pcrtttal."-
r ' was a &iMlkri ItttstrajsaefsJssm
. t WpirtuiM of tMw TWe easabaUag ihe
- " try,JrfeafriEf 0ujtmtt of ckw, hie
-." tniMtipwfcl tike the wad Corcr Out smfotdsUe
ba'JiatUdrt. - .- 1
' r. "OuLi Uaw-cfce kittt biting north
Vpo to birth.
Tet chfierfwllj b gtinted forth
- , -,, junta worm.
Tttttb0t artfrt&ght with sisnplkltf Tbey breath
lir. we feel. t tunw the raptar of to Um wild
"Mi tik lmnmd.ie af rrief i tM amalinrs if tr-
. ... , m " ..
rw. We are involuntarily borw "" ur
rectex! fiuf , and sweetly partake of H iu pniie rUnm.
I Tht f JlowtngUaea art copied from RtUut flUbtn
1 bvd, vbenUaungBts, ejsdotberalarwwciymptonis
.-of Dlnriir. or mom other dangerous disorder, first put
nature on Um jdsraAVw-Drwtwitk 7W.
. OTVmnnfaiow, limitary causa
" , 4 la whoee dread prone, ere an hour,
t ' Perhaps 1 must appear.
" ' XT I kavowaaoWad la those path
' . . -V Of life I oujrHinmhuo I
' -. --.-
. . , , , i -
'. .. -toMtratea I Wano 4ooo
;;. Tbou kM'n that 71m kast formed me
1 . WUh passions wild end strong V
.' . And Ito'niitf to their witching voice
- , - UU otlea lea S wrong'.
- , ." .Vhere hamaa wrakneit haa come ihart,
" "c , OrfrmOty atept aside,
'. n ,Do thm jIMGmdf for auch thou art,
' in ahadea of darkneai hide.
. Whera with Intention I hare eTrd,
Vo other pita I hare
But, ,Tku mrt.Gdi and foodneu itiU
DeVibteth to foryive. '
log rttmourtea ux expense oc iocir "caxij ucw;ti iuc wm -
, in conaeqafQCf ibeir doty wd but hen the toil deep tad rich, a gretter
r ih wJ fnr the itinr tara no portion of them etcapet tlul deatru elite pro-
.
.toned the loo. To thlt appStwloa, Mch tCmeihe o4 c &eie turtt tpou do not
iH wlll-hdmuto be reasaM&U, bt reply doea Uogtil ah to nxhw Te csote N eidit ; Iqr
the bwrnalef IU. proprtr.U forfciad bj aoinal tod cgttlt ftutter are the edf aub-
.V.. n.. nA f,.nlB rtmain n maVo wrui re. atlDCel konn to eWlch the aoJ tad 11 tnia
naraiioa far your km 1 they rt dismissed be thia," burning to kbY coostdenbU depth
wuaout be
attendance
f Ki nrAvr i
eotta. Now, I miX If thia is cot adding ceta, and conaequendy such aoila do not de
iaault to injury X further ask if it be possible pend so much on the properties of the ashes,
for the feelings of violated nature to be more which like every other stimulating manure,
r.ailv rsr more eraell outraed f Is it worth merely excites veiretauon, but In doiog this.
while to speod my time more particularly in they are so lut from eorichina. the soil that
de-tailing the errors pf such a system r Instead mey actuauy irapoverian u, ereo woco atrvw
however, of conducting this opulent assassin ed on ground which has not bern previously
to the gallows, let us see if the ends of public injured by the savage practice of burning for
justice, cr uld and would not be mere com stimulating manures excite an unnatural fertil
plctety answered by escorting him to the State ity, at the expense of the animal and vegetable
Priaon. there to undertro a confinement for matter found In the soil. This fact is clearly
life. Th3nk God, the cruel ard abominable .established j for lime and gypsum fwhichare
doctrine cf forfeiture, a doctrine which makes also stimulating manures) will cease to act
the crime of the subject, the taherirance of the when they no lunger bod a suthciency ot am
Prince, is unknown to our institutions. We mal or vegetable matter in the sod to act upon
stand, however, exacdv on half-way cround. and they will recommence their action, as
VVr sav the oflspr'mc: of a criminal ihall loo&e soon as enriching manures ar applied tothe so'l
nothing by the misdeeds ot the parent, but we wmcn naa uren previously exnausiea oy meii
say the injury occasioned to the. equally tin- powerful agency. L ng experience has clearly
rhir.it nrlnn of a more hontxt nirent demonstrated that a Verv small auantitv. even
shall not be repaired. f leached a?hea which had been stripped of far
Now let us throw off these trammels of the greatest part of its salts, will produce sur
English prejudice, and by advancing one step prising effects, when strowed over grass, wheat
farther boldly achieve the perfection of a cor- Indian corn and many other plants. And it
rect avatem of criminal Jurisprudence. Let it is wen known to those who read the writings
be a maxim in our criminal code, that a punish- on unttsn agriculture, mat, in many parts ot
ment for a crime should involve in it a repara- Lngland, the stubbies are left very high, and
MISCELLANX.
. . ; NO. HI PENITENTIARY.
4 " it .
. These are a few and but a few of those con
; a5derations, which my time and experience
have led me to mak on the effects of capital
ViHnihmnr. with vcoard either tn the rriminnl
4 v-'.vor society Let us now turn the other side of
' the picture or dwell rather on those breaks of
r i light in it upon which the eye of humanity can
repose. ..When punishments are moderate and
jnild, every one will, from a sense of duty as
well as interest, take his proper part, in expos
1 ang, id trying & iu passing sentence on crimes.
' -The consequence will be that criminals will
eldom elude the vigilence or baffle the energy
f ' of public justice. And my good reader, does
U not seem to you that whan human mstituti
ons breathe such a spirit as this, the mild and
tolerating doctrines of Christianity shed new
v llcht and new priory on the human character i
And does not the genius of such institutions
better accord too with those precepts ot hu
ban conduct which it has been the business of
philosophy since the days of Zcno& Socrates
to inculcate and enlorce r l tntnn so.
v wlll freely admit that on some emergen
cies, excesses of a temporary nature may be
checked, perhaps only, by rigorous penalties ;
. but their continuance and frequency soon pro
duce an Insensib'Uty among the citizens, which
in its turn, extends and multiplies those penal-
ties. I am not sure likwise but that one de
creel ot seventy opens and smooths the way
, tor more, until in the end a system of cruelty
t und oppression under the imposing garb of pub
1 lie iuStice mav be rivetted on the necks of the
taembcrsrof society. If this be true, the prin
ciplegoea t onte ; to eradicate every manly
imnulse ;of the" soul.
A very iniportant reason , why the ends of
j- public justice arc not always secured Dy capt-
tal punishments, is, that' although every crime
includes an injury, every pumsnment aoes not
V to the party injured bring with it reparation j
Sad thia I beg to observe is the most defective
4 part of our system of criminal jurisprudence
& the private ioiury Is in many, very many cases,
, - drowned in the crime agaivist the comm unity.
In tht particular the law ot England is de
fective toapolnt both gross and cruel. The
fiiher of a family whose subsistence is drawn
. from the sweat of hjsbrow,is, in the arms of his
wife ,-amidst his sCLItounding children, stabbed
S by the .order of an insolent and barbarous
neighbour. The miserable sufferers by the e-
tltiinfnvtnnatc-WtrnaaeaaF theierh
Th assassin who has ordered it is opulent' and
powerful To the honor of the English law,
.: . una 01 Its Bminjsirsiiou, ue a aaiu, uii uu
t degree of opulente or power will purchase or
I ;f cemmaad impunity to the guilty. This as
- 83ain will find its avenging arm i but to the
v ?Jnonorof the English law, and of its adminis
. " trauoh, can it be added, that every degree of
Ainjurr thaU fiod its proportioned degree of re
toratioo ; and that as the assassin is not above
- its power, so those who suffer by the assinatt
1 on are not beneath its care f No, this addi
v;ti?n cannot be made The widow and the or
phajis who were the witnessea of the crime and
. the suUercrs by the lotg; are recognized in the
' former, but not Id the latter character. They
attend to give their testimony on the triaL
,'They apply o pbtaioreparation for the
;Ioa :tS life f - that is irreparable-Of jhe iaX
r!v-tfytif their husband and father from the
fpj ptfriaony cf the criminal "who oifca.
t
tion for the iniurv. bv which in the first in
stance, the crime is known. Let us, however,
ook around and see if we cannot find an ex
emplification in the systems of other nations of
the doctrine I am supporting. How stood it
with the anglo Saxons ? Mr. Henry says in
the early part ot the Juridical History of Eng.
and, that a pottion ot the lorleiture tor homicide
was given to the relations of the persons de
ceased. Tacitus states that, the same princi
ple may be traced among the institutions of
the Germans. In adopting the principle, there
fore, we should not be bound on a voyage of
discovery.
It does seem to me that the feelings of
nature alone, on this subject, would be as safe
a guide, as a person could entrust himself to.
It requires no employment of reason to prove
that should a mans rights be violated, they
ought to be redressed ; and if the power of re
dress reside in the community, still the injury
tothe individual exists, and should be repair.
ed. , If this be true, then that system of en-
mi nal jurisprudence does work injustice, which
overlooking the individual iejury regards only
the crime against society, be the punishment
as rigorous as it may. Society, I admit.
has the power of placing the criminal out of
its protection, as far as regards the, purposes
for which he may have entered the body j .but
can it go farther and cut the lien which the la
dividual, sufferer may have on the personal , ser
vice of the criminal. I think this is transcend
ing the power given to the community by the
social co o pact. In very gross injuries the
principle of awarding satisfaction to the indi
vidual upon the same process, should at any
rate obtain ; but in offences of an inferior na
ture, the distinction should be most carefully
mark-d and preserved. If a person suffer a
battery by another, the person guilty may be
indicted, which is a process on behalf 01 the
State ; because a battery is a breach of the pub
lic peace ; no reparation on the indictment will
be had, however, but the party is left to seek
redress in a civil action. Here the distinction
is marked and preserved.
? FRONCHET C.
AGRICULTURAL.
Philiuburg, Centre county, Penn. 17 th May, 1815.
Mr. Poulson In your paper of the 12th
ultimo copied into the Star April 21 burn
ing the soil is highly recommended- and it is
asserted, 44 that it is not owing to the ashes,
but to the effects of fire, that lands are thus
benefited" and that thia process ' restores to
a worn out soil its latent heat1" which the wri
ter appears to consider one of the most effec
tual means of restoring its fertility.
In the backwoods we are compelled to be
come practically acquainted with the effects of
fire on soil tor the timber being our princi
pal obstacle to cultivation, we areconimually
heaping and burning it in immense quantities.
Soma heaps contain a great many logs piled
up very wide and high others are less, and
some are formed with brush alone. 7
Thus, without the aid of a moveable fur
nace, our soil is burned to almost every prac
tical depth. The crops on these burnt places
are for some time luxriant, particularly where
the burning has been considerable for on
such spots, wheat and small grain become so
rank that they often fait to the ground-and
while the Alkaline Salts produced by the ash
es, continue in the soil, these burnt places are
moist, while the rest of the field is dry. So
far an actual and extensive practice accords
with the theory in your paperj but we fiud,
if the soil is rather thin previously to this or
deal, one or two crops are sufficient to destroy
the fertility of the burnt places, and to render
them but Jitde better than a barren waste.
But If the, soil be deep and rich before it is
lam st a joas to undmtand what the writer means by
latent beat he appears evidently to confound it with
the aenaiblaheatof the earth. If he petal it as under
stood by Chymists he moat first prove? beforo his theory
be adml ted, that worn out soils have parted wtfoit .
a sufficiency oi manure, with good cultivation,
joined with more than double the seed that is
generally sown in this countrv, musr cause
them to stand very thick on the ground. It
is, therefore, by no meajs wr tfdcrfuU that the
burning of Mr. Bower's stubble, together with
crass, weeds, and other combustible matter
which were on the field, should furnish a suffi
ciency of unleached ashes to produce surpri
sing tffects on the future crocs. But it is re
ally wonderful how that gentleman, and his
penetrating readers, should conceive that the
burning of this stubble on the surface of the
soil, could restore anv portion of its latent (I
presume he means sensible) heat. It is true
that the soil burned to a foot deep by the gen
tit man's moveable furnace, would retain the
heat some days longer than the soil which had
been more slightly warmed by the burning of
the stubble; but common sense and observa
tion clearly demonstrate, that the powerful
struggle which immediately takes place be
tween the hotter medium within, and the cool
er air without, these burnt spots, must quickly
reduce them to an equilibrium, With the un
burnt soil around them.
It is said no ashes appear to have been used,
heat alone was the agent. Surely Mr. Poul
son, this same jimcrank moveable furnace,
when heated to a dull red, and conducted by a
wise experimenter must be A wonderful ma
chine for it appears not only to have burnt
the soil to a foot deep, but also to have anni
hilated all the ashes occasioned by burning the
animal and vegetable substances contained n
and upon it. How this was effected is far be
yond my comprehension ; but as the gentle
man has said ' the experiment is interesting
to the philosopher,'? I expect thit in some fu
ture number he will inform how Mr. Bow
er destroyed those ashes. For if he docs not
do this, every Farmer possessing common
sense, will be compelled to believe, that they,
acted on the succeeding crops in the same
powerful manner, as the ashes which are pro
cured by paring and burning the soil in Eng
land j and where, until Mr. Bowe's wise the
ory was stnrted, they have ever been consider
ed the principal cause of the luxuriant crops,
which generally follow the process of paring
and burnif g. 0"
The gentlemen first tells us, the subject
was but little understood until of late.' And
soon after this informs us 44 there is a quotation
from Virgil's Geoigtcks, which shows, that
this mode of fertilizing land was well known
to the Ancients, and that it Was not owing to
the ashes, but to the effects of the fire.' With
out commenting on the gentle man's contradic
ting himself, I shall merely observe, that the
first assersion is erroneous ; for paring and
burning the soil has been long, and extensive
ly practised in England, and the agent which
produced fertility well-known and ratinonally
explained. As regards the second, although
Virgil mentions the practice of burninc he evi.
dently did not understand the causet f the fer
tility produced by it ; as in Georgicks B I. he
ginning at 1. 84t he offers iuu;. several conjee
tures, differing widely from each other. If
this be the passage to which the gentleman al
ludes, although Virgil does not specify ashes
among his conjectures, v he does not say that
to them could na? be attributed the effects ; he
certainly was acquainted with their power ha
ving forcibly recommended them to be spread
on worn out land. See ssme bock 1. 80. 81.'
I shall conclude with remarking, that if it
can be proved that the stimulus arising from
erecting substances can be best obtained by
the destruction of the only known enriching
substances, themselves, the practice of burning
the soil should be adopted. But not until this
has been dqne. ,
, , . From thf JVtx. Ilampihire Centinel , "
j . SPIKY HOLLER. f
A A wooden Roller, armed with spikes, is of lrapor
tan( use In husbandry. '
-This Instrument was formerly rast mentioned bv
Mr. Ellid $ but has been of the . late brought into
ussoy.uswguuous wr, runaau oi jrork, in ling
liatSt mbo rtcotnra ends tlxt the AoScrUt eii.
dor of the heart of oak, T ft el lone, and iatjk
diafwstT, with a strong band ef Iron, on tschlj
k tum in u uu, , uuh UD5l art ClitM 4
bebea lata the wood, and 4 inches apart 1 a,.
quUcuAxatder, over the whole convex surf
The outer points must be pretty sharp j od&
their corner to prevent their .comina out. tv.'
tbes need not be quite so .strong ts the teeth oil
mm a w w . ww w mjvws uuttH w u -m lgH Pf f 4
ton i and a frame is to be annexed to It lor the leu
to driw by ; to which a box may be added lor ib
driver to sit on. But beware of buttia? in
fractious team to this fearful instrument. Xfc
strength of lour oxen or 3 horws will be necessary
to work h. ' t
The uaes to which the spiky roller is to be ippg.
ed are, In the first place to reduce a stiff, stubbors
and cloddy soil, to a fine tilth for sowing TkU
will perform with admirable expedition, by or!
passing forwards and back again in the same tr;L
reducing. U even ton garden mould.' Andfc4
greatly recommends it, his used to advantage wheo
the ground is too dry Sbr ploughing and barrowm v
by means of which there need not be any delay q
preparing land for sowing.
M It is certainly u instrument,'' says the CW.
fitete Farmer? that no farm, where the land is stiit
or at least liable to clot, should want For beaiU
the constant advantage of saving labour and bringing
land to a better condition for any kind ofsowfeo
than the plough and harrow, with any assistance
the, work of hands can make it ; in ' favourable ttl
sojs, aud under such circumstances ss Mr. Randall t
has mentioned, the loss of the whole crop, by an
therwise unavoidable delay beyond the seed time,
mav be with certainty prevented." 7.
Another important use of this instrument Isfo
renew the fruitfulness of grass land, when ttlssj
bound as to be almost barren, or overrun with most
and bad grasses. Mr. Randall directs that a goexj
Compost be prepared And in autumn, when fta '
ground is a little moist, that the spikes may enter. !
the soil easily, to pass the roller up and down ufl
the surface is well broken then sow hay seeds and
spread the compost over them to be foUowed wits '
a smooth roller with a brush harrow after it. Thst
a fine swar- will be renewed, and good crops of tat
best grass win" follow. ' '
But it Is obvious to remark that the surface must
be pretty level, and the land free from stones, to
admit of tbese operations
Mr Randall recommends passing thisv roller tit
the spring over winter grain, to loosen the surfkrs
and increase vegetation and smoothing it afterwardl
with a brush harrow. Though it may seem lobe :
s bold experiment, I think it is probable it might bin
a better effect than harrowing, which is much spy
proved by many, ss the tines would penetrate deep." '
r, and the plants be less exposed to extirpation
than by the horizontal motion of a harrow. ' '
P. Purlin, J. Henderson anet'J. Williams,
HAVING taken Robert Henderson and fL Francis M
Kenna, into co-partnership, their business will in fij.
ture be conducted und' the firm of '
Durkin, Hendersons & Co.
Who offer for Sale,
THE ENTIRE CARGO,
Of the brtg GRACE, M. Martin, master, from LirerpooL
oow lawling consisting of 206 packages oT UmrdwvtL
Cutlery and Dry GoocUnpompnibg a general assortment.
12 boxes London Mustard, l-41b bottles. 200 kegs Loq.
c'on White Lead. 20 bds. Coppcrass. 146 crates Earthen
Ware, well assorted. 10 seiu Dinner China. 2 hbds.
containing setts Elegant Gilt and Burnished Breakfast
China, Wine and Butter Coolers, with Glasses. 18 crates
Glass Bottles. 2o0 boxes I U and X Tin Plates. 503
sacks IJverpool stored Salt.
ot retersDurg, va. June m
STATE OF NOR TH-CAKOLIN A,
, OKJlSGE CVUJYTT.
Court of Pleas and Quarter Scasicms, May term, 1815. ,
James S. Smith, . ) Juticea
vs. exeeut).
John Cookr. executor of Peter Smith deceits-1 ou, lew-
erl, John Hiituu and wjf , Elu.hu Kiraman and fed on ' t
wile, John Corry and wif. , Lud wick Couicrand 1 land. '
wue, and Hannan amitn, widow. J
IT appearing to the satisfaction of the Court, that the
defendants in this cause, reside without the limits of
this Staleit is therefore ordered by ihe court, that pub
lication be made in the Raleigh Star, for five weeks, hat
ihe said defendants appear at the next County Court to
be held for Orange County, on the 4ui Monday of AuLaist
next, and abew cause, if any they have, why said Cnd
should not be sold.
JOHN TAYLOU,jvn e c
Ju3ticest,exe'
cution, levied
on land:
Si Alii OF MOHTH-CAROLINA,
OR J AGE CQUN1T,
Court of Pleas and Quarter Seasious, May termJ815.
jonn umstead,
John Cooke, executor of Peter Sihlth;
deceased, John Hilton and wife, Elisha
Kirkman and wife, John Corray and wife,
Ludwick Corner and wife, and liannah
SiTiith, widow.
TT appearing to the satisfaction of the Court that the de
fendnts in Uus cause reside without the limits of lliil
State it is tlierefore ordered by the' Court- that public' .
tion be made in the Aaleigh Star, for five weeks,, that the
said defendants appear at the next County Court, to bs :
held for Orange county, en the 4th Monday of August
next, and abew cause, if any they have, why said iand,
should not be sold.' JOlUf TATLOR, iu c c -
t WIHDSOR CHAIRS. :
GEOSGE W. GBIME3 lespectfully informs the ciu
sens of Raleigh and the Public reneraliv that he bs
taken. the Hoose'pn IfiHsbpfough street, opposite tor rjf
wo. uoyun s.wnere neiaunas carrying ou the, Winosw
Chair making, In all its various branches. Be w'ul alio.
Carry on the Sign and Military Colour Painting, in the neat- -est
and' most elegant manner. , The Chairs will be mode ;r
to any fashion, and mushed in a sUle of elegance interior
to none in the Union. Orders from the couutrv will be
thankfully received and dispatched with celerity
am, Kaieign, June 2, 181
N. "3. An Apprentice to the above business, of Wood fa- :
nuly and about 14 or 1$ years of age, will be taken. .
NEW 8c CHEAP GOODS. 7
THE Subscribers return thetf hearty thanks to their
cuV.omers for past favors, and inform tliem and the f
public at large, that they have just received from Jiev
York, an elegant assortmentof PaNCV' GQOUS Hard
Ware, and Cutlery ; amongst, which are Kill,' Pitt &,cros
Cut Saws, Smith's files, rasps, and screw plates Cabinet
Workman's and Sadler's materials i targe Gilt franed
House Glasses, an assortment of Paints, Painter and o
ther brushes i Weston's Gentlemen's and Servants psteot ; .
water proof. Hats, with fine, and coarse HaU pf cxiromon
quality. All of which they are determined to sell tow for
cash, and in no other war it is therefore hoped, that ftp ,
person will tall for credit. ,
f - , CAIN JJt HABGIS.
Dry Goods sold bythe piece St below tbeje
tmburgandRicbmoJiijDriccS. , - -v I