighty hard for their
support. Now. these here candidates
ought to have better seme. Miss
Coonee They ought to know that the
people naming an election can't be
taking sides with any of these here
candidates. And, the way Old Wiz
heard it. the delegates and their
advisors have told some of these
candidates this, hut some of these
candidatesain'tlisteningtoowell. If
these delegates are gitting a little j
upset at some of these candidates ,
who want to use their good name to |
promote their own campaigns. Old
Wiz can't say that he blames them
la case the people don't know, we
got us 7 people running for tribal
chairman. Now, that's a lot of people
for ooe seat. Miss Connee And. it's
ooe ot tone seats where no more than (
one person can sit in it at a time. But.
I reckon Old W iz feels good about the
tine people who have stepped forward 1
for this seat and the council seats 1
This is what a democracy is all about 1
Now. our job is to weed them out by '
figuring out which one of them is the J
best for the seat
I reckon people might be looking *
for Old Wiz to tell them which way to s
^tejJ>utJ^in^|oin?jodo^
Coonee. I'm like those delegates oo
this one. People just got to nuke up
their owo minds. But 1 will say this:
The best way to judge any man or
woman is oo his record, because only
God knows what is in his heart Now.
Old Wiz ain't supporting any
candidate that was against our
constitution. As for these people who
have jumped oo the band wagon and
didn't lift a finger to help us oo our
constitution when them boys at the
LRDA was fighting against it. I just
ain't got a whole lot of respect for
them either. The way Old Wiz sees it.
any man or woman that voted against
our constitution just shouldn't be
sitting in any seat where he has to
uphold it. And. any man or woman
that couldn't support the people when
they needed their help just ain't the
kind of person that Old Wiz can ha ve
any confidence in But. the people
should make up their own mind about
these dungs. Miss Coonee. just like
Old Wiz has made bis mind
Speaking of them LRDA boys.
Old Wiz picked up a rumor that the
LRDA is wanting to cloae down
our Indian paper According to what
Old Wiz heard, they've put the
Sanchez man up there next to the
Hardin man and be s suppose to shut
town our Indian paper Thais what I
neard. MissConnee. C'ourse.Old Wiz.
never believed in the first place them
boys were for the people. Instead of
helping our people stay in their
business, they want to put them out of
business At least, thats the way Old
Wiz sees it. But, if I were you, Miss
Connee. I wouldn't worry too much
rbout them boys. Theyjustdon't like
?v bat they read in the paper, bid the
est of us sure likes it. And, if it's any
elief to you. there's sure more of us
hen these LRDA boys. But, I believes
ve need to look into this. Miss
onnee The way I see it there's got
o be law against people taking our
a x payers' money and using it to
uppress the fieedom of speech, if
bats what they're up to. Miss Coonee.
Old Wiz will jus* have to check into
that H gits mighty frurtrating, Miss
Coonee. when we know ourta* money
is being used by these LRDA boys
and foey keep ? anting to uae it against
the people Now, MisaConnee, if01
Wiz reads something in the Indian
paper he don't like, and sometime* I
do, 1 juel throw the paper in the tnah
Oi Wiz ant never even considered
closing down the Indian paper hist
cause he dito't like what he read. Bin
I reckon. Miss Coonee. that OI Wiz
|ust ain't as mean as some of them
LRDA boys seem to be That's the
headings thing I over heard. But Oi
Wiz is old and he's seen a lot and
heard even more than he's seen. I.m
gonna just keep praying for them
LRDA boys. Miss Connee. and hope
that some of them's praying too. Oi
Wiz is still praying for our delegates
and our attorney and goona pray too
tor them candidates and all of us
that's gorma voce on our tribal council
and tribal chairman.
to
Subscribe
521-2826
|
i" ' ' ? J
Elect It
Gary Wayne Locklear
? District (A ,
(North "Pembroke)
Lumbee Tribal Council
Saturday, August 27, 1994
6:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. j
^""""^il^e^^Ier^rnovision^h^eop/^erijh!^
Vote for and Elect
Jerry Ray McNeill
Lumbee-Cheraw Tnbal Council
District 5
(Rennert <? Red Spring^# Precincts)
Saturday, August 27, 1994
6:30 A.M.-6.30 P.M.
"A mayfof vision for now and the future." |
IIMMMMM I
| llA Cffllftlk "(? ItMMI L |
Phwrmpctet
I <1
Fruity tips for diabetics
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Wiw ?m?I? j?o?r fciwlMMW be^yw??iy>y tlx ?
[ 1f*m. 7)U*m*ey f
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