te V JPROjrOETION At TUlTirRt'CTlBE OF fJQYICRtfSlENT. fllTES" FOBCK ToXrVaLICr orJM03f.t IT. ! E9f ESTlAti TIT AT. rCSilC .QrlMOJf fllOPin't KXLIt IITtXtD. f ZJilSlltRStOlL A. -
T J, ' i ',, , r.rL ;"; r , ,x y '.V ; , i - "t. 1 l' ' ' ' I in mm ' Lmlmm- ii imi iii.bii-ti r---TiM.n? 'imihi"i 'V " m' 'i7'"i " "m''"m. 'mm '
1 : ' i 1 t 1 - ' . 1 ' . 1 . - , . . - . -
, K ixtid every rnSiMDAY tapisiiG whifh between them, and iwhich fvc r n much cmbcllighed by the hi king
forni. the avenue to. ihc city of W.i?w. of Poland. SUnt.Uos Ponfatourand
: " , on- the, Russian or Lithuanian side, U contain about -lO.OOQ Inhabitant ; ouc
' " ADVERT ISnIKNT' gfuerally juundatcdnd Venders the eighth of'thvoiarc 'J$wa. Grodno is
V. - N coAttnf wxtic ush (oron; ww) approach to i with heavy artillery' ex- lower down on the confine? of the Prus-
' inrnri?ie nrn unw, wrmm iniiiiir, wfvr iw i I ir f ''
Ir flva fentu for ovTy ini-cwing. puWirntion. j tremcjy qifliflt.
1? wo Wbr fflf iiwrtto milvertimwiiU of' nwrn 1 , r linve iint'n
1 have not at hand any authority, for
' . . than uili n xf nn.l mit tPriHIinT ton ainiMt.
, tho fimt tinK! and fifty cent for vvcry mirYling estimating mo nuroncr ot . pjuare miles
v; V MThf of erratcf VofiOi iWrwtioiu whieh UjU phantom kingdom'of Poland
. .y! ilifrrria to m wmwht wont I part jutUU . . 4 1 , " .
' " f .n'n m i i i cm comprises. From the Tableau ; de, Pd-
f '. 'lom Ihcjfatitriiql IntcUigcn'ccrj'.. Jooj;etI have collected from Uie state-
0?f POLAND. v ' I rncnl eacI? separate department, mclu
MBssmi.- Gales' SeaWJ dng what s called the Republic .of Cra-
- ". k 1 Jj-hg lato tragical .''eVenta in a enmitty ow, that it c6ntiio:jiout (L3riO mvuitm
. r-rf'Vli?linraow almost cffaecil from 0 5 degree) anJthpOpV
,T.r irWrmUealial!cabnr w estimated at abbut 3,313,000-
jwnjen win oei xemejjioereu juy geogra j ?f,vv, ft1 " . -wpn wie nuy.
. f-
t- .pliers as long atf'anjr' attention 'is piid, ani Pcr,aP8 twicers many able toljea r
l to natural ;anc 8,fm3, ..." 1 -is j "
i the fame whicKMhe 'fbhatitants "'of it ! hcfioirnajn jthff neighborhood
r -, 4V , have mprly enjoyed in history, whose J. .rsapr, h the district callejl Masor
' l??f descendants. noyarBtrQggiinflr.for -e- via, are inconsiderable .but very. alu
, mancipation from an oppressive foreign .poie nd superb estates belonging; to
f' ' T of sufficient inleresttb the lo- Mf , ancient -noble families, of, Cjar-
r . fcrs'ofu tnfinsVy, Radzivil, and others, at-
A. Ti- to believe' 'that'a- succinct geographical tract the '-attention of travellers f The
and historical sketch",-showin-r the town of Kalish, in. the Waiwodat of the
V A . - .' ' ----- . . . , ....
;nean they 'possess? for resistance, 1 8aTne fame, on the, riven Prona, and
collected from pome miters pni the liis j to;the;west of Wa'rsaw,is a handaom'elit
I - . .1 tory of ' thai"; nnfoVuMteCcquntry' "and, tie toirn.- containing about 8,O0Qinha1i:
1 Vvfirpm my i pfersonjil '-'knowledge . of Hhe fants,ahd a military school, with1 somi
uniry, cannot laii ip pe accepmuie to vym nu , imcu uiuiniLaciories. tt. j o
nr readers, f '- the south of. Warsaw, is ; CracoAv,? fa
'COUC
your i
- Warsaw, which is vet the capital of Po-1 mqus.for the salt and iron mines in the
Jap d pr opcKorthatVart which wa at the j neighborhood, ande former residence
K :.t treaty -roT;Til8iiVl807 denominated the of tlie kinVs of Poland. It is situated
! ' ' V ir 57 Pochy of Warsaw.andattheireatyofPa- in a delightful, elevated and fertile re
; .4C ris in ! 0n' not from thesoiirce of tnV ri-
' Regent pf? Russia. wit??a Viceroy for Me for small flat'bottomed boats, ant
V Governor, is situated on the left bank of contains .about 2f,on6 sbuls.It has i
,f; the river Vistula; about 30O miles. from" University, arid carries on a'greatjtrade
. & Vhere this river emptieainto the Baltic,1 inJIuagarian wines and manufactured
V . vitiear uSe cityf ot DantziV. Xs that; city goods. Sendorhlrand Lublin, are also
, ;'uis no thS principal seaf ofwar,' I will places of some importauce to the south.
? -.X '".Wvci.jtioro : enlarged 'dcMnplien'ofitl east of Warsaw. The important for
V Wtr cpntaiis about 00,000 jnhabi- (tres Modlin, which is sometimes spoken
.tiWr ihn'W; probably overrated, ' j(fift'thVPyijiilioe -on
' l- r and 9)0P' housed of a -railed character, thev ';NareW?' which is" deep ami rapid
3
'T' There 'arc several fine modern built nalJ here, not far from. its confluence with the
,' aces, thrcsi are of an ancient Slavonic Bog, to the north-east Of Warsaw,' and
Style, built Of WOOU, Some arevyethat- .VH" a . curiam , scusoir ui uie year, oe
ched with straw, and the greater part of rendered inapproachable to heavy brdi
theslreets'afe narrovv and crooked. It nance by overflowing, v.'
isjiot regularly; forted,', having only ,The kingdom Gallicia and nukowine,or
' . partial tworks thrown up, for the ,de- thatpartot I'oianfl.wlnchatthepartitions
. V' V -;fence pfparti of 1772 and 1793 and 1795 fell td jhe
v - . : end thoso were mostly erected in 1795, share of Austria, comprises a popula-
tibn of 4,000;000 souls;. amUhe "prbduc:
1 -'-i -tvhen the Iussianl were bcseiffinir 'the tive salt mines of, Wieliczka, ,in the
capitaVandwei repelled. ? It neighbourhood of Cracow, are' a ' groat
'Vtfcsepnncltcd'w kourceJ;pff.reve
1 ' '? Traga' 'hy a pontorforbridge of boats' a- crotvt.'jThisountr
i$f&!t:: cfWs''th'e Vistula, on the other side of extreme South of Warsaw, bordering on
vtvhich, "is thrown up a bastion "fjDr' the the. Carpathian Mountains, which sep
h : "t. defence of the bridge. , Praga iainoitly arate it from Hungary, The soil is
V i ..Hnha1ited by Jews and the lower order fertile producing fine crops of wheat.
SjtT of i'oles, and. contains now, since the L,emDerg or iieopoi, is ine ;capnai, a
.';f V, Ji.,Kil mno.A ;n 10 U, t1.A l.i.l'n 1 linnflaftmn '.iciftrJ ennf a5miiflr' fiA-flOO in.
A' f lUiHUUI UlUiISUI.1V M Mftfll U LUC UOIUO" """""'"" r-v . ...
'if frightful massacre in 1795 by thebarba-
roas : norue ,oiouwarow, ijobj, more naunamp, io,uuv. uhuuiu.oij
' 5 than between 3 or 4,000 souls. ; By the ani1 as many Armenians and Greeks, all
yyinof Lithuania ' with Poland, under having their separate places of worship,
4-;. the'lluke Jagellon, Warsaw became the under a religious toleration.
, 5 ; -i V occasionl jesideneeof the rulers of that As wedescend the Vistula from War-
! ' ; . country, aud Sigismond HI. rendered it saw, the country to the left is now cal-
permanently so n 1566 by the diet of led the urana uutciy pi rosen or soutn
Cracow and its territory to the Duchy.
But the downfall of Napoleon Jin 1S15j
threw the whole into the power of the
northern Autocrat, under the .name of
the '' Vice-Kingdom of Poland and the
Republic of Cracow.' A sort of a xron
stitution was granted, ,to this. snew rrro-
vince of ;Russia, with a diet of theirown
arid the Czarowitz Constantine placed at
its head as Viceroy:" Their ancient laws
were promised to be preserved to the
inhabitants, but their price ; was once
wounded, and their hearts broken, :the
ifi;K the twd : states being "cdnvened there, j Prussia, and that to the right, NewCdSFjxirit of the n have swelh??NSf
TRmn' nart nf T.Sthnnnin. Rr.)7rr. ltialv
stork, Mink, and other towus contain
none oyer .4,000, inhabitants. ( The ; in
habitants speak diftcrcniliaffet from
the Polish, and tho greater part of them
belong to the Greek church. Thero are
a great many Jew who carry on the
principal trade, and act 09 stewards or
mOKr o iw uoo.ui), - . ' .-
' Ihis country was fortiori f indVpci
derif of Poland, and of Stirrh greater ex
tcnt'to the north and eait than at present,
until 13S0, Jagellon, oqe of its Dukes,
married the only daughter of King Lew
is of Poland nd Hungnriand under
took to convert all his pet fie to chris
tianity,' after which, ;he was crowned
King of Poland, and unided all his pos
sessions to that kingdom.
' The mass of the Polish nation Js des
cended from the ancient LccpM,"a Slavo.
nicrace, and the several dialects in their
tongue are probably owing ta "the .mix
ture of the Scythian, v and Sarmatian
tribes, which either by conquest or ..in
vasion became incorporaft d with the
first settlers. Their , government was
an elective "monarchy-the king was
chosen by a diet of nobles ahd clergy,
frbm'which'the other classes were ? ex
cluded, and anarchy and contention
. . X . . - .
were,thc general concomitants 6f their
deliberations. -','
In the beginning of the last ccntury,!
the Poles elected for their king, Augus
tus, Elector, of, Saxony,' but the; king
haying entered in a secret "league with
the Czar Peter, for the dismemberment
ofsome of the southern provinces- on
the Baltic, from the kfngdon of Sweden,
theyoung King Chartes J2th; with the
rapidity of lightning, andhefore he could
obtain succofTfrbm his aMynpt only de
prived him of the throne of Poland, but
drove him from his own hereditary pos
ses-ions, and' obliged him tp sue for
peace. . Throujrh bis mflaence, the Pol
h diet then proceeded to elect for their
king, Stanislaus Sesczynsky, a Polish
nobleman, ,whose daughter afterwards
married Lewis 15thKing of France.'
The Joss of the battle of. Pultowa ; in
709, and the subsequent misfortunes of
the,, adventurous Charles, p Jain 'placed
Vugtistus orr the throne bf Roland, and
at his death in 1 t6l, the same . dissen
sions took place in the dict--Stanislaus
Lesczynsky was p gain called by a part
of the diet, whilst a minority elected the
son of the Elector, Augusius 3d, whoby
force.pf arms drove Lesczynsky into
exile and seized the sceptre. ' '
By the intrigues anC powerful influ
ence of Catherine2d, of Russia, the diet:
chos6 after a short interregnum in 1769.
Stanislaus Poniatnwsky, a Polish noble
man of great merit, and an accomplished
scholar. . Th r ou gh him, jshe- hoped; to
gain an entire ascendancy over the des
tinies of that distracted country, torn to
pieces by intestine broils and the refrac
and proposed a new coalition, for the
further dismemberment of Poland, whirl
was quietly effected in t703,by bringing
orcralargepartofthediiconttntcd nobil
ity to her interest, and to overawe more
effectually tlie rest, which still adhered
to the new order of thingis sho threw a
large garrison into the capital. '
"ThuS entirely dissolved, thb unhap
py nation sighed under the yoke of ; for
aign invaders till -the. spring of 179o
when oppressed to a degreo more than
they were able to bear.' the people' of
v area w rose , upon me garrison mucu
many and expelled the rest. . An insur
rection' spread all over the' country,
watered by the Vistula, up as far as Cra
row, and infected even some of the pro-
vinces newly acquired by Prti8sia.
Gcncral Kosciusko was called to com
mand ah army, which had been assem
bled in haste and was Lately organized.
Other able Generals were also , raising
corps in Upper Toland, and the revolu
tion appeared for a while to wear a pros
perous appearance, : Kosciusko, with
an inferior force, defended .Warsaw for
three months against an army of 60,000
Prussians, led on in confidence of 'suc
cess by King Frederick WUhairAl. and
tlie Crown Prince, (the present King of
Prussia ;) they were, however,' compel
led to retreat, to quell an', insurrection
that had broke out in their rear. - Vant
of fcnion, however, in 'their' counsels,
and an immense armament sent against
Warsaw, commanded by the; sanguina-
ry but able Suwarrow, sdvancing upon
them from another quarter, soon obliged
them to yield. The brave Kosciusko
was wounded and taken prisoner ' his
army dispersed, Praga burnt, and the in
habitants wantonly put to the sword.-
Warsaw was ,sackcd although a mock
capitulation had been signed. Thus en
ded this attempt of the Poles to resist,
Poland was entirely swept from the map
f Wafrsaw fell to Prv-asia AiutrJa "".hx:
Cracow, and the whole remaining part
i j " .''.. t ,'.'' ai.1-
01 uanicia, ana uussia Kepiv,iuc yvuuie
of Lithuania and V olhyma to , the Jior-
ders of the Bug.' V , zfyx'-----
f In the year 1S00, after the successful
battle of Jena, Napoleon was joined by
the again revolted Poles, and at the
peace of Tilsit in the following year, a
small part of Poland, which Russia and
Prussia were obliged to give up, was
erected into a Duchy, and 'was called
the Duchy of Warsaw, of which the elec
tor, since King of Saxony was declar
ed to Duke, v At the treaty of Presburg,
wirt nhould' he persist in reu tining
longer in the plain,of the fate of the over ;
HheJmingsrmj of Napoleon atRIos .
cowi 1W,P,""8,,V
:. . ' j . .
j tYom Buenof Ayrc. tiy the.ar ,
rival of the ship Alliens, from Bo V
enQsAyrrs, Ayre, we hive ecclve4,.
papers ftom I2ih Fck tQ2! March. If 'u' ,
appears tfisl.wir between Uie boundary
Province and these of the interior haTf " - ,
coinmenccd, thoUsue of which would"' ' ,
probably decide tho fate of the c0ntend .
ing parties. On the 1 1th Feb.the Gotj , C' . X
ernor of Santa Fe issued a proclamation : ,
plating that every means had Wirnu'd, 4 :1
without effect, to establish the peace .
Uie Republic and the liberty cf the rtf o- ' V . -
ife&c. uovernor Liopezascotnmaau-.
er in chief of the confederate army haI
also issued Several proclamations early . ?. '
in' Feb. to the citizens and soldiers inti-
ting thorn no longer to serve under the, y
military chieftains, who pnly soujht foif - i
4
i. '!
power to oppress them.- , ,
OnSthFebrtary'a division pf Gon- s..
Lopez's troops commanded fcy Cot Vi .v J
checo, attacked that of Col. Pedernenr V ' n.
and completely routed ft, the latter had
from CO to CO killed, and lostWprifon '-! X
ers, The former lost only 5 lined ,1 '
ana 4 wounaccu reoerncra, uinniea ,
escaped, with only five of his soldiei
in 1809,' Austria wfts compelled to - add
About 89 years after, it was - taken by j Prussia, a part of Lithuania. Both have
i the Swedes, 'Whose,, king clainied : the ! a fertile soil, and, flourishing towns. -
; ;;cfowh of Polainlby an hereditary right. TJie Wartha is the principal riVer in
:t ' Imincnse booty-wa taken, but the ha- J Posen which bonlers on Silesiaand the
i ,i '"' tred of the Polesdrove the Swedes out Narew divides the other from the hew
-' of the kingdom the. following year,' lea- kingdom; of Poland and Prussian Li-
X . Wing' pomeranialin theiri possession.- thuania. Posen-and Gnesen, are the
, f ' XTheiiubUrbs which have since that time principal cities.1 Tliis part ' of Poland
i been built 'form at present the finest paft remained to Prussia in 1815 frorri the
i'f of the city: ! The part called the old partitions before mentioned, ' and con
X v town, if but one long and narrow street tains a population of 2,000,000,' of whom
n : into which the others terminate. The 250,000, are Germans; i - X X " x
, ' street of the suburbs, however, are X The Part which Russia has wrested
. - .' ; f.spacioos and "clean,5 interspersed vith j from the wreck of that unfortunate coun-
; ruiuuuurcuis ui iiiuuerii oaxmi - arcniiec- iry n wic iais jmi hiiuhu ui.-mc
v "r- ure Tlie country around Warsaw is a provinces or dutchies br Lithuania, Po-'
. : ; X'. "' great plain, with aclayeybotlbm; stud- dpIiaVolbyniav anthe 'starostics or
Ux- ded with a number of palaces and gar- counties or ofBialystockWisepsk, Mo-
'dens belonging to the nobility and r gen- j hilew and Mins, containing together a-
X tryTTnV river Bog takes its rise sou th- j bout 7,325 square 1 eagues,' ( 1 5 to a - de
- j least, i? the old province of Gallicia, jand gree,) and 8, 4S9,000 inhabitants.. Wifna
.. .r . and joins the Narcw which comes from is the. capital of North Lithuania,. other
. tne jnorio-easi,- in .juunuinia, about M I wise caiicu oamogiua, at me conuueuce
r miles above their confluence with the of the? Wilia and )rilenka,' which empty
. ,:' Vistula, al a'oot the sa-ie distance; be- im the Niemeri below, which river flow-
r low Warsaw.-. When tlieica breakl up t ing by Tilsit and Memel, eropties into a
. - .ULiOiiOsc-iBra iivcr3,;uie,nai coun
flat tountrvi bar of the BalUc Sca '-Ibis tpwnhss
1 ... . .. I". . t . :-;-..
was formed to abduce theking,X at the
head of "which were the Count Pulaski
and many other high noblemen, -i Wheth
er it was from patriotism, and under the
impression, .tkat in possessing them
selves pf the person of the Jang, they
would guard Xagainst any undue influ
ence of the wily Catharine, over the
grateful mind of the gallant monarch ;
or whether they were actuated by sinis
ter motives, remains yet to be told.
The king, however, after three days
fatiguing travel, made hi3 escape ; and
soon after, at the conference of Pilnitz
in I772, part of Poland was peaceably
divided between : Catharine II. of Rus
sia,' IVederick lLXof rrussia, and1 ; Jo
seph II. of Germany. The troubles in
Poland did not cease to exist, however,
till hi the year 1792, the Polish nation,
roused to a sense'of their danger from
continued anarchy, framed a new and
more liberal constitution, alter the mo
del of the French' of 17S9, which the
king swore to tdhere toy 2 Catharine pre-
I tendecltahr alarmed at these innoya-
donv'fco'reaf to thr scat of heir power,
the rest having deserted him.
Gov.. Lopez is Commander Jin CFdcf ' X ;
of the Confederate Army; Gen.Fhpalf ,
berra, commands one 'divibion J to Sr4 -;
against Santiago another is command -"1 ,
cd by Geu. Quiroga. X , '., '-'.X'S-
Gen. Lopez on 16th Feb. defeated 't . V ;
party under Pot, Plaza--ihU .warfare , ? .
. - '1 .1 S e 1 .v ' 1 1 T r '.'.., tm
seems 10 dc uiui iar on me uurrnus , t
ystem, and scarcely wOrth particular V
notice.:,'.- ''. . .V . i-i .A?
The British Packet of 20th Feb. pays". - V .
'The areation of new funds to ihc-a- ;.. .,.X -mount
of six millions of dollars, has ;
greatly depresued the marie). ' TV old ' w
6 )cr cents which, in Jan,, last were,1; X't V. "
worth. 70, are now 50 a 57. , ;
' An estimate of the expenses of theO ; ' . .
the embers, till the breath of freedom,
that first was drawn, ' in resuscitated
France, fanned them into a blaze they
stand again in ah attitude for jisscrting
their rights against their Oppressors. 7
God grant they may not be so "easily
bowed down as they were in-1795 by
their ruthless neighbours. A protrac
ted warfare will give tlie Poles time to
strengthen themselves and to organize
the militia, and it will also tend to ele
vate the courage of the desponding,
France cannot long remain an idle spec
tator ; the people will not, though the
Automaton King may fear more to dis
please the holy alliance than hjs own
dissatisfied subjects. Should symptoms
of insurrection appear InTtheTear of the
Russian army, with a desperate and yet
undismayed enemy in front, and up to
the knees in a Champaign soil, it would
be S difficult' matter fo. them to obtain
provisions or use their heavy ordnances,
and the Prince Balkansky (orrasser of
the Balkan) -Marshal, iDiebitsch. might
have , another title added to his name
thai of Deep-Mireowskt, and he mav be-
riental Republic of the Uruouary from
15th Feb. 182 1 , to loth Feb. 1832 U
" - - . ... - , -.
nv Hiujiuiai 1 ji uiuiiiiiuu against , 'J' L
exporUng ' Bullion of Gold and Silver"
from Buenos Ay res is rescinded; " y 5 '
' A treaty was signed on tne 4th. Janu- ,
arj', 1S3I, between Buenos Ayres T-J t ," , '
terios aiid Santa Fr.Uhe particufaVslof !
whictrare published in our Jatesf(pa- X, '
pers. , , , . - -4 V X
This struggle, between the upper and 1-
lower Provinces, it . was anticipate dV '
would soon be lerminated,and the whole '' -J
become again confederated, " ."' '
The Market was abundantly supplied
with American produce, and few or no X 4
articles wpuld realize cost or charges ' -''V.V;
. Bovndarv Question. The . St, John ",
N. B. Gazette of the 30th ultimo thus
concludes a notice of f the proceedings , "
in the Legislature of Maine upon trW.de- 1
cision of the King of the Netherlands on, ;
the Boundary Question: "Were objec . . - &
tions and complaints likely Jfoh-vny JU ' . ?
avail, the British people, having the' . X.
greatest cause mjght justly indulge in
objections and complaints. In this com- ?. -promise,
for it .'appears to be nothing ;
else than a compromise; tfco most ex- ' l .
tensive and also the most valoabTe.paff;
of the territory in dispute has 6eeii given
to the American and as if this "were;
not enough', Rouse's point, a situati
of great importance in a national oint
of yiew, is given to them in the bargain. :
While, however we do;not honour 'the '
decision of the Umpire we abstain front ,'
arraigning his motives-' And although -
the decision is apparently unsatisfacto
ry to each of the parties, it is. perhaps
belter for both.that if should be set JcI e-, '.'
ven so, than that it should stand inter-
minably open, 1 f ;i,.-
Two years after the. American Rev
olution, (1785) . tho 'military establish
ment of the United Slates, was reduced
to and fixed at eight hiinired , men, ne
regiment of infantry, and two companies
Of artillery, so jealous 'were, the pople
of , the military power, although ihe.
power was iu their own hands, that is, . '
the ContinentaLCong'rcss. 7 f
X : - ' '-: '
TP
-