Newspapers / The Charlotte Observer (Charlotte, … / July 15, 1907, edition 1 / Page 2
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..;:i..: i T !:.;; naming ! ! ru , w 1 . i'rr Kou.l lSrfoie I .mi t(.'u.'ti of Uio North i i ,ir -s.n , ,i'n lit Homier- Iv l'f n!.ir UiiLe t'orest rr An Hustlvp, Clever I : .n cji 1 I'l'v.eiitfttlon of -1 l'p-To-lae TnjwV A Del i ,:e Snt.jvt Treated lellcately, but 14 a Masterly .Wnnrr. At the request of a number who heard It, The Observer is reproducing this morning the full text of the splen did address delivered at the recent meeting of the State Bar Association at Hendersonville by Mr. JS. W. Tlm berlake, Jr,. of Wake Forest, whose ubject 'waa "The Unwritten Law." The subject, of the paper which I have the honor to read on this occa sion waa suggested by the notification that I should be expected to write on some "live, up-to-date" topic While ; being permitted thus by Its terms to . select from the entire field of recently Adjudicated matters, it may be pre- : turned that this notification ; carried with-it the implied limitation that a subject be chosen which la not necea. earlly dry. To this limitation 1 have tried to conform. Doubtless there are lew here present, however, ; who will fall to recall the story of an ancient people who were set ty their task wasters v to make brick in a place .where there waa no straw, so that they were forced to 90 in the fields and gather stubble. If I have likewise teen "driven to glean in the stubble field of the law," en once said a die tJngulshed Virginia jurist, my excuse I that It is not my own fault And it there be one among my brethren ot the bar so unsympathetic as to sentence me to a term for having con atructed a dry. article out of "material which affords no other essential ele ment," I Should feel myself sufficient : ly revenged if Pharaoh's Order be en ' foreed against him, and he "be deprived ; of his straw, when at noon to-day ho w411 need It for an article that has never been looked upon as otherwise than wet Of all matters which are of Interest and importance to the profession at the present time, there la none which X oould approach with ao much hesi tation as that of the so-called "un written law.' for there la probably none other which is so difficult to treat of with clearness and Impartiality, at the same time avoiding anything that partakes of the scandalous and offen sive. , With the full realisation, therefore, that t delicate subject must needs re quire delicate treatment, It has seem ?. ed proper to approach it from two or three different points of view the first ' pf which is the historical. It Is a fact that there have been periods in his tory in, which the right of the individ ual to take the law Into his own hands - and Inflict punishment for a wrong ' done, has been recognised. Probably the most noteworthy instance of this right was the satisfaction given for the blood of a murdered kinsman. '.This custom, known as blood revenge, , hat at times been almost world-wide in its operation, and was especially : characteristic of society in the earlier " stages of it development. It is re corded In Holy Writ -EX. 21:23 "If any- mischief follow, then thou Shalt give life for life, eye for eye, and tooth for tooth;" and again In Numbers, 85:1, it is declared that the "reveng er of blood shall slay the murderer; f when he meeteth him he shall slay Wi,"i, W find In the Koran, page 210,' that "whosoever shall be slain unjustly, we have given to his heir power to demand satisfaction." Such also, was the Arab custom, while the right to avenge blood has been prac tised among the Semitic peoples from prehistorlo times. HISTORICAL VIEWPOINT. - 1 While It is true historically that the ease la which the technical right of blood revenge has been exercised, have been nearly or all of them cases of homicide, anJ while we Jo not any where find authority for the practice when the sanctity of the home has been invaded, yet the theory is not unlike the modern conception or the right claimed under the "unwritten law' In lta present technical sense, jndeed, it might be said that the "un written law"-Is blood revenge limited to satisfaction for the encroachment upon family purity. - The' second point which It seems proper to notice. Is that the "unwrit ten law" as It Is technically under- stood, disregarding the matter of Its Justification, haa an existence In fact, although Its existence in to be found rather In public sentiment than In any definite recognition by the courts. There are two general classes of cases iq which one may be exempted from punishment for homicide telf-protec-tlon, which is a natural right, and the defense of his household against the i Intrusions of the felon. This senti ment In favor of adding a third class, namely, exemption In thoso cases In which one kills In defense of the fam ily relation, is the natural result of the high supervision which every enlightened community feels Hself bound to exercise over the chastity of Cie family and the sanctity of the home. The matron's honor and the virgin's purity are, and of right ought to be the peculiar objects of wtch cas of every civilized community, for , upon their protection reste the preser vation of society, Hays Milton, "Who know not that ohastlty and purity of Jiving can not be established or con tinued, except It be first established is private, families, from whence the whole; tred of men come forth 1" The higher the degree of eivillxfttioft to which gtate has attained, and the mgner tn j option which women have teen assigned In the community, Just In each, proportion has this sentiment, M expressed in the "unwritten law," JnrMased end developed, . In the" early ages when men wr yet barbarians and , their habits of in nomadic, when war and the chase f - ineir chief occupations anA the , ' dard of excellence measured by .r quaimcauons lor these pursuits, V s not unnatural that women should i ve occupied an inferior and degrad- e 1 position, Th result was a certain 1 'ty in the social relation. But even i ihis early age mtaht be found the t . : ments of a moral sentiment dee. t'-rd to grow and develop as cJvlIlse- n eflvsneed. Marnsge existed as an JONO LIVE THE KINO' I tTt popular cry throughout European c vintTte: .wile la Amvrlrs., tij cry of ptfnt day is "Ixnig live Ur. Klne's w IMffovrv, King of Three! and Il'fl Retr4le!" of. which airs. Julia jnj-r - Poire, Truro, Mass., save; U new . falls to give immediate r .et and tt niiMy cure e tough .r 1L" Mr. Pslne'a opinion Is t irt-i toy a majority of t) Inhnbl. 1 in's of this count ri, New Discovery r. tik lunss stud sore throats aftr w 1 !her rintxites hsve failed; end for ic.s 4 enids It's tlie proven remedy, t ... r,tj hy til druggists. Mo. and ? " -1 bottle free. ;. - , . 1 t:, v ,1 ', ': - v. . r. . .. i la t:. r, i i t.;..t viola; :-n.s of the mai lul on'. . ...itlon. The l'.ist c'.istlnet top was takou to wards Ue elevation of women In the abandonment of the custom of pur chasing wives and in the repudiation of the practice of polygamy. Monog amy, prevailed at an early ege in Greece, while "the whole history of the Blege of Troy," says Air. Lecky In his history Of European morals, "was a history of, the catastrophes that fol lowed a violation of the nuptial tie." 1 j WHEXCE. COMES SENTIMENT? But the Inquiry may naturally be Suggested, I think, whence cornea the present intensified sentiment as mani fested In the "unwritten law?" The answer must of necessity be hazed in uncertainty. It la clear that It is not or auaaen nativity. , it is rather a growth, born of Instinct. But a sug gestion may possibly be worthy of consideration. May . hot ' the present intensified sentiment' be 4 survival of the Ideas that were so Strongly char acteristic of the age of chivalry? .Or at least may not chivalry have had a pronounced Influence in shaping and developing tt7 This social arrange ment seems first to have assumed the defined character , of an institution during the eleventh century, and an pears to have had 'Its origin among the aerman tribes, whose moral puri ty, Tacitus tells tas, has never teen surpassed by any race of people. Is not this very fact suggestive ? .With the introduction ; of feudality into Englandchivalry reached Its full pro portions, and has been regarded by some writers as "Tne complement of that institution." Feudality exhibited the political, chivalry the moral and social side of medieval life, The most characteristic feature of the Institution, however, and that one with which our inquiry 11 chiefly con cerned, was the devotion to the female sex. Says Sir Walter Scott in his Es say 1on Chivalry, "Amid the various duties of knighthood, that of protect ing the female sex, respecting their persons and redressing their wrongs, be coming the champion of their cause and the chastiser of those by whom they were Injured, was repre sented as one of the principal objects of the Institution. Their oath bound the new-made knight to defend the cause of all women without exception; and the most pressing way, of con juring them to grant a boon was to implore it in the name ot Qod and the ladles." Of tate years, however, our fair, sis ters have seemed -disposed to doubt our ability to conduct their quarrels after the fashion of a true knight, and have demanded plaice by our side in the tournaments of the forum. To our field of ennobling strife we bid them welcome, and hereafter, lit the language of a not unappreclatlve member of the fraternity, "When we speak of our honored profession we must he understood to embrace Our sisters-in-law." A DUTY TO SOCIETY. ' It is obvious that an institution in which extravagance and exaggerated ideas were such a pronounced feature could not endure, and it can not be said that It Is desirable that it should have done so In all its Intensity. At the same time, the habits derived from the age of Chivalry have pro duced a significant effect upon our manners, and have helped to estab lish a public sentiment, which upon the whole has been for the Improve ment of society, As has been said by an eminent writer "Every man enters the world under the impression that neither his strength, hU wealth, his station, nor his wit, will excuse him from answering at the risk of his life, any unbecoming encroachment on the civility due to the weakest, the poor est the least important, or the most modest member ot the society in which he mingles. All, too, in the rank ot gentlemen are forcibly called upon to remember that they must re sent the Imputation of a voluntary falsehood as the most gross injury; and that the rights ot the weaker sex demand protection from every one who would have a good character in socie ty." Need we go further to find an expla nation of that sentiment that demands protection for the weaker sex? I do not undertake to pronounce Chivalry Its birth-place, ,'but offer the sugges tion for what it is worth. That the sentiment back of the "unwritten law" exists, more strongly, perhaps, In some localities than in others, h undeniably true; whether for good or for evil I do not assume the responsi bility of Judging. As government grows strong, the individual grows cor respondingly weak, and eah member of society surrenders to central author ity many of his natural rights in re turn for its protection. Alt govern mental powers are delegated powers. All powers being orlglmtlly in those who formed government, they dele gate whatever powers they desire to be exercised by their servants, and these, acting under this delegated au thority, become the officers of the law. Thus the power to grant redress for civil Injurlea and to punish for crime generally, has been yielded by the In dividual to government. But the right to protect the weaker sex, the right to guard the sanctity of the home. and to punish him who daros Invade It. Is one which the individual has not been willing to surrender. He feels that the Injury Is peculiarly mtachevi oug to him; he Is not willing to accept the remedy afforded-by the slower process of law, but feels that ven geance must be speedy and sure. The death penalty alone will satisfy. This Is the individual feeling, and public sentiment allows it. The Judges decry It, but the Juries admit It. LAW REOlljTER'8 COMMENT. In commenting upon the famous gtrother case in Virginia, the Law Register of April, 1107, says, "There are times and circumstances that seem to make It necessary to the welfare of society that a common-sens view of right and Justice should prevail over the arbitrary letter of a statute, and civilized and enlightened men every where are Inclined to regard the pro. taction of women as a mitigation of otherwise unpardonable crime. WhaU ever may be the opinion of the dud- lie concerning its effect on morals, or or tne judges as to its weakening in fluence or fear of the law againt homicide, the decision win bo, or at least should be, a strong determent to the Bywaters brand of enterprise in the Old Dominion,' and may result in lasting good 'to society and the State," . ayi the Kalelgh Evening Times, May 11. 19071 . , 'Right or wrong from the cold and exacting standpoint of ;thn , statutory law It Is an extremely difficult mat ter for the average ' properly consti tuted man, who has a mother, slater, and perhaps a wife, to brlnr himself (as a Juryman) to the point of con-- oemning a prisoner for doing what he knows ho himself would do under the same conditionsAnd, therefore, there tomes a time when he will say 'not Iul!tsHhouLitJrt0We7oa4.4 r 1 t - l.l i' l ;-y is taur.l-r lu I and vvitu walk 1 t:,a t.;an f jr w indict?.!, deliberately s afcretliousht. "The niaji-.sty of the law la indeed a great thing to contemplate.- Upon it aa a general proposition the order and safety of society depend. - "But -it never has and tiever will and never can revolutionize the work ing of a human conscience, nor trans form the character of the acts of a man performed in. response to Its promptings and dictation." ; If there be one who doubts the ex istence of the sentiment supporting the "unwritten law," let him but glance for a moment at the records of the Cases in which : it has been Invoked and the verdict la each. Probably the mojf noteworthy case ef its kind on record is the prosecution of Gen. Dan iel E. Sickles for the murder of the Hon. Philip Barton, Key. In Washing ton City In 1159. These gentlemen had been friends for years, but Key had violated the bonds of friendship in a most unworthy manner. V From the front window of his home, . Mr Sickles saw Mr. Key drive past and wave his handkerchief as a signal to Mrs. Sickles. A few hours later, meet ing Key upon ft public thoroughfare in the city, and outraged and mortified beyond endurance, Mr. Sickles, ex claimed, "Key, you scoundrel, you have dishonored my house; you must die." Whereupon he shot : and killed - him upon the spot Perhaps the most pow erful argument ever made in a, case of this character was mado by Edwin M. Stanton In defense Of Gen, Sickles, the trial resulting in a verdict of ac quittal. SOME ILLUSTRATIONS. '' . Since the killing of Stanford White In Madison Square Garden, a number of similar cases have occurred. Not Ions: since, in Fulton, Missouri. Ed round F. Bailey shot and killed Jay Lawder, a wealthy mine owner, plead ed the "unwritten law" and was ac quitted. At Buena Vista, Colorado, Mrs. Carl Bode was shot by Mrs. Grace Hutchison, having been accused by the latter of breaking up her home and stealing her husband. Mrs. Hutch ison was almost instantly . acquitted, Even in Mexico the "unwritten law" found efficacy, when at Valerdlna, Frank Bauer was released on a noml nal bond and was given to understand that his case would be continued in definitely. A remarkable case trans pired at Ooldfleld, . Nevada, when Count Constsntlne de Podhorskt was shot and killed by Jack nines, this case being similar in many respects to the Thaw tragedy. Toung ilk Eve lyn Nosblt, Mrs. Hlnes, then Miss Edith Marr, was only seventeen when she met Count Constantlne: poor like Eve lyn Nesblt, she was forced to earn her own living by stenography; beautiful like Evelyn Nesblt her personal charms led to a tragedy. The fatal shot fired, the outraged husband, like Har ry K. Thaw, dramatically exclaimed, "He ruined my life," and declared his willingness to take the consequences. In the Strother case, supra, Judge Harrison, an able and conscientious lawyer, announced In the beginning that the defense must stand of fall by the written code that there waa no unwritten law in Virginia. But when the Jury returned a verdict of acquit tal, thereby deciding that there is an "unwritten law" In that State, Judge Harrison thanked them for their pa tience and painstaking care, and made the statement that "no man should be punished for defending his home." It is hardly a matter ot surprise that the plea would have proved ineffective In the Thaw trial. Mrs. Evelyn Thaw's past history was not a stable enough structure for the "unwritten law" to rest upon. Taking into consideration this fact, together with the other evi dence tending to disprove the "gal lant" conduct and to lower the "high moral" attitude of the prisoner, - It could scarcely be supposed that a Jury of twelve Intelligent men should have accorded a very ready response to the appeal. Not even in Mrs. Thaw's "sublime renunciation," nor in Del mas' "dementia Americana" could this delicate instrument find an adequate support. "But where the 'unwritten law' Is Invoked In a Just cause," de clares a prominent North Carolina dal ly, "where the woman in the case has led a clean life hitherto, It has nearly always been effective, and will proba bly continue to be so in the South es pecially, for time Indefinite." CAN IT BE JUSTIFIED? The third and last point of view from which It has seemed proper to approach the treatment of this sub ject,, is supposing the existence of an "unwritten law" in Individual feeling and tolerated by public opinion, can Its existence be Justified? Is there a Justification, beyond the fact of Its de facto existence, sufficient to war rant a definite recognition ty the courts? In short, should the "unwrit ten law" be received as an established defense to homicide? Homicide la defined to be the kill ing of a human being, and may or may not subject the doer of the deed to le gal punishment. 'The circumstances determine whether or not the act Is a legal crime. A man Is Justified, and fs, therefore, exempt from Judicial punishment where he kills another in protecting his own life from a mur derous and unprovoked assault or In the prevention of a forcible and atro cious felony. Whether or not one Is to be held Justifiable in those easel arising out of the social relation is the problem presented for solution. Note the situation in this last class ot cases. A husband kills the paramour of his wife; in invoking the aid of the "un written law," two lines ot defense are presented to the courtOne that un der the peculiar circumstances of Its commission the act is Justified in law! the other, that by reason of the prison er's state of mind, the doing or the act, whether Justified or not, entails upon him ho legal responsibility, in either point of view, the ' relations which the prisoner and the deceased sustained toward each other at the moment of the homicide are to be observed on the one side, an outraged husband, on the other the Invader of the marriage relation, without Justifi cation for hi act. The Incensed hus band kills and dares to take the consequences, if need he, In order to be revenged upon him who has wronged him In his most sacred rela tion. And who among frail mankind would assume to Judge him harshly? When a woman Joins her hand In ho ly wedlock, she promises to love, cher ish and obey her husband and him on ly; but her affections alienated and she having wandered away from the protecting love of her lord, no man can measure the awful consequence. The husband is deprived of tho com panionship which by the law of Ood and man are rightly his; the children of the anion are despoiled of a moth er's tender care and affection, their portion a heritage of dishonor, "Who seeing this thing." asks Mr. Stanton in hi famous argument in defense , of Gen. Pickles, "would not exclaim to the unhappy husband: Hasten, hasten. lnuta,io, ,sava-.tlia.iftcUir...t you c 1.. r ; :.r,l n.r.y t:. j 1.. i i v,ho watv.-9 over the home a.-. 1 the f.jii.!'i u:.;e the bullet uid d:nvt I'm stroko.' WHAT AUTHORITIES SAY. A brief examination Into the au thorities bearing on the question may not be improper at this point There seems to have been four periods in which the right to punish In this gen eral class of casQS was permitted, namely; under the Jewish dispensa tion, in the laws of Solon, among the early Romans and among the . Gothic peoples. The Jewish law was particu larly stringent in punishing offenses of this character, and even among the Assyrians, as far back as Hammurabi, 2250 B, C, ft find the law scarcely less strict Coda Hammurabi, sections 129-180. - In the 3th chapter of the Book of Genesis, an Interesting case is recorded. The sons of Jacob put to death a certain Shechem, the son ot one Hamor Who dwelt In a city called Succoth, and the reason assigned was that he had brought reproach upon the nam pf their sister Dinah. It has been said that in England from the reign of Edward II, to that of Charles It, no case Is to be found in which a husband Was punished tor having killed one who had wronged him in his marital relation. And yet (his is undoubtedly not taw at present filackstone states the taw in this class ot cases as follows: "So if a man takes another and kills him directly upon the spot, though this wan followed by the laws of Sot on, as likewise by the Roman Civil Law and also among the ancient Goths, yet in England it is not abso lutely ranked 14 the class of Justifiable homicide, but - is mansiaugbter.v, IV. Black; Com. hao 14. The leadina au thority for this proposition is the cele brated Manning case, decided in the reign or Charles II. Mr. Stanton ar gues with great Ingenuity in the Sick lea case that the dec Won in Manning's Case was the result of the great cor ruption prevailing during the period in wnich it was rendered, and that conditions being no longer the same, It ought not now to be considered as authority. However, this may be. modern de cisions. Doth English and American. hold to the. View that kllllnir under such circumstances Is not Justifiable, not even excusable, but is manslaugh ter at least; and even then if there has been sufficient pooling time the slayer may be guilty of murder. The rule is laid down and the distinction drawn with great clearness by the Sunreme Court of North Carolina in the cases of State vs. samuel 48 N. C 74, and State vs.; Neville, 51 N. C, 48. Says Nash, C J. in State vs. Samuel, " if the prisoner had slain him (de ceased) on the spot ths crime would have been extenuated to -manslaugh ter, the provocation being considered In law a legal one as producing that brevls furor which for the moment unsettle the reason. But if sufficient time has elapsed for the passions to cool, the crime Is not extenuated to manslaughter, but the slayer is guilty ot murder," NO LEGAL DEFENSE. A careful examination Into the au thorities has failed to disclose any modern case from which the inference could be drawn that the principle of the "unwritten law" can be made a legal defense to homicide. At the most It could only be taken as an extenuat ing circumstance, reducing the act to a lesser degree of crime. One other thought, and this discus sion Is closed. Has the "unwritten law" found Justification in public fiol- icy? The answer must come unhesi tatingly, no. There are some who would deny Its Justification from this point of view upon the theory that it Is only a species of lynch law. and they would condemn both with equal severity, says the Charlotte Observer of some weeks ago, in speaking of a recent Georgia tragedy, "Of course the unwritten law,' one of whose recog nised precedents is that any negro ac cused or naving a aimcuity with a white man Is to he lynched, Immedi ately proceeded to demonstrate Its en tire freedom from color blindness." However, it is submitted that there Is a distinction between the two. worthy of consideration. There Is no ground upon which the bloody deed of a mob can be Justified or excused. Not only is mob law a usurpation of the function of government, but It la for the time being, so far as It is con cerned, an overthrow of government. It knows no law. It has sustained ho personal wrong at the hands of Its vlotlm, but slays without personal pro vocation and because it thlrets for biood. On the other hand, he who kills where the sanctity ot his home has been invaded has sustained a per sonal wrong, and It Is through person al provocation, not merely through bloodthlrstlneas. that he takes the life of the wrong-doerV It Is true, his mo tive is one of revenge, hut he is eeek Ing it for a wrong done himself, iioi tor a wrong done somebody elae. un like the mob. he recognises law, and in his own mind justifies his act under the law. Granted that he usurps the functions of government the danger Is not so great as -when the mob Is the usurper. . But a more satisfactory and mora tangible reason may pe found why the right claimed under) the "unwritten law" can not be Justified, One of ite greatest dangers to publlo policy comes Into play when you consider the fact that the victim of the outraged slayer may have been guiltless of the of fense for which he has been slain. At this point the "unwritten law" hangs on a slender thread Indeed. In a re cent Virginia case Judge Lovlngr ahot and killed a young man, Estes, who was supposed to have drugged Ms daughter. Subsequently ; discovered facts seemed to point to the Innocence of t he decea scd. .: An ct yet these facts by an Iniquitous rule of .evidence were excluded from the Jury, and the name of the dead man is left with the etfg ma of an Infamous crime upon tt. In State vs. Neville, supra, Chief Justice Ruffln in writing the opinion of the Court, Illustrates very clearlv the Wts dom of the law on the subject He says, "If it happen that he (the hus band) be the deluded victim of an la go, and that he has a chaste wife, how is It to be then? These inquiries sug gest the Impossibility of acting on any rule but that of the common , law, without danger of . Imbruing men's hands In innocent blood, and certainly of encouraging proud headstrong men to slay others for Vengeance Instead of bringing them to trial and punishment by 1W" THE MOST VICIOUS RESULT . One of the most vicious results of a law "unwritten and undefined" Is that It makes its executioner the sols tribunal to Judge of the guilt or inno cence of him who Is arraigned under tt By Its terms Judge and Jury be come one and the same, the presump tion of Innocence Is discarded, and evi dence of guilt only is admitted. Here is a court of extraordinary powers In deed a one-man tribunal having orl llnel, -exclusive a&4 -Anal Jurisdiction, ! r.s-'.n : 1 t- . -.e v- . ' la t "!.:! of the "i..iivr..:..a U-V id i t t. : i .1 the Ofurtur.'.fy ta introduce evidence of his Innocence; It is not even necessary to establish his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The only requisite is to charge him with the offence and execute the sentence. If it should afterwards be discovered that the deceaxed is really guiltless, he only is hurt, and the hurt done him is re paired in the vindication of his mem ory. "It looks very much," says the Rome, Oa., Tribune, "like this 'un written law' business Is being run into the ground, and that a few written verdicts of guilty by Juries throughout the country might have a salutary er- fect" This article Is Intended neither as an attack upon the "unwritten law" nor as a defense of Its doctrine. Its purpose is rather to enter a plea for the "orderliness and security of our social system." ' It would perhaps ,be not unwise for our lawmakers to take into consideration the question wheth er or not the present legal remedies against the encroachment upon family purity are proportionate to the enor mity ot the offense. In .some cases under the rigid rule of the "unwritten law" the ; off ender ' undoubtedly get his Just deserts, and puhllc opinion ap proves the sentence, - Perhaps it might be well if the law of the land pres. crtbed the death penalty for him who invades the sanctity .of the home but it does not. perhaps it might he well If this concession were mad to public opinion. v such' a, compromise would live no recognition to the "un written law," hut might go far tow ards removing- the cause for Its oper ation. It might go far towards satis fying the outraged individual, by, im posing upon the offender the very pen-; alty demanded under, the .''unwritten law," while it would at the same time Insure to the offender the trial which the "unwritten law" denies. 1 do not wish to be understood at going to the extent of advocating so tar-reaching a step there la much to be said both tor and against but as merely advancing the suggestion as a possible solution of a problem which is undoubtedly confronting the profee ion at the present time, , - . With the "unwritten law" Itself no compromise can be made, flnsustain ed by authority and unsanctioned toy puoiic poucy, u can nna no legal :us tification in a welt preserved and per fectly organised community, A HAPPT MAN IS Amos T, King, Ot Port Byron, N. 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Brief courses for grad- Department for those Who desire pusiness training-, juusio department Offers Dra flourae anA Rnanlal Certificate ,. courses. Weil equipped aepanment or manual Arts and Do mestic Cclenoe. Board at actual cost. Expenses $110 a year. For free-tuition : etu dents 1125. Fall term opens Septem ber 18th, To secure board in dor mltorles, free-tuition applications should be made before July 16th. . L f oust, President r- Greensboro, N. C Guilford College Eleven instructors. Chemical, Physical, Biological Labora- - torles. ' Excellent Library. Electric Lights. Abundant water supply. Mew Dormitory for girls open in Sep- tember. - Location In the' healthful Piedmont Section. For both sexes. . Seventy-first session Will open Sep tember 8d, .Address ' v'-" -FHESIDEXT L. IV 1IOBBS, Guilford College, N. O. College of and Mechanical Arts Practical education in Agriculture; In Civil, Electrical, end Mechanical Engineering; , in Cotton Manufactur ing, Dyeing and Industrial Chemis try. Tuition MS a year; Board 110 a month. 120 Scholarships, Address rilESIDEXT WlJfgTOIf, - West Jlalelgh, X. C. StatesyilleFemateCollege Modern equipment" able faculty. Large attendance. - Kind heme In fluences. Moderate prices for such excellent advantages. Only good and studious girls are wanted. Board and tuition for session, 1147.00. Other Driers as moderate. Bend for cata logue. j. A. SCOTT. D. D.. pres. PEACE INSTITUTE AND COXtEItVATORX A hlirh trade eolWe for women. Twslve departments under specialists, Excellent brlek buildings and spacious grounds. Every precaution against fire and dis ease. Takes a limited number and elves Individual attention, founded half a cen tury ago and run solely on its merits. or catalogue apply to - UEXHY JCItOME STOCXATID. Agricultural i . 1( , '.r- ., .. t . ' - ........ ClIAKLOTIi:. N. C ff A Kl.li-Graa Colic for Your ,2 . Women. ' - A well established, college, with modern methods and courses of study approved by the leading Northern universities and educators. There are II schools and depart ments, and each school Is presided over by a professional, experienced teacher, whose methods are the latest and best u .-, . ,. . 3 The number of .pSplls Is ' limited, tor this reason the individual stu dent has special and careful training and better health protection. The suburban location.-10 acres of shaded eampua, and overlooking the city and - surrounding country ts beautiful and healthful, and affords splendid - opportunity -for outdoor recreation and - sports. . A skilled physical director, gymnasium with bowling alley, tire-proof building, sunny rooms, college dairy exclusive ly, excellent table and every other Beressary equipment for a flrst-claea service. - - . - ' , . - Elisabeth College appeals to a dls criminating patronage who desire the beet advantages, . - Catalogue tent on application. , Ad dress "V - CKAiUIM,: 1 Vfkvjsvswavvwea Trinity Park School A mrst-Clasa Preparatory schoo! Certificates ot Graduation Accepted for Entrance to Leading . ..Southern Colleges. . - Best Equipped Preparatory School In the? South . Faculty of ten officers and teachers. Campus of seventy-five ' aores. Library containing thirty thousand volumes. Vell equipped gymnasium. High standards and modern methods of instruction. Frequent lectures by prominent leoturers. Expenses exceedingly t " , moderate. Seven years of phenome- ' ' ' 1 , nar success. , . v . . For Catalogue and other Information, address - J ' H. M. NORTH . Headmaster Durham, V ?. TRINITY Four Departments Collegiate, Graduate, Engineering, and Law. Large library facilities. Well equipped labora tories in all departments of ; science. Gymnasium furnished with best apparatus.. Expenses very , , - moderate. Aid for worthy students, v irotmrt iev trtsmifo TO STttY LAW should in. VESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR ADVANTAGES OFFERED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF LAW IN TRINITY COL LEGE t t I i I I I i : t i i t i t t For Catalogue and further information, address. D. W. NEWSOM, Registrar Durham, N. .C. C10VERSIDE ron, ' Yomro LADIES . AND V;- -GUUS BOARDING SCHOOL Near enough to New York ts get to escape the rigors of New York C ocean. Non-denommauoaav nut unaer Episcopal influences. - . Unsurpassed location and educatl ladles from the South who wisbTeo Address HISS ELIZABETH ' MONTCL ERSKINE COLLEQ E, DUE WEST, S. 0. Educates your boys and girls as cheaply as you can keep them at home. Tuition and Incidentals, $40.00. Tuition frfe to young ladles in W ylle Home. Board In College Home at cost . 't Write tt once for catalogue to J. 6. MOFFATT, President (INCORPORATED) IV A wart i a v .out w a awm v 9S.00 on single course, or $10.09 on Coma to tts and the world's best Is yours. Positions for all who take our Write for our propositions they wui KING'S BCSIXEf3 COLLGGK, Charlotte N. O. , RsJelth, Iff. a ' Prcsbyteriah College For Women CHARLOTTE, N. 0. This old and well-known school makes ho pretentious claims, but confidently points to It thorough work, its fine faculty and its graduates filling positions throughout the State. Its moderate charges.' conservative methods ' and refined surroundings reoomme&d It to all. -' , . - . V) - . , r For catalogue address '" . v f ' Rev. J. R. Bridges, D .De COHTTNT BOARDING SCnOOL For Young Ladles and Girls. ID. ft rm art s.titlM '1tMs1latl .. Course. Located In Piedmont regt en, climate equable and salubrloua blSTERS OF SfFRCYf SACRED ttfi ART ACATit-ttV ftrt itv w i i W .... 'I 7 ... Presidcat J COLLEGE Non-sectarian, but un der Episcopal influence. English, Muslo. Art , all advantages, but far enough away try climate, off the jwtt bay and onal facilities for girls and young bii near New York but not in the olty. - TI1ILOW, Principal, ADft N. 3. ShOVrf-rtAV. r . w . . - o cv.au BWiUilUkXt tUkXMlMt MTV combined course, by taking edvantase end most modem business education combined coum. or money refunded. put you to thinkia. - tfwet Am j ..,' a m '.j-v.. a
The Charlotte Observer (Charlotte, N.C.)
Standardized title groups preceding, succeeding, and alternate titles together.
July 15, 1907, edition 1
2
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