Newspapers / The Charlotte Observer (Charlotte, … / March 10, 1907, edition 1 / Page 19
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While Mr. Polk was not as great fnteJleotuaHy as some of our presi dents, yet ha gave the (country a wis and able administration of the gov ranwnt ind acquired more, terri tory thah any other President except .Jefferson, who bought Louisiana fretn Napoleon In 1863. The two gvow ibaum m tne presidential cam PVp ef lU between Mr. Clay and Polk . wore " the annexation of Tecs and the settlement of the nort&wwrtern boundary between ') the UMHed mates and - British America fftrta the Hocky Mountains to the -, Vaotdo oceani''vAll. of' the territory , aorta of 8 .degrees and 80 minutes - by the Missouri compromise in 1820 was dedicated to freedom, so it was ' Important to the South that she 8 euld acquire more territory toward e; South, so that thefre could be , more slave States formed, so as to preserve the equilibrium' between , the slave and the free States. In or der to carry out this purpose Texas : Was admitted Into the Union, so as to strengtliea the cause of slavery. ' The admission of thin mscnlflr.ent . domain into the Union had been the , most cherished object pf Mr. Cal houn sVe. . While Secretory of State In Mr. Tyler's Cabinet he ne gotiated a treaty of annexation and was cemfhUalcated to the Sonata by : the PrtsMent on the 12th of , April, 144. Two traty was defeated by Ufa efforts of Mr. Clay and Mr. Van Bursa. The election of Mr. Polk wag an unquestionable verdict from she people In favor of the annexation Of Texas. Mr. Tyler was anxious Ink bis administration, eo the fertile brain of Mr. Calhoun suggested the short method of a Joint resolution, and Its passage through Congress was inputted to Robert J. Walker, then a Senator item Mississippi. This resolution was passed and received the approval of President Tyler on the let dejr of March. 1845, three day before the inauguration of Mr. Polk. tVixas promptly aocepted the terms and during the following De- cjsmber the constitution of the new State approved and she beoome State fi 'the Union. For years Tex as had seen in revolt against Mexi co, far she claimed Texas as one of her provinces. In April, 1886, the battle sf San Jacinto was fought and Texas defeated the Mexicans and declared her Independence, but Mexico still claimed sovereignty over her. So when Texas was admitted into the Union it was considered as a cause of war on the part of Mexico. There was a dispute as to the boundary between Texas and Mexico. The latter claimed that the Nueces river was the western boundary of Texas, while Texas claimed the Rio Grande river as her western bound ary. The territory embraced be tween the two rivers was one hun " dred and fifty miles wide. General Taylor, who was In command of the American army, occupied the valley of the Rio Grande, General Ampu dta, the Mexican commanders notified General Taylor to retire beyond the Nueces river and In the event of his failure, he,- announced, "that arms and arms alone must ' Cecide the question." He refused to comply with this demand, so hostilities Were begun. General Taylor dis patched a body of soldiers to ascer tain whether the Mexicans had crossed 'the river. They encountered a force much larger than their own. Seventeen Americans were killed and the remainder were compelled to surrender. This affair created ,grat excitement in the United States and the war spirit arose high among the people. Congress passed an aot au thorising the President to call out fifty thousand men. General Tay lor munched across the Rio Grande , and ended his campaign with a brilliant victory at Buena Vista. It was gt r&ls battle that Jefferson Da ViaJ cotoael of a Mississippi regiment, formed Ms famous V movement, Which was hitherto unknown in mili tary science, and oalled forth praise and commendation from the Duke of Wellington. Colonel Davis whan a young officer under General Tay lor on the frontiers In Illinois, had married a daughter of General Tay lor against hli will. After this bat tle Taylor sent for Davis to come to his tent. As they were unfriendly Davis did not know whether Taylor was going to reprimand him or praise him for his conduct In the battle. When he entered General Taylor's tent he grasped his hand and said my daughter was a better Judge of men than I was. General Scott was commander-in-chief of the regular army and was sent to Mexico to take command of the army. He landed at Vera Crus with 12.000 men and by a series of brilliant vic tories at Cerro Gordo and Churu trusco, he marched to the city of v Mexico and captured that capital. General Scott and General Taylor the leading generals In the war were both Whigs, and they were achlev- ' ing all the glory. As the war was precipitated by the Democrats, It was the desire of President Polk to cre ate a Democratic hero out of the war. After Taylor's brilliant victo ry at Buena Vista, the regulars were turned over to Scott, which crippled his army and checked his victorious nrorfena. After Reott had caDtured Mexico and ended his brilliant cam paign, he became Involved In a fla grant quarrel with Mr. Marc, the Secretary of War, and was summon . ad home with the prospect of a court-martial. General William O. Butler, a Democratts general, was placed in command sfrfwr Scott had I brought tne war to a successiui con clusion. The President authorized . ta aDDOlnt a larre number of gen erals proceeded to appoint none but Democrats to these positions. W. O. Butler, John . A. . Quitman and Old son J. Pillow were appointed major Shields, Franklin Pierce, George Cadwalader, Caleb Cushtng and 8ter Una Price were selected for brigadier nal ThiM war all Democrats Aand were from civil life, and not one of them had seen service In the field. Franklin Pierce was afterwards rresiueui mm i-wu vusuing was Attorney General in his Cabinet General Toombs said Pierce was the most ' accomplished gentleman yW ho aver occupied tne wmte House. Calsb Cushlng was a great lawyer and an accomplished scholar. It is MtlU l4 w aiaav aaa assv vauuiQk iiv aahM talk tA AVArv ford mlnlstAr l Ls- wetlM riMMa - IT aia m w A lU III! lias, v wvsspjwvsb r w v mw tviivu In the Chinese language. How could '; 'vou make a soldier , out of such ra ftnmA man. wha had never had nv military training? ; : General Taylor . rtcommonaou aiuvii oiuiiey dunuo- 'ton to M maae a coianei oi,,on oi tne lea niw itiiuhhi. jonnsion craduatea at west roini ana aunng toe war iwiui mcuco, wnen ' .isxas " .-A - - -I -A ni0 cvmniMiu una nj muun Baa service, was probably the best equlp ,pea soicuer in ina wnoie country. During the war between the States he was a full general and. Mr, Davis regarded htm as the ablest general of the Confederacy, Ills eminent brother, Joslah Stoddard Johnston, was Senator from Louisiana, was a Whig and supported. Mr. Clay for President. ; go General Taylor's let ters urging , Johnston's '' appointment was never, answered. The most egregious blunder of the ; adminis tration . was ; the v attempt to t take Thomas H. Benton from the Senate, make him lieutenant general, send him to Mexico to , supersede both Scott and Taylor in 1 command of the army Th bill to enable this to be done passed the House but it was de feated In the Senate by, a speech made by Mr, Badger, of North Carolina. All efforts to i ntake ; a Democratic, hero out of the vwar- failed. .; , Taylor and Scott, by their brilliant exploits, were the chief heroes. Taylor was elected President Jn 1848 and Scott was nom inated by the Whigs for President In 1852, but was defeated by Pierce, f it Is strange that a party that had con ducted a successful war should have been hurled from power. , The terri tory' of the United States acquired by the Mexican war - was Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah and Colorado, south of the Ar kansas river, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific ocean, em bracing ten . degrees of latitude, sec ond only on Importance to the Louis iana purchase In 1808. . Next to the annexation of Texas one of the most Important issues involved In the pres idential campaign of 1844 between Mr. Polk and Mr. Clay was the set tlement of the boundary line between the United States and British Ameri ca. In 1768 Franca, by treaty, ceded to Great Britain the whole of Cana da. By her characteristic energy ana enterprise England forced her way across the continent to the Pa- clflc ocean,- and made a bold claim to sovereignty as far South as the mouth of the Columbia river; which includ ed the greater Dart of Oregon and in deed nearly to the northern border of California. BV the treatv of Oct. 80. 1818, the 4th parallel of north latitude was established as the boun dary between the United . States and British America from the Lake of tne Woods to the Stoney moun tains as Rocky mountains were then termed. The western bound ary from the Rocky mountains to me pacific was still unsettled, but wi mis treaty ft was agreed that the citizens of both countries should have Joint occupancy of the disputed terri tory pending final settlement. The northeastern boundary from th At lantlo ocean to the Rocky mountains was settled by a treaty in 1842 by Mr. Webster. Secretarv of StatP In Mr Tyler's Cabinet, and by Lord Ashbur ton, the British minister. As early as i8u ana again in 1818 and 1826 the United States claimed the parallel of 64 degrees and 40 minutes as the true boundary, but this boundary Great Britain refused to accept. Eng- iana insisted mat the 49th parallel was the true boundary. The bound ary line thus became a perplexing question, and thoughtful statesmen, ooin tsriusn ana American, became alarmed that unless the question was settled the two countries might be come involved Jn war. Negotiations were renewed by the Amrelcan mln lister to England in 184S, who pro posed me parallel of 54 desrrees and u minutes, but the proposition was rejected. The line still remained In dispute In 1844 the Democratic convention which nominated Mr. Polk declared ior 64 degrees and 40 minutes. At that very time Mr. Calhoun was Sec retary or State In Tyler's Cabinet and proposed to the British minister the 49th parallel as the boundary line. r my-iour-iorty or fight" was the Democratic watchword In the cam palgn of 1844. Mr. Polk was elect ed on this issue, bo the American people were committed to that line as the true boundary. At this June ture war with Mexico broke out, and If we .Insisted on 54 derrees and 40 minutes as the boundary we might De involved in a war with England. This was not desirable to the South ern leaders, for In that event we might lose our title to Oregon and might not gain any territory on our southwestern border. It was Import ant that the South should gain more territory on our southwestern border so as to strengthen slavery. So the Southern leaders were willing to re linquish the claim to 54th degree and 40 minutes parallel of latitude as the boundary, for they knew that slav ery could never exist In that cold re glon. What was called the Oregon pollcy and the Texas policy of the ad ministration could not both be carried out, so the line of fifty-four-forty or ngnt. wnicn was a good campaign slogan, had to be abandoned. It was soon perceived that those Democrats who adhered td the fifty-four-forty or fight policy were In. a minority. The minority was led by Gen. Lewis cass, Senator of Michigan, and Ed ward A. Hannlgan, Democratic 8ona tor from Indiana, who reproached his party for playing false to the pledges made in the campaign. He said "If Oregon were good for the production of sugar and cotton, it would not have encountered this opposition. Its possession would at once have been secured. A resolution was intro duced In Congress withdrawing our claims to territory In the Northwest. Only forty-six votes were given In the House against what was called a dis graceful surrender. Among those who voted against the surrender were Stephen A. Douglas. . Howell Cobb, Preston King and Allen Q. Thurman After the passage of this resolution the President, Mr. Polk, directed his Secretary of State, Mr, Buchanan, to negotiate a treaty with Great Britain on the basis discussed by Mr. Cat houn two years before. The 48th parallel was agreed upon as the boundary line. This treaty was made between the two countries In 1846 Mr. Buchanan was a cautious man and did not Ilka to assume responsi bility, so as Secretary of State he re ferred the matter to the Senate and asked Its advice, and thus placed the responsibility upon that body, I can understand how Mr, Calhoun, In or der to acquire mora ' slave territory, should agree to the 48th parallel, but I never could understand how Mr, Webster, from a Northern State, should agree to the 48th parallel. The territory we surrendered to Great Britain by accepting the 48th paral lei would make ten' States equal to In dlana and ' they, would all have been free State.' If the United States had remained firm a few years longer we might have extended our boundary to 54 degrees and 40 minutes parallel at the boundary line aroused the North, and tn the election of 184 1 for congressman the administration was defeated and a Whig Congress . was - J elected. In 1841 GenersI Taylor was the Whig eanaMate tor rreaiaent ana . ; I. it n i a ! i ivi' I t r r ) l " ..!.,j,u ! .f Co J,ort:i h:. -rtfd lilui In preference to (Joiiem! mm, a. Northern man, who wus the Democratic candidate. General Casa hud opponed Mr, Polk In his Oregon ollcy that defeated the Democratic party In the North, and he ought to ave boon papular In the North, but General Taylor was elected President. Strange things happen in politics. you can't tell what the people are going to do. The acquisition of slave territory. by the ' Mexican war, vtne abandonment of our claim to 64 de grees and 40 minutes and the reduc tion of the tariff of 1846 defeated tne Democratic party in 1848. It Is sin gular that a party that had been sue cesstui in ; a foreign ; war, ana had i acquired T; additional territo ry, should have r been " defeated at the next election, ; v.. It ? may be stated In summing upJ my obser vation on the Mexican war and Mr. Polk's Oregon policy, that the Presl- aent, while procuring a Southwestern empire for the spread of human sla very, he permitted, the opportunity to ootain a rree Northwestern empire to pass ' unimproved. Mr. Calhoun was an astute and far-seeing states man and his hand can be seen in all of the' political movements of that day, for his purpose was. always to do all he could for the. advancement of slavery. The South never had a more loyal son. In that . day tne Southern, leaders dominated the gov ernment and they were too astute for statesmen under "the leadership of Mr, Calhoun studied government as a science. They did not go Into .poll tics for the spoils, for they were too proud and aristocratic to be governed by such sordid motives. Mr. Cal houn, when he saw General Jackson when President introducing his spoils system, exclaimed in wrath, "that the Democratic party was held together by the cohesive power of public plun der." John Randolph, the brilliant yet erratic- statesman of Virginia, said the Democratic party "had seven principles: five loaves and two nsnes. Calhoun and Randolph belonged to the old aristocracy of the South and were patriotic, and were above a mean or Ignoble action, and gave their service to the country not for personal gain but to benefit and bless humanity. It is pathetic to sea how the South in these latter days, has degenerated and has no states men who can compare with those of the old school. Her past history before the civil war is at least secure. Mr. Calhoun despised Mr. Van Bu- ren, and the Albany Regency who In troduced the spoils system In New York politics, which caused the defal cation in the New Tork custom house with Its necessary corruption and" the dark and crooked ways by which Van Burcn won office. Mr. Blaine says that Mr. Van Buren "stood on the dividing line between the mere poli tician an,l the statesman perfect In the arts of the one. possessing largely the comprehenslvo power of the oth er." Mr. van Huren was oi tne spoils type of politicians who cared nothing for principle, so he could'wln party succors. While Mr. Calhoun was a profound and philosophical statesman, with a trained Intellect, and who cared nothing for the spoils of office and who brought all of his metaphysical powers to the study of the abstract principle- of government as a science governed by certain laws like astronomy and the laws that con trol the numberless worlds and keep them in their proper sphere, In the great universe of God. General Toombs was born rich with a sliver spoon in his mouth. He al ways contended that the reason the Southern statesmen before the war surpassed the Northern statesmen was the leisured class among the slave holders, who had the time to devote to the study of governemnt and that "this Independent leisure class con stituted the fittest, the socially best, the aristocracy." That Is the reason why the Southern statesmen were pure, patriotic and devoted tneir talents to the service of the country, and were not Influenced by the greed of the commercial spirit that charac terizes this generation. When con fined at Fortress Monroe after the war, Jefferson Davis was asked by a Federal officer how much graft Mr. Calhoun received for building the rip raps near Fortress Monroe, which was built while he was Secretary of War under President Monroo. Mr. Davis with indignation replied that Mr. Calhoun was not that kind of a man, that he never received a cent from the government except his salary. We ought to cherish that old pat riotic spirit that animated our fathers of the South before the war, and which made them pure patriots unin fluenced by bribery and corruption, and whose talents have shed an im perishable lustre upon Southern char acter, and made her statesmen hon ored and respected throughout the world for their rugged honesty, for their inflexible virtue, for their spot less purity and for their unblemished Integrity. James K. Polk Was born In Mecklenburg county, North Caro lina on the 2nd of November. 1795. In 1806 his father moved to Tennes see. He graduated at the University In 1818 In the same clans with W. M. Green, afterward bishop of Missis- slppl; R. H. Morrison, first president of Davidson College, and father of Mrs. Stonewall Jackson; W. D. Mose ly. the first Governor of Florida ; Hugh Waddell, father of Col. A. M. Waddell, mayor of Wilmington, and H. C. Jones, a reporter of the Supreme Court. Among this brilliant array of talent Mr. Polk graduatod at the head of his class. He never missed a recitation or duty during his college course. Irt 1826 he was elected to Congress and In 1825 he was elected Speaker for five sessions. He was never absent a single- day from the House. In 1889 he was elected Gov ernor of Tennessee. In 1844 he wss elected President. This was a re markable record for a man to make. He refused to have his name present ed to the Democratic convention of 1848 for a second term. He died the 15th of June, 1849. Mr. Polk' was not among our greatest men, like Clay, Calhoun -and 'Webster, yet he became President, the goal that they never reached. Mr. Webster said Polk "was respectable but never em inent" While he was -Speaker party spirit was so high that no Whig would Introduce the customary resolution of thanks to the Speaker at the close of the session end when a Democrat In troduced a resolution the Whigs voted against It. Governor Wise, of Virgi nia, then a Whig, and'wbo five years later supported him for President, de sired to have the resolution ruled out on a point of order. '8..4T. Prentiss, the brilliant orator from Mississippi, made a speech against it and deolared that he would not give to Mr. Folk a certificate of good behavior, to aid hint in his cinvaaa for Governor of Tennessee, for which ha Is known to be a candidate." In the campaign of 1844 Prentiss made a speech at NaWhes. Miss. Ha run a parallel be tween Polk and Clay. He compared Clay with the great : statesmen of antiquity and . with the statesmen modern tlmea He lifted Clay above alt other man and he towered above thsen, like soma snow-csppsd noun t.uil (M;'l,,iil ItvOVO the l0Wt:l lu.iut- tuln hula ami v-.il.iya He then aKnl the quUon, "Who Is tho competitor of Henry Clay?" Ho pauwed as If he expected an answer. With foam upon his Hps he "hissed out the an swer. That was a severe and unjust criticism of Mr. , Polk, It muBt have ' been humiliat ing to a man of Mr. Prentiss' ability to have had his great Idol, Mr. Clay, defeated by such a man as he de scribed Mr, Polk to be. Mr. Van .Bu ren, who desired the nomination' tor President "in 1844 and was defeated by, Mr. Polk through the efforts of Mr. Calhoun, did not show any resent ment, but supported his , successful competitor! '- wv .- vV ; Silas Wright, the confidential friend of Van Buren," refused to leave the Senate and run,1 for Vice .President with Mr, Polki so George M. pallia was substituted by Mr. -Polk's able and .adroit manager, R. ; J. Walker. Mr. Wright's refusal produced con sternAtion in the Democratic ranks, and led the, Whigs to. hope for sue cess because of distraction In the ranks of the New York Democracy, But this , hope was dispelled by Wright's acceptance of the nomina tion, for Governor,; Wright preferred, the aenatorshlp tOrthat of Governor, but he was told that the State of. New Tork was doubtful, and that In order to secure the vote of New Tork for Polk he should run for Governor: Re luctant as he was to leave the Senate yet he made the sacrifice and Was elected Governor. Mr. Polk offered Gdvernor Wright the position of Sec retary of the Treasury, which he de clined. Mr. Polk then wrote asking his advice as to the New York mem ber of the Cabinet, Governor Wright submitted the names of three men from whom a wise choice could be made Benjamin F. Butler, who had been Attorney General under Jack son: John A. Dlx, then a Senator, and Azariah C.Flagg, comptroller of New York, and distinguished for his ad ministration of. financial trusts. These men were friends of Mr. Van Buren. Mr. Polk disregarded Gover nor Wright's counsel and appointed William L. Marcy as Secretary of War. Marcy was hostile to Wright and Van Buren.' That ruined Mr. Polk's chances for support or me York Democracy for renomlnation in ma. Marcv had lost the State during Van Buren's presidency in tho contest for tho governorship against Mr. 8eward in 18S8 and thus paved the way for Van Buren's disastrous defeat in 1840. The disputes In the Democratic ranks in New York caused by the appointment of Marcy led to Wright's defeat for Governor in 1846. and the election of Jouhn Young, the whtr mndldate. Wright died sud- iianiv Ahnut a vear after his defeat He was one of the most remarkable men of his times. He was a Repre sentative in Congress, entered tho Senate in 1829. at the beginning of Jackson's administration, when only 33 years old. He refused to be put in nomination for the presidency refused the nomination for the vice presidency in 1844, refused Cabinet appointments under Van Buren and Polk, refused a seat on tne bupreme Court bench and refused to accept foreign missions. The only office that he seemed to desire was United States Senator. He measured strength with Calhoun, Clay and Webster. He was a farmer-statesman of the style of Clncinnatus and Cato. He owned a freehold of 30 acres on the St. Lawrence river, and when he re turned home from his senatorial duties, he would exchange his neat suit of broadcloth and fine linen for the laborer's dress and would carry the foremost row In the harvest field or the meadow. Is there sny such a style of statesmen In this day? The defeat of Gen. Cass as the Democrat ic candidate in 1848 is Indeed pathet ic. Xi was a distinguished colonel of the war of 1812, was Governor of Michigan Territory from 1813 to 18Sl. was five years Secretary of War under Gen. Jackson, and had gone to France as minister In 1836. Sen ator from Michigan from 1849 to 1857, four years Secretary of State under Mr. Iluchanan. He was called the courteous senator. What makes his defeat still more bitter to him was that he was the victim of the unpopular policies of Mr. Polk. He was for fifty-four-forty as the bound ary line between the United States and Canada, which ought to have made him popular In the South. Rut when he was nominated for president Mr. Van Huren and his friends bolt ed his nomination and Van Buren became the candidate of what was called the Free Soil or Abolition par ty. Mr. Webster In commenting cri Van Buren's anti-slavery professions said: "If he and Van Buren should meet under a Free Soil flag, the latter with his accustomed good nature would laugh." and added "that the leader of the free spoils party sud denly becoming the leader of the Free Soil party Is a Joke to shake his sides and mine." The abolitionist had no confidence In Van Buren's anti-slavery professions, so they sup ported Taylor ns a slave-holder Seward. Greely. Weed and other Ab olition leaders supported Taylor. Mr Van Buren had been honored with the highest offices by the Democratic party. Ho had been lresiaent, vice Pre-ddent. Senator, secretary of State, Minister to Great Britain. Gov ernor of New YorK, Attorney uener ni and Senator u the State and a member of a State constitutional convention. A man who had thus been honored byNhls party, to refuse toi support Its nominee for President was rulltv of the basest Ingratitude. I can never forgive Oen. Jackson for making Van Buren Vice President In 1881 and President In 188, Instead of Mr. Calhoun who was considered as the legitimate successor of Oep Jackson. Calhoun would unques- tlonablv have been President If Jack son had not decided In favor of Van Buren. At that time Oen. Jackson was almost e absolute In power as the Csar of Russia. The people wor hlned him as the hero of the battle of New Orleans ana as the destroyer of the National Bank, which was as odious to the people as the trusts of this day. Mr. Polk le popularly re garded as a weak man of only mod erate abilities, without the firmness and Iron nerve that makes a hero Ilka Jackson, but this Is a mistake. Mr. Benton says "that all the faults of his Cabinet, all Its merits were his own In defiance of them." When his ludiment was convinced and patriotism required a decision he did not hesitate to assume the responsi bility, and displayed a firmness that would have done credit to Old Hick ory himself. His wnoia cabinet was In favor of, the Nueces river as the western boundary of Texas and was onnosed to that vigoroue policy which carried the American arms to the Cltv of Mexico and conquered a peace in the capital of, that country. His Cabinet was also opposed to receding from 64 degrees and 4 o minutes, but he favored 49 degrees for the settle ment of the Oregon boundary with Great Britain, In both Jils private and publln life he was, a model of purity, Integrity and , honesty and , a sincere friend of hi country, Man occupies a critlctt position in this world. No man Is exempt from mis takes, and none can preserve a proper equilibrium. A mat ponr rrau man can do Is to do right and leave all with God. We read in ancient history " - -- - tnav tne eia stomas uiuperor, in nisi, jjummy.a nviuiu v ',t. .f:"'L VrfeT W!V r""l"'rl to fix hiiiiHoif Exactly la the miiMid of the heavens when he went up among the Rods, lest by loaning on ono Bide or the other he might overslt the uni verse." . "Press not too much on any . part the sphere: Hard were the task thy weight divine to bear: O'er the mild orb more equal shalt ' thou rise. v And with a Juster balance fix the j , . skies."".--" :- BBIDGE WHIST CHAT Written by Bessie E. Allen, of Mflwau- ' ,wu, t ritise n Whist Writer and Teacher. (All rights reserved.) - No. ,12 Plnvln i Hiimmv In m. "Ki Trumper." (Continued.) 1 ,, ' -'K -' '- , i,i ' " ', ' If the adversary opens a suit In which you are awe to win the lead , either In Dummy or your own hand, do not play hastily you should first consider carefully- the following nolnts! Whtfih la tha longest and best suit for you to play iur, tium wnicn nana you can open mat suit to tho best advantage so as to take any necessary finesse; and which hand Is the more likely to need tha high card of tha adversary's suit later, as a re-entry with which to make his own suit ' Should none oP these considerations seem Important, it Is usually, better to play low In Dummy and capture with your high card whatever card the third hand may play. Ywi will thus And out how much help third hand can give his partner, and often will be able to win tha trick with one of your smaller cards, thus adding to the value of your hand. . ELEVEN RULE IN PLAYING DUM MY. In a "No Trump" there are many cases where the "Rule of eleven" is of value to you when yo are playing the Dummy. For example: If an Eight is led and the Ten. Ilea in Dummy, while you hold Kin? and Queen; subtracting eight from elev en leaves three; there are but three cards, outside of the Leader's hand, bet ter than the eight, therefore the Ten played from Dummy's hand will win the irlck and save the King and Queen for a defence agalmit that suit. Or. if the positions are reversed and the Ten lies In your own hand while Dummy holds the King and Queen, it Is not necessary to play either King or Queen, as your Ten must win tne trie. When the adversary opens the hand with tho Nine, Right or Seven, your first thought should be to use the "Rule of Eleven" and see how many higher cards there are outside of the Leader's hand, and then, If possible with your own and Dummy's holding, take advan tage or tne situation. HOLDING UP ACES. When tha adversary opens a suit In which you hold the Ace, but no possibil ity of ever winning another trick, you had better not play the Ace at once un less you are ready to take enough trick to make the game without Interruption. If your long suit is not established, or a finesse must be taken, you should hold up your Ace until the adversary on your right has no more of tne suit. Then, If he gains the lead, he cannot return tne suit his partner has opened, but must lead another suit, probably to your ad vantage. This holding up of the Ace In a "No Trumn" applies eoually well when play ing against the Dummy. The principle Is this: Hold up the Ace of an adversary's long suit until the other adversary Is exhausted, so that, should the Bhort linnd get the lead, he will hove no card of his partner's suit to lead to him. Suppose Dummy hns a long suit and no re-entry, and you are playing against him. Do not bo in a hurry to play your Ace of his long suit. Walt and see If you cannot block the whole suit by holding o(T until the Deal er Is exhausted. Or it Dummy has an established BUit snd his only possible re-entry is a guarded King or Queen, rfiouid the Deni er lead a high enni In the suit in which Dummy has the possible re-enlry. do not play your Ace until Dummy's high card tails: then, having no re-entry, nis es tablished suit eannot make. In a Declared Trump hand It Is dan gerous to hold up Aces, as they are like ly to oe trumpen; nui ir an me trumps are played, you may then play the hand 111. .. I'M TVniYinfii. ' It Is seldom wise to refuse to take tricks with Kings or Queens, either when you ore the Dealer or when pluy Ing against him. HAND lli DEALER. H. A. 9. 7. C. 10. 8. 4. D. K. 10. Pone. S. A. K. 7. 5. 3. Leader. H. 6. 5. C. K. Q J. 8. 6. D. S. 4. t 8. J. 10. 4. DUMMY. North, the Dealer, declares "No Trump." East leader K. H. South Dummy 5. II. C. II. S. D. C. 6. C. J. 8. J. S. 10. 8. 4. 4. D. 8. D. C. 8. C. Q. C. K. West Pone 3. H. 4. H. 3. D. C. 8. C. . 8. 2. S Q. S. 8. S 9. . D. 9. P. C. A. A D. North Denier 7. H. 9. il. A. II. C. 10. Tricks 1 10. H. S J. H. 4 C.vi 5 C. 7. 6 8. C. D. H. H. D. Q. H. J. D. Q. D. North and 8ouih score eight tricks. COMMENT. Trlrk 1 Dealer, having hut one possible trick In the heart suit, holds up his Are in order 10 exnausi rone. Trick 2 Dealer still holds up. It Is im possible for him to know that Pone Is out. Trick J East, the Leader, knows the Dealer has the Ace of hearts, but there ' Is nothing to lose by going on, and to change suit Is dangerous as he may lead Into the Dealers nana Trick 4 Dealer leads clubs, having the sequence from King to Kignt; Keeping th. inniVi sura re-entries. Pons holds up the Ace of clubs until the Trick 5 Desler leads the Pour of clubs . to conceal the Nine, overtaking the trick In Dummy so mat rone may think he ha no mora and give up the Ace. Pone Is not sure the Dealer has no mora clubshe may ba trying to deceive him so he refuses to play hia Ace. Trick s It Is useless for Dummy to es tablish a suit whan hs has. no re-entry, so he tries (or tne spaoea Trirk t Hons nlsva Queen to prevent an of makhHr the Ten of spades a re-entry In DummyTi nana t , - Trick T Pone refuses to cover for fear ether fines, and thereby - makes one of hie spades-good. Trick Dealer continues spades In or der to make his last one should ha again gain the lead. Trick Ifr-Pone laass low diamonds tir ing to put bis partner In to make bla heart. Dealer covers with tha King, It ; being his only chance to gain tha lead; If Bast nas ina Ate oi aiamanns ns I1 ""I". .-,.. w - r - 1 J MA Da ooiigaa to piay k, as H. 4. 8. N. H. K. Q. J. 19. 8. 2 C. A. . 3. C. 7. 2. W. E. D. A. 8. 6. 2. D. Q. J. 7. 5. 8. Q. 9. 8. 2. S. ( S. 6. i Cairo, Egypt, Feb. 20. For some time I have been examining the ge ography of the Exodus as given by Moses and, so far as I can judge, It seems to be all right His de scription of Eden, however, has given rise to much speculation. X nave ta ken a hand at trying to ' locate it and have about reached the conclu sion that I am now in it. The garden was over In Asia, probably some where in the valley of the Euphra tes, but Eden embraced a , much larger , territory. "And the name of the second river is Glhon; the same is it that compasseth the, whole land of Ethiopia" (Gen. 2:18.) The great Jewish Historian Josephus says ex pressly that tiloon was tne, xsue. As it compassed Ethiopia it must have been the Nile Now Moses knew where Ethiopia was, for he Informs us that he married an knows where his mother-in-law lives. This interpretation places me in Eden and, consequently, is an ad ditional reason why I should ba hav ing a nice time down here in this land of wonders. Egypt is sul gen eris. In the pre-hlstorlc past it was the home of wise men; now it is the puzzle of the wise. Long before the dawn .of authentic history there was a high order of civilization In the Nile valley. Its people practiced arts that have been lost to knowl edge, yet the products of their mar velous genius are here to sneak for themselves. For ages the history of me eany .Egyptians was a sealed book. They had a history, but It was In their tombs and monuments in figures of men, birds, beasts, imple ments and curious looking charac ters. They had no letter alnhahet. Only a few years back the key was found that unlocks much of the mystery surrounding the early in habitants of Egypt. The clue was furnished by the Rosetta stone which Is now in the British muse um. Upon that stone were three in scriptions, one In ancient Egyptian, one in the popular language of a la ter period, and the third in Greek, the two last being mere transla tions of the first. From the key thus afforded, Greek scholars worked oUt the alphabet of the hieroglyphics. Now the records of the pre-hlstorlc Egyptians can be read, and as new discoveries are made new light is thrown on the past. Only the other day there was discovered in the VaU ley of the Kings the tomb of the great queen Thi, wife of Amcnhotep III. It contained her mummy, comn and numerous other objects. The in scriptions have not yet ben transla ted. Researches are still going on and are unfolding the secrets of an tiquity. Scholars have gone under the ground and In tho tombs and brought strange statuary and paint ings, and have read the Inscriptions, thereon by means of the alphabet of picture writing. The world Is deeply Interested In these researches In Egypt- The greatest Interest centres in the question s to the effect upon the record of Moses. Those who be lieve In. nnd those who would refute, the Pentateuch are alike keenly In terested In what has been discov ered and uro watching tho results of Egyptian research. People of every shade of religious belief recognize tho fact that these ancient records tell no lies. They speak facta that will not bend one way or the other to suit the opinions of anyone. They are facts, regardless of whether they confirm or contradict anybody. In the Iioulak museum in Cairo are some strange sights which put one to thinking. Not only have the stand ing monuments told their ancient story, but the silence of the tomb has been broken nnd even the dead made to talk again. There are the sarcophagi of kings of various dynas ties with their deeds chiseled in the Kyene granite. There are the royal coffins In which are carvings and paintings that tell a tale of the long ago. In these coffins lie the mum mies of the kings themselves whoso features speak In eloquent silence. In the different rooms are collected the historical series of statues of kings of the different dynasties, showing the features, eyes, hair. beard, etc. As you pass rrom one room to another you note the change of appenranco. Those of the 15th, 16th and 17th dynasties are entirely unlike those of the earlier and later dynasties. They are a different ruce of people. Their color, hair, long beard and Asiatic countenances are wholly unlike those of the prior or subsequent dynasties. WHY ABRAHAM, LOT AND JO SEPH DID 8t DWELL IN EGYPT. The kings of the 15th, 16th and 17th dynasties wero the "Shepherd Kings," nomadic warriors who came from Asia and conquered Egypt. They were. It Is believed, Syrian Ho doulns. They ruled In lower Egypt for about D00 yours and down to about the year 1575 U. C, according to Egyptologists. According to tho Ulble chronology, they would cover the visit of Abraham and the resi dence of Jiis)h In Egypt. Now, tlu native Egyptians despised a sheep herd. (Gen. 36:44 ) But if a shepherd or the descendant of a shepherd was on the throne. Abraham and Lot would feel free to come and bring their llocks down Into Egypt. May not the fact that n shepherd king ruled in Egypt explain the presence of Abraham und liot down nerer .May not the ame fact account for the ele vation of Joseph, a shepherd boy. to be ruler of Egypt under Pharaoh? It may be noted further that when the father and brethren of Joseph wanted them to have Goshen for a dwelling place he instructed them what to say to Pharaoh, and they told Pharaoh that they were shep herds. (Gen. 47:5.) The land of Gosh en lay on the edge of the desert and had not only rich agricultural soil but open pasture land on either side. Joseph knew that Goshen would best( suit his father and brethren. He also knew that the native Egyptians would not want these shepherds among them and that Pharaoh would, therefore, put his kindred over on the border, In order not to create discontent among his native subjects. Joseph's scheme worked like a charm. Pharaoh not only gave them tha land they wanted, but wanted soma of tha Israelites to take charge of his own rattle. LOOKJNO UPON THE FACE OF THE CHUEL RAMSES, Passing out of the room of the Shepherd Kings we sea, another kind of people. They were native Egyp tians, who expelled from Egypt the Shepherd Kings. These ruled several years, when "there arose up a new King over Egypt, which knew not Joseph." (Ex. lis.) it is now semea with ressonable certainty that IUme sea 'II of the lth dynasty wet the Phsrsoh of the oppression. Among other burdenne put on the Israelites, he made them build "treasure titles, PHhom and Raamsea" (Ex. Jill.) Plthom has been refinttely ' located in Goshen, end only a. short while back several grain stores, In . the shape of deep chambers, without windows or doors, into which grain was poured from above, ' have bean ilseoverea there. At the same place a temple was erected by Ram. j II and a monument of him was lata found there the latter now n ta city of IamalHa. This same- Bamesci waa a great builder. Ha construct? 1 mora monuments, temples and stat ues than any other Egyptian king. They are found all over the land. From the number and size of them, he must have oppressed his subjects, especially the foreign element ,, that he did not like, if further procf were necessary to show' that he was tha oppressor, it is at hand in the same museum. His mummy is there. W can see the very man himself, who. was so heartless. His general features are well preserved. He was as at least six feet tall, had a rather small . head, receding forehead, aquiline, nose, firmly set chin, a very Ions neck, and at the time f his death part of his teeth gone, bald-heads d, ' and the remaining hair very gray. As he ruled 67 years,' he must have been 90 or 100 when he died. The ex presslon is that of a man of energy , determination, extreme selfishness) and remorseless cruelty. His .very looks point him ont as the oppressor of the Hebrews and as the king who ordered the male children df the op pressed to be killed. To escape his cruel order the infant Moses was hid. In the bullrushes and to escape hie 4. wrath, forty years later, Moses fled to Mldian and did not return until' the Lord assured him that those wha sought his life were dead (Ex. 4:19.) ' The mummy of Rameses was identi- . fied by the inscription In the tomb -and coffin; As one looks upon tha lifeless form of this Pharaoh a troop of thought pass through the mind. Once a man of mighty power and un feeling cruelty, now so powerless and PHAKAOH WAS NOT DROWNED ' IN THE RED SEA. His son and successor, Menephtah, of the 19th dynasty, was the Pharaoh of the Exodus. His mummy Is also-. In tho grand hall of. royal mummies. - ' When his body was pointed out ag the Pharaoh of the Exodus my ' wife remarked that that must ba a mistake, as his body lay in the Red ' Sea. A very intelligent professor In, an Australian college, who was stand ing near, and who was a good ' inuiiiyuy replied mat tna Hlble did not say that Pharaoh was drowned. That was news to me. Xn had always thought that Pharaoh ' was drowned In the Red Sea. As soon us I reached my room I got out my Ulble and read again what it said. MoBes nays: "The water re turned, and covered tho chariots, and i.iw in,, .i. iiii ii uuu an me nosi o Phnruoh that came ,n the sea after them." (Ex. 14: 27). He does not ussert that Pharaoh went Into the ' sen. and It Is not likely that the King- himself would have pursued them " after they were beyond his kingdom. Hence the mummy of Menephtah u-nuraon) does not fontradlct ' Moses. Hy virtue of tho lost art Of ' ' em 1 1 : i 1 m 1 mr nn.l liv r.itiui,n K .Aa. 'v. '- r j . ti." . n ... i,iu irai- v idltent researches of Egyptologists, we are enabled to-day to see the very " ' man With whom Mtit:;(t nnrl A a rnn , pleaded for the liberation of the chll- '''' dren of Israel, the same man in whose bosom once throbbed a heart hard ened by God. MHiHT ACCOUNT FOR CAIN'S ' WIFE, AND SOME OTHER THINGS. So much for monuments and mummies of kings reigning during tha naoin.l W. EIW t . V" i ' iti ui uic ri t-ui e-w Htiiniirn in 'e- KtrV'nt Hilt "thnrft aafA Attiova TU S are of a date prior to Abraham's viHit. They eo bat into the m.Btv : ft-i .ji u,i n i"'Ul vviiicil illUSCf ,' tinvu It tiufWlitolir not hln A V. -V iiiuuuiiiviiiP ui iiiw tjiiriv uviiHBiies or : old monarchy are some upon which !: vns i miu, uic tuiuu wuiiuci, tiam IldU 5 but llttlo effect. The olden of thftw. . nprnrninir , ITii,n( n. . ii. UAJ fi'iiviois,, ncro ' .,' constructed 5,000 years before Christ. They tlgure out their age by the length ' of the different dynasties that have ruled the land. If they are correct. be older than Adam. There must be .v.- Mimn prrnr In tho fhrnnnlnnf tt tk '. antiiuarlun Investigators, or that ot .V Usher, or In both. There Is much!-:; learning on the subject In the book stores nere. some claim mat tne ex-1:i ireme age or inese monuments. which show that the earlv KirvntlnnM does not contradict the Ulble, but ! In perfect harmony with tha account ;.v of creation. Moses. It Is contended, ' gives nn account of the creation of f n.nn.1. ... K 1 1 ,1 Arfam la K-i mentioned until we reach tha second chapter. "Male and female created ::- lit? llirui I i . a I , uitnoru uiciii ui vi dered them to be fruitful, multiply 1. . L. . 1 . 't T . V. 1 1 ,hAVM h.n.4 A . ' ' " und replenish the earth" u:.T), ana an or tnis oerore Aiium is auuaea to ut ull. Between that creation and. that of Adam. It Is suggested, ages may have elapsed and In those agee - the Egyptians could nave attained Wir that high civilization, the remains of V; u'hl,li an .mi.h liatunfuh us tlwHitv. Whether true or not. the theory la, . Interesting. It would explain the casa ' of Cain. It might account for the.'-. . . . I , i . 1 . . - . I M , muni, nr wriiim i Mill wmm i. i n, 1 1 1 . (Gen. 4:14). Abel was dead, and -. Sith was not born, and why should ' imnnlu nnnn vvVliini rhdk f.nrri WAulll '"'t H fe.ir that his father would kill mm : 11 woum umu tii-vwuui mr uiv - visit venireance If anv should slay inn ei will nun itir inn iiniiira w iiim composed the city of Enoch (4:lt) ! u, aniti ib tntri nnf'iiiH.iinn. mom '. e does not fix the time when Adam ; wus created, and that event might nn vfl nrriirron murn inure limu 6.000 years ago. The method of fcr- . riving at the date ty the genealogtea -. given is very uncertain. Even the : genealogy of Christ Is given differ ently by Bt. Matinew to sj na , St. Luke( :. etc.) The creation of man Is a mystery and the history ' and civilisation of the early Egyptian Is likewise a mystery, it is oe . hoped that future dlecoverlee and the researches of scholars may give u more light. "V; If that old Sphynx over vender on the edge ot the. desert could open hi ponderous Jaws and speak, what a : story he could tell! He la now In hla dotage noee gone, eyas socketless, ears partially destroyed, ineck and body emaciated and bruised by time. Ha too 1s passing away. No wonder that ha weare such a sad look., He ; has met the gaie of Joseph. He wit- nessed the oppression of the Jews. He was looking across th Nile when peaceable subject of many dynasties, and was a spectator of the invadln hosts ot Babylon, Persia, Greece, Rome, Arabia, Turkey and Irance, What a tale he could telll . v Wnlle It tney not be certain a V who reigned during th period rf Israel In Esrypt. and ail may be dour t a to pre-hlstorio Egypt there ".o doubt about tbe prophesies relating to Egypt Read on tha spot' an i amid tha ruins and desolation ef her one proud cities, there Is no room f ? debate about their fulfillment. At another time I msy glva this su: - i i KDit consideration. i ... , t
The Charlotte Observer (Charlotte, N.C.)
Standardized title groups preceding, succeeding, and alternate titles together.
March 10, 1907, edition 1
19
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