Newspapers / The Raleigh Minerva (Raleigh, … / Sept. 5, 1817, edition 1 / Page 1
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tun, M Ah u a ::H.:i o ed it u u. ! it- Ui IN Of ur ea, she has no means of entering the markets a- UA LEIGH; (?L C.) j broad on ibe cane terms as other foreigners ruis f kd. wiekly, bt A. lucas. Thus she is eut off from a foreirn market. . For: Mm of iulcriptn ; Three uof.ars per year,, one half if lne government can compel the nation to buv " . h- naid itt advance. No natwr U h onntintlfd lon-I .l; .. . . . "i rer than three months after a year's subscription b nmi s due, and notice thereof shall nave been given. 'jjiw tiiementi not exceeding 14 lines, aYe inserted. thnce tor one dollar ; tor twenty-five tents eacn Uo- sequent insertion s awl in like proportion where there a reat eif number of lines than fourteen. Tlie cash mils' accompany: tliose from persons unknown to th clitor. , . . j-No subscription can in any case be received Without .. puv.nciit of at least gl 50 in advance i and nodi-,-coiitinuance without payment of arrears unless at the opiiyn of the editor. . . '.f tbinars beyond their value. It do nnt. thank Ood, exercise the sanie power over the Freneb, tne uermans, ana the Itassians. . May it not be, moreover, that ;the long es rangemeoi j or the isriiish from the classic FOREIGN. I'rinsiated for the American K?gister. OF ENGLAND AVI) E WILIS' WEN. From the French of J. B Say; Author of a , Treatise un Political Economy. ... (get&pBo.fRoii ' 'f hfra ipjoubt. much i ofortaattpn in Gieat BfifaiHrCut wlmt is 'the- use of in for mation, what matters a kutiwledge of the true .iturp and true station" of 'things wlien once the passions are rouse d ? Do we not c "every (lay gamblers risking their money uiii rhauces which culctilitti .n demonstrates It them to be uniuvmibl" 2 We must at last pay, and jy with wmry too, for all tliti extraviHiK.es weiuJul" in, and the near ci we ajipr ach the Una when we must ne cessarilv t'.ilculrtte, the lew wc -rr Hu6..uu it ipecai uoinuauy on m signt m toote bT tU bails tit FKtJurd of tapualhts wbieh discounts bills of Ex - which cannot be refuied as beii.K tie Ulfi Zlfl ena5 w r a remunerdtion, assumes seve- of national coin. 6 . , . ral pubtie tefviees, such as the payment of the, The sum total nf fl. j a . interest of'the pablic debt. The bank ha. Entland "S 0t, i . , i A m 'I la' 1 f loaned at l,ff,rent times "to the ,vernm.hf:A5 ft ."2B.?ta l1 ,on "ii, g. sum lot only euual to the amountof the capit J K Jf:! oi inc stwifnoiaeri, but other sums in notes U pueTin;t purpose,' and which rest on no in ex Uriiig. a . It life prov.nvial taiks is Um qi;af. Te a mount, flien, of the pptw,oii rirtuintUf - grounds or .Europe has by dearrees altered their ! other security than thA an ih Ann - .I.--4 - I . -Lil!-" . . .w,B0 .lulUHlBe,r vases, tueir cnangt? jrem the governmtnt. . These lunds furniture, tfcit candelabra exhibit neither eor-ibeat a interest, bnt the priueipar "IS nut d' rectdess, hghtiess, nor elegance in their forms i mandabli and of course they eannot be used that tbey have relapsed into the Gothic and d.- fur tho'dlietmrge of the notes which have been toned style f Withess those heavy and com- issu"d jupon their credit. are at liberty j lad hi, and confined to a few gurin of their stuff, the choice of thIr n lours ,wodld make them seem far behind the rest of Europe, and needing a long and active 2Hnitnanietiou with the continent, to overtake us in these respects. Are we ihea.to wofidftr atthe disrepute in a kielJhiW-tAW 'SWf ,r.V. Hs of Europe f and cau we predict fr Ibtfm l?jiwcess in fiiture untiL there shall be an alteration of their econuinie system i a ma cMiurti position, wuicn inave enaea voor h mated anient con siii uie soiiuuy oi its reasouiust ed uae, the lare fortunes, and the distiu- gnrthed talents by which it is supported. i i;e n'lesiTou no?crinj?TraTiT respectlhap the bank of France, has obtained, on these terms, the rcn -wul of its charier.l he bank af France has lent to the government the sum wkih the grer.meut," by an abuse f its bower, .a,pellrJ .t to lend out of it- capital. wjio ereu IiWrty to disposif t: H 4s they pleas .. 4J.it thtydtd not coin notes f represent. lag no sort of capital) to lend fl.eii.46 the en- rtouZlV?r. 1IP-oiim, eircnlalite in sue nriiisn isiaaqsl about 62 million sterlii r. Ji-cludug old shiUings aid ijktii. in silfr ai d Lrass .ssid by the fci..k oi Englard Ud the provincial balks, tie vLole .1 tie p.ejt bf ; tie three kugdoa.s dots tcitaisiy nctsnacnt to a va!ue oi iiiore than imo min, 0f fiij Is, txcq t.ng these shilli, , ltkUs tlVcir euuiirg HiHliiito ef Grent Brflain has no in. triusic vaiue, that is no value ss material ; but its vajue as n.oi;ey is .real end toufd til U rei placed but by an equivalent rul aliie. J he value of tbis jbpermou coir fard with the value of oifcei artirlesis tojorpV tia blfi Ja yrirKat TriuioMt..rf-hV4aUi; in the same ptopoit.tu, acorditg to the Vm 'I ' of f ireuiauon. 11 the tai,k .1.. uiH ..;f.. .1 " ---aiv f J t" T HID ....ui position, wuicn i. nave endeav or llie' oneratWms .f .h inVf wJi M.it .....r:;i "iV"'"".1''1 DtSH5 en to exhib t. and the hip nf whih I Tk. ' . M5' "T'-u. o camna in son., of veiried to invest ate is the suhiect of I.Vd & , - .7 . 0aVbe 8ftVer"rnt' I "0,".dU C, t! .it8;r.e .ew vnes, dfiiiiMimi nri ; k it. i i- 0- "j "- guvcrumem to us creditors, nuu n piutManic imea avt fr nmkKillim .1 a. , I iiu wua ow. D " I W liruilU H ITI I P III f irt , , uuu itic ceieorai mem. t cmiinit n -w. errors with-impunity tii-al eronutuy in no l inger a science of specu- 8PfeU"a i'aR' r y are chiefly agitated uv : fsrnorauce of it" V,c i"eiy , th.lDu ,, .. 1. . . . , A I.... I is ex: :isa!jlo ui no til takf cui'imy fniui the adfniuistraii n of ils finances. Bit'ltJt u ivfurii t our s itje.ct : Some goud eflecin, an.n a great uSany bad ones, have however resuilo.J, iu Eng'aadfryni . the necessity of econoatising ail the expeases requisite for the producing or manufacturing of evL-ry article. This necessity lias, if we may be allowed .he expression, "perfected the art of j:.mIucmih:i, and has Ijti to the discovery oi more expeditious, st-uple and consequently eco nomical incaiisof ob dnjiii aiiy ead vvjnttever. Si 'manufactures upon a large rfcale are gene rally the lea r'eiive, tlie most tntiiug things are now attempted upou that scale. i have seen at tilasow, dairies consisting of not less than thr-e hundred cows, where they re- as tow as lw.o-oineeWDrth. The ilueation of tits poor which constitutes, per .haps, the only security of the rich, was impaad cd by the high price of books and tuition ; and in tli coin's of a few years there would have whuadTumistew'the1 ,tvvo 9,,bJecU : -bul iavV8 cannut reined or silver of tht i.inii: a. : -t vrk . b. l 1 hen itv became necesarv, either that ih, b3 'aw. J Z hi -.vjf'i'jj'y o enable the! 1 8ay loatbank notes wculd be at par owin ... uuiirw ni,i iu nay I num. I'l.iu lu.f o-i&i iair III n II I r II Mil in mono.,., ... 1 . n-di.i . j . " " . .i ". .i- " 'V "". iotas pensions!' payments in specie by the bar enacted laws upon explanations become nCcessarv Wc have seen at the beginning of this pamph let what circuuislauces,.by favoring the. activi ty of the commerce, and of the inauul'acurt's of Great Britain, have raised mere, the price of corn. The coutributions of the cultivator of the soil, the rcijt paid by the farmer to the pro prietor, ' rose in the same proportion ; and now tnose wuo attend, to agriculture inaiiitaia that, . The sus- ?" Va"hVre1' f i onmodijj railed mney, hebank, au-j"6''" ,wrm a?rd fcaee wlat they naj. iimc several . 1 e l"o ol discredit has nolliit j f0 do k - "iiiuuuis tuuin mil. oe compelled to d.. what the bank could mo, he co,- .uil!i nil lliii I,.., II ' . : urtouse me waiitet noG ereat ouiweigi.s the bad opinion which n, ay Wen rtuined of the Lai k i.oits : ar.d. h.il. . country where there is no sptcie. car, be i.-n,'i .i . ... t. j. .1 ... u.,. iTo n mat tiniec mmereial trans, ' "c v l- inou caiHicus in i8 ,'B1 "... , a,e open settled ... itoUtinj eNe butl'"&8' "Ul 10 Ketl' '' hanrts, as short -i... nun-!, u:iu po,v wfi wo tiiy" bill oFex-i P""lul' .'le muney in m Inch he cuuue pivauie tri I".' hunt. :. U. !..' COi-nUe nam tDat it i t-. lJf. pud i the same Wav lhere resulted from this whit most uniform-! Iy result from Mir-lar tMoH)rPS. Ti e eiirrfn-i ey euner in bank ncef This is what all do. a ime i lHeis no '1 his Is e. . k i. -a o n e e!8e wi n spetie w! en a man des not u.i . iji-se ibe interest. But let the Brl. .i . t . w ! uttiii Mii ri ;ir H.rifMlN n . mo 11 flTl;'1 CUr" n reimburse: hy bfcoaio moVe: considerable in co Z Iir hands, let ,hev ll . .r- .. . . . 1 r: tish do their brsL let thtm tlA ti.L..j lJ &8 possible of the nif..a u,;.l, . .. .1... ...I. :...-! . J WHS nftiui.1. ..rl.il.;t il. : x- -r v ,r, ui tun liui ""uiuu mc iiiuurLii.Liuii in I'lirii ii iiiii , .1.., . .1 . . . . . ilu lo,e;. i! fall. ,.ricf. : , w li I r l t. ! "',Y""if" ' !"'.',:- f,J '"ir ll?al 'V1'' ,eSifl' " d" n"""1' "12 iu'tUit. Froih 'ui' .cir ieii,, w,to v,, notes, pajtieinatine- in tl,r rat ti' pr ui.!5,-.M,. iO'..Ur. t-rsty oT ii - eourli. n.A... I n .' . w 1 m.I .... .I...I 1 .1 . I. T 7" -""" w" u cu.uvaiio.. Saill(d an a.!(.,iaal value by bein- convent of land ol an interior quality will be entirely lul0 bsinu Sn"l;'mltnS disaniared .1... . ,A I . ((f Muiiiga, ai-giaoo tantot.do with less. than about 6i uiuiions sierhiig 0! pttprr mcmy at the rate rl its actual vfelue ; iet it its iiemiaol value shored be dD:in.B; ed by toe fourth, (i. e.) if ns.d of 62 n ;il:.. iu rirr uiaticn, the ro n( u, t l uiy 41, i -7 cuiuons, the venal ) . thr 17; Hill I.;!.. ...... I J I - - 111 . . . . been no- more uarsonal safctv in the midst of , u. ...... .V.... .7 ' . . . 1,recIHrs tne bk have increased one of the most civilized aations of Eurone. than ! th... r will .r, ra,r..M- ,i... ' . Z ' !V.? depreciation by never refusing discount . .i... r,. ... ' t 7 .....a.- ...w.v ,uo . gici- b,iiA ofhii'i icr uercase in tne price will necessarily take cja i,;',,, , ' . .7 ... Ul,c speculations of some nd v di.ih hevond their i.lll mrunl IliU mnrn.. IW,. 4" ! . .. L ..... "I1M1IU mill . " "1VJ "ou:i or rel pan la . bv means of a fictitinns nM . - a .1 1 svn " I -ml - --"" v V- ai a- 1 ii-icuco. - tl.,S7.1r":.T"V';V7r"EX:t i;r.T; r-. i.rT ri r -t OUffflt I A llH wi m fi.it J. ... :nuti!tt,i,erJ .nd,themauufactuierSand the decrease.1 iu proportion to their nominal auJ idea bt? "Mertaiqed with respect to thftrnW uj jri Eiacu, to me means vn t.it ainoue the Esquimaux or the CaSVes,. 'All "at once schobl. are establishej iu which the preceptor alone teaches ith succes mid r;ip;jity, re idin, writing, and figures, to live hundred eliiidren ' at Jhe sam? tune, without the assistance" of eit her peas or books. w BiK it is principally the employment of ma-! endorsed bv wealthy conimer- an operativn wJiic!' extended the iffitiw, atr! c. iitu pi.rci.as us maifj goods as are" now to be bcuglt fi.i 62 millinrs. It i then the quantity of the notes and not diN(ri(i! u liii.li I.... ... ;..fl..i.. ...v.. ud un niuurnce upon ineir va lue. Tie disrr-dit, vl atevtr it may be, ha in.l the least iuuVt r re upon that value ; a re suit founded upon facts, very 'different, it stras tome, from the common Monion. and wl,fb merchants maintain, that if the articles of first mentation. uinu is pi loenKwiy mo cuiwiuyuieui i ma- necessity continue at the present extravasaut I v.n;i-. n ,.r-i i i c!unery in tne arts which (....rendered the pro- prices, therice of labour must Increase S ;lver luve dyappea diictiou of wealth more ecoooiniCal. There h if bein? diminished, and thai thus their .roods tur causes auovet-xp- scar,.!v a larire Unded etate in if.-ih.l-ivu.... SJ. !. j -.i "lVL ed- an'1 thai )he.re.des not remain to . , - - - j n - xkbhbu iuusi iiiz uiir i fit hvptv m v m . i 11 aiiuiiiiiin f , - n mo oracf oi per money where! he threshing machine, for instance, is not .disadvantage, in foreign markets, employed, by meuus of hiehf upon a large j l he altcinative is terrible. If nin orm money a single piewe ol national , . ciin, not o;;e minted by givernm.'ut, the ordv seile. voa do more work in one dav. than in i.r h t tr-.'.. ' a .V. . " . UJ"U?J m u,c ' noi-s or T. mdiri- - ent .nontu in the ordinary method. ' ! pr "J " "j ; jV ,.F i.'1 M,BP0J' ko,!WD b l,ie Ran, -k B,t the labour of man; which is reiidered'soi ' ?L V U Kngls..d, which notes Poi,i .he promUe d ? m! ,ara? "'5atSi'ty shillings, teri in pci(ionhc quality Ll v.eiUtde-iU- the nice below whic hcoru shu not be iuiDort.il i ' - red ,or ocrge, and to ti e fears which the - suspension of spi cie payments may occasion. expensive by the dearuessof all articles of lirst aeecssiiy, lias oeeti in no case supplied as ad- the price below which corn shall not be import- termincif by law. : l here arc no bank notes b"low u- sum of one po4H.! rliiti. Still as peojde are in need , vauiageouaiy as ny tne. steam engi:t.e. lbere is ed mtu Great liritain, have lakeu vmj&o-U onjeeroi lanour i' wnien tney nave not been ue wuicj, ,atisfy nobody. ai)nii(l Tliev ore lived for Hdiiiniiio. vrn. t'ir U, 1 ...:n . . .. . '. . ed WbVtder.-muslfnonielolaiiake buttefcla, i C. -U LTl ll ! M' iMe legal coin of a smal v,l,., in spo -At V.HV r...al! t fHila: k-,l.,.lrv alm " ".V.T' . I Cie, It WCOld SOOtJ U melted,-fend COB.rt - - v j w - ii hi iinr (miinrrnrisnmi.id it. t Jt if i : .1 . - . . . .tMWai 1 UiKluiVI ia Jill t II 17. IIXlB.il IV 1 ' I -, - - r t . 1 , . wronei utt(ini laaiMJ uiifi i'tii.s. ana nt- . r. ,i .. hiii- W , lore snrnnsin- at lirsl for tl'e trave , ... ue loop l tbe la- Ujulate a small change in silver pieces tall mr is mure soiprisio0 ut tirsl tor tt.e travel- bouriug class. Hotatoes,, meat aod lish form a-'kenn. which are nol.iinir cle hut i... il ler lliaii to meet, in tht eountrv. & nn strm r,,.i,' :.t: 1.1 1. ... . ."prs... wmi 11 are iiniuing cise nut i,m.i.iI 1 I to ingots, .the hank has been autuonsi-d.to eiiv jculate a small change in silver pieces i nlletl to- lrtaai Xvl.infi U lCa linliunn nluo l.nf i.i,.'; II . .1... ' . 1 1 . , , 1 "- ' -" T'iituiwitiiajsvnf. ui n'rii'tis I VII" noitier Ptiiikiif a la na ri 1 m ...,....n;n...l .l..i : . . . - . . : uf those waoii Hdvaneiiiir hv : iWselvM. t . r . '"at raining not more I ban the three oiii;I.i,f 1 be nJU2" I'ersfta "poo an average does not use more LnxUv of metal xvhieh ,!( i bo mi.Ta! ...i ... ,... t..r atu,. , nny uv.ng u. . .5. man a quarter of wheat per annum, so thn..i ....... -r : .7 : .. . " " - .. - - h ... ,v i in 4'iiiii is i ne numt: tit? iiiiiii liini iiiii. ii i.fiftcett-ihillings profit euuld result from .melting thvni, hut iu 10 me (he eve::r ofititink nnlea fllifi linbut tlie I imo about fourths of., their nominal value ; f..r )h u wilb' ja. valueless than.the lliree fourlhs of a puind . C f r I i VI tit c f S t-a una asi i ohr i . a . i , I. 1 1 i labour, which is itself but .vb.'pl, ,.i.t i,rt4vr.l. ii.... ii.-L -,.., i.. . . ' , o ; , ., " ' i'hoou uiou an a erase uoes not use Without the assistance of any living b,.nS. t!mn u fiUArter 0f wheat per annum, so th Lvery where steam engine are prodigiously quair of wheal, if reduced to fiftcihi multiplied, r.ierewere but I hre.6 or four in less than the piesent m ice, wuud afford rn l" y-oftr a: , 1 h?r? now lhoa. j labouring men no more than a sayine of Sanil. hey arc to bo (oi.ud bv hundreds iu ' a ceet nee dav : . b !... ..........-:. .. : :: . . i ... .... : ,w . J .... ..s-. --.--'g -es iiiey. are evta i us reduc.iou would acarceli'U Ult ultb re .ww y j lue moouroi in-.; speet to the price oflal -JJr j . . - i , .1 ... . . i ; .pusirj can no ,og .r oe eart leu on wun auw; a part of the expenses attend. H.h ,.r.,.l..-; W .V niean ot their powerful co-.-pera-r manufacturi, - of anv'ariieU0 Pif ... -f. ;i ' In this state of things the mint of London, tiou But they require a vast quantity of coals, Hog, more or U on the price of corn-would 1 lh? ?,",y ".""1 !" KSf .uld hav.- nothing v. ,u. v..... . n.eu iibiihc aoemsjiiave tlien but -x feeble iuUueuce oil the briee of. , . -r-;" ig-gru- e-iiung lor to have held in reserve to- sunutv tha exha4. ; ..i:..fu .e r . i . . t ia stated nnee. on aeeouot of ihi hank i.f to have held in reserve to' sunutv the exhaus tiou of the forests an unavoidable result of civilization. At eordiugly, we might by means of a mineralogical mp alone trace a map of the industry of Great B-itain. Wnerever j.caali8 4o be had, lheir7iiUns.!ryrpreva4U- Bit it is iu VAiii'lhat the modes of produc tion are simplified. The . lakes, the terrible taxes increase every, day their voracious de mand. They devour ; and what they do not devour, they make almost unattainable! Not unlike the night mare which gains upon you 1 notwithstanding all the efforts you make to es eape from its pursoit, the taxes overtake, they ' outstrip tbe economy of th industrious produ e5 i and the nation instead of enjoying her ad mirable industry and the unremitted activity lof hej labourers, is obliged to pay high for foduces cheap, it being made int IP - for her to sell as cheap as other na cssocai uauer tns biirUsa ol paDac tax. the articles of-BiiUsh production and o their If ti V"'V n? """"''V1 1,1 sale iu lorei., .nBrki 11 i land, the metallic tokens for Si sale in foreign markets. . ll is not the price ofja single article, nn, not even the price of corn itself, w hich has a great effect on the price of the things . produced or manufaettiretl tn aauntryv-;IrTg lliepriceof every thing, and the price of every thing is in creased in the. same ratio with the public bar. then8f .which,"Uuder a thonsaiid forms,, reacli the consumer, and Affect all his expenses. It is the direct taxes, it is the prejudices and the manners of a country that impose upon ibe peo ple obligations' and burthens which it Is not more pasy to decline, than it is the payment of the taxes, ''., ",-r I The matter of bank; bills, theoretically ! more difficult, offers, however, fuweriueonve niences in practice. . In order to understand it, well we must be aequaibted- with the basis of the present monied systein ef Great Britain, e bank of t ng- saiall thansre, of which we have just been speaking. -There are in every county and indeed in eve ry city, provincial hanks which put circu lation .notes and metallic subdivi4fn!,mf-their notes; but not having like the bank of England, the privilege of refusing the payment of their notes when asked for, they now discharge their ""Hte word depreciation does nqlmeinjlisaedi but on ly diminution of vatue." ..'Paper money, as-vrt ts sugar or any other commodity, increases. or dimihislis accor ' ding to tlie quantity at martet (br.sale and- the qiianti ty demandeif by the wants of the community, indtpend entlv of the opinion ifchich ma) , be entertaim d,' of the probability Or, improbability of 'its' fuial reimbursement i.i specie. Metallic currency Uself varies in its value compared with U.e value of otheHbinpSr but its varia tton iaitot as soflden because such large quantities ot it cannot t once be put ;n circulation It is-' proved tbat nieuH eturtency itaetf was'depiTciated in England, although h is outir..the' ouestinnibaV people Bbould (be means nrotx.sed ui3iimi.gr, null IU I ion of sin cie tavn e It 1 were asked at what i mp 1 - V U U the bat.k oi Erglaud will pay its notes at sight, 1 rhoold answer 1 kuo aothiig about it, but that my opiniou, if 1 could giVe one, would be of no kind of importance.. And indeed when, money sort is used by people so eauti- ously thajht is ev idenl no coi;lidenee is placed in it, if matters ntt what it consists of : it is the! sane as if 1 were, askr d, v hen will gold Ufa b- substituted r a silver coin. ; V These phenomena of money entirely new thi ow great light on its genejal .h..ir -, and ivill pi oiluce iu tLe sequel seme very extraordi nary date. , I TLere is another topic wMchiis iiot as jnti maiely ceiintrted with riu'r purpose but opotj m Inch il si .ois to me that public, opinion re quins to be e r ligl tened. It is the power which u is xuppoai d Li glut.d derives frtm her colow lues, and pr.nnpHy from India, tl quarter hi ie a Vtnip'any ol liritii-h irrt hai ls possess es n txti.nl of it-rriiory more, vast than tbe three kingikins, und rtigns oter forty million! of suljeeis. .' '' .r,'.;-.y - ..Vi. . '1 he Ei glih ai:not draw wealth from India " bm as sovereigns rr as merihants,; hy can bring tbeuee iranng but lii. imwi&fr iitfi laid upon the people, or the profits Upon the goods sen! there. t ;. . ,v : ' Let us see what amount of taxes they receive as sovereigns.' We fird in Colquhoun that tie several go vernments of; India yield "'a' gross rt venue of eigl tteii roillii.iifc. Hf.y-nne thousand four hull drtd and seventy-fcighteubds sterling. The cxpciisea of udmibistration ; alidvdtnna'ceTar cordi vtriter, ainunnted to 16,984,27' But we must add to this, the ex. peiucs fgt keeping up and n pairirg ..'.V the estublisl n tnls of the . conpMiy in India: aud jn lnropeani tl i se of the factories of C&oton, in CI. ir a 1 365 07 .; A nd hi'sLdcs . t h is, lie in,tei est i of ' ; . . ' --" the debt. .of the cunpany . w I. i t h is not less I ban. fori -six niillions,' aud which oiginaled in' the expanses and . losses which it met With in es. tablishing its sovertignty - '. ' i- 7 ;Totarof.the cxpeBsei of the cni. a h. a i "f: 1 i' 1,1 V 1 '! ! ' i 1' .- V i J w wviLwucucciu goia currency
The Raleigh Minerva (Raleigh, N.C.)
Standardized title groups preceding, succeeding, and alternate titles together.
Sept. 5, 1817, edition 1
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