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WHAT DO ViD I I VC FOR, BUT TO IMPliOVE 0
UjsCLVKS AND BB USEFUL TO . ONE ASOTIlEIt; ,
VOLUME III.
ASHIWORO, (N. (i)
KRIT),VYt M AUG f J 1,' 1839.
NUMDKR 5.
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1838.
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HUMP;)
ti nt.
ive cx
:es f
FITT.
PUBLISHED .AVEEKLYr
,1 io yer the stage1 of life, Juw'.Won
i!cr
wo Pilars per annum, in ad varce,
or Thiee Pilars, if not paid within
three months from the date of the
first number received. ' "
lo subscription to be discontinued till
all arrearages l paid; unless at tne
discretion of the Kdhor. v : ? 1
failure to order a discontinuance lie
fore the expiration the ' subscrip
tion. year, s equivalent to a new
encasement.:. ' ' .' "'V ;
11 loiters, Communications," &c. to
conic post paid. V "" J ' ' ;
Adverlmrnts will hcVorpiciiowly
id htndwrly iwawivd t "l W per
juare of UI -..ty Unl . SLu;auf
c nctit, however -short, vi5l bocharg-
J les than fur a 'mmmQ -
Court Odvrs and ficial adverttse-
u i 1 . '"a.. . I ! l
hients w it m rnareo. -i-i pcTcni ih.'h
r ; (we sometimes have to w ait so Ion-
Tl, Ih adrerti rr ue ycarmni
k entiiKl to a JsjdunioaM v3J percept
rovuicd thev pay in auvance,
-v.
bf S. uth tlarolina, oa the cngrosstnynl
' ol'iln liU lbrgradiiatjng thopnco.yl
, UPLICTKAND-
Mr-CALHOU; taU: I have noile.
irflr.' P i$deiu. to. retard io the sukil-
e4 dciiwe, ht turn aciiun ui .tLa cjii.
. . ... i . :
Me
lmn
icrf l "the channel Jjiead of one, as
the n, tjiurp are now nine new ttates ;
and la the ftce bf two Qnatrn io Uiir
t v ;y w nv dta vfetghtcar iff fifty-?
tv. ?; mnfeing, instead ol oxKJ'slxteciU,
monj than at Med of4the vlwVi and al
ready three Territories, Florida, WiV
Consm; and lovya, are strug'.inj for
adiniskiytu AVhen i ad jriitted, which
niust.bt shortly, tperej wjll then be 12
new Statesr, wi;h; tvjpnty 4ur Stiatojrs
in f.ftv-iix, which, will jncreas their re
lativu,w tight in this body to three &ev-
But as wonderful as das been th in-;
create io this body, it will be still more
so, after the nextecnsust in the other.
It w ill 'hj taksn next cir, and a neyk
8'jni( timent of ihe tuunibcrt. wijt' Us
in;do under the lmtiiutioii ; .wln,.ju
stead f a sinlu mefiiberfc being 4 U?s
than one iu a ',!JW, yas lw cas
Tipoi r 'soveift y atrraVlRorreprcsen-
tati'Oi hi UMJ new otafes wmii!C
stniMl to the old, at K-atr, a fort y " id six
ty, or two fifih U the w.holeT as cr:ru
lated by a ffkwl faniilinr with the- sub
Wi, and iti wle accuracy J have en-
. -j 1 tl . . .... H. .... ' I a.,
jure ronnaeure. 5 int; iw siaies, nav
in they will tficn,, Jhree seventh ju
this and Uu-fifihi in the o'her HouW,
will, of oursej have a relative, weight
ia f'O flct4ral roUce, or te,jsauie
thmxin tlie jchoice of 4 President, ciViu
puiuj ca h iu4 iwo. mauu, iie-uvriuui
of lhhylv& nieh ir the f.ah;'-
Nov ifavc .tultil the fiHure,' tve
sItaU-f:ad ihM4 use of.hia .:iuia zina
gryib so fr from beinq; xhaiPted or
wcalcriji'd. i.t acting wjhincread Are
tvsi urg:is forward thc.roYth of those
8tatot wIlli accelerated, Instead of de
.creasing, velocity j, so moeh jb, that
me last jwemy-sev
svklein, tnUbtee
li.ilcofj7,(for
tlw greai Hint, tt;
cure mcir lavor
be;rfil'jjy fa ivo
and policy m
ia'ndi , Now, on
low: either ,alj
ter into this cei
thestru2'itew
thest, and its
the Presiden
that in tl
Lch it must ever, be,)
realterrwiU bo to sei
and that this can best
"g their peculiar views
erence to ,, the puuiio
of two things must fol
io candidates will eni
etition,' in which casrf
be who shall go , farn
iseqiicrice to ki ye the
vote to hjin nmy bid hRrhesUV Jt w
eaiyjJ eeJif.:his would-epd "Tlio
public dom uiithe itohle , inheritance of
the; people If Ihif union, vould bo
8quanLr(,'d,,r fatlier gambled away.
in. tl;e contcsf and would thus be made.
to state, in, genenl : terin my ropinioo dy: jCa cede-tKH that is not the the con- -
ui i tiiuuiu ii, wuuuui viijurnin miu nuiuiitnmi worcio uispme 01 me ptib
the reasons on' which jt is grouftded.v;Vi lie; lands lb the States withtrr the limits
I jriiere apjeaw, to be great- of which theregpectiely h'e on: such.,
and cisive objections to llie measure terms and under such conditions as shall,
The right to adopt-it raayi in the first at the same lime; bo just and liberal to
place, bej fariJyqosUoneaV AVe hold the $ew States and sate to Ue old. ' Wo
ihepubjic domain as a poncirtpo proper-imust, in a word, part with the owner
ty or fayd, belonging to the States of tbe 1kip anj Administration of the land
Unioti jn .their cimloderated, and not vi lying teilhin :l(e. tState$Pminns thbs&
myu miuuai cudiuicf, j , Aiiey were . m ujo xpmuirws, jmi oovona, uriaer
acquired eitjier by purchaseoytpf com the.operation bf tlio 'present systelij.
uioii fuuds Bjloagin2 to tjier liilon, or b
cession from.the States to ho. Union, to
bo held as a fund in conjinon ; and I am
at a lews to conceive what naht we have
to niake that wmcaoeiongsio the whole
at thef $ame fine, tho means of plunder iVfiion aa a tpnombn Aiud; jthefseparate
and corrup'tn, and ofclevatini to iow
yar the niostprylligate and audacious.-,'
lund of cach;SUte.(()t seems to me that
u, cannot uo-qone vnmoi a manliest
Bat K' inlead of tall the candidate , breach 'offtrust and'a' violation of the
lavor of the new States, a
jcouxJuOicirJnlfirtvnd
'at vf the old Slaiea,.,ilie
nts would, indeed I be, vari-
ultiipate rciuU would oe the
Hti 8ujji)Si!Joii each of the
would resort to meah best
,th . secure the section on
C,on!,,,uWon. , Tliia is no tJew.opinion,
fjrmi:d lor-thfiiijjiy'afco the
putrary, 'oriHe when; ps "au'hjor first
introduced the , mcarey.lid when he
arid myself ; thought iiliU as td lhe ne--cessify
of relieving, the 'Treaury iif Its
surplus, i i order to avoid the ddhi:ul!ieJ
and the dancrs , whicl) have since foJ
as a tennwrar' measrcjut relief aeaiost
a ttetssiug. evil I but npossulo
mr me io oruij my jmiua io assent j9 tne
righUif adopting iU-'jA t4i'VV 'W-
r " ' ' I a 1 .
on this bill and H brdr to avoid the past changei in tl
I'jcessary codsumpuoo 01 lime, 1 w-j en vcars wur appear, as notinni', co
nd tostato ai cvuteisdy as p"Mwiblehnred with what wdl takd place in the
v t-iKurciii inc nnuyi i.hi.t v vo imi- nnxi iivcuiv. seven. ruiiiess soino iimuru-
ucd in tcference to tiw public lands !
Inw within the limits of Utw Mates;
ud mv reaiom fwf vottnar ajraiDst the
f n-n-ossmcnt of this bilL
I shall begin s ttli premising that I am
) Vervat
noxt'tvveiltf-evtn unless soirie imfore-
seen occurrc nt;e should inter vene to re
tard ; their pralress. If, my tnemor'y
scrrei 5ne, our. rpufafVai:twcntv-scv-
I en yeirs ago, WiiS about seven- million ;
and out' annual increaisp then, tliutVis,
mder strontixonvicliyn, boitL foinb.:the excess 6f birtht over deaths, includ
ervatkm and rcfiectiou, that we nave in einicration, about two hundred thou
irrived at the period vrbea an eirtire iat,J, estimting our growth HJh't
devolution of our bind iysjaro,'a'. far as j percent. tompoumL' Since tuira, c
u is at 44iyu4atoaausitiA
S'oidabto. T liey lave, hi fact, outgrown h.tw millions; mak
Ihe svstemv , pmce in nm: uoii on, awv aoout nxiecn i
reased-aot-loss
our
than
seeking lb
part nhoun
he.ulhefs
train f e
d, bur t!
snina . I
taiididat'.
cale'uliHi
wlwe sifnort he mlcht relv.' Thise 1-Aved. . IWietw. therfj that it would
lookimr th u iKiv Slates would m;h !.'! to elfectuai jdr that . buroose. and more
the xfline the favorite policy ot those easily adopted thad any oiber, I exam-
o. .. I ..r i .J... ' . . i i' . i . i . ' i ;n...i .)...;). .nii t.aiU t: ...i -
Qiascs reieieoro 10 wvs puuiic mnus: i'i'u " h iv,.fwuui cuiuijccu
while tfctlier woul naKe the Oj'jw
sitcVxfcma in favor of the old Sta'jfi.
Now, ihenr w reflef tliat the iiew.a'ndi
the olJS;atts"irljst necessarily, from!
.i a I- ''.'- . ". .-'."..... I ., . i
ma aiieroni jiosmhhi ar,a reiaiion t me
publi 4hdr enter? ftin" very d ificreot
vittWiofje policy tliaou!!t to bet'rjr
stedjiti relation to ihena, "in almost e
ery Bint so iniwdi so; that th' one
jihlsconsidVr that but as the . demand's
of jJt.ce whica th v other shall regard
as ifjhh'.i iihorTipf pi'ii plunder, as we.
bad witnessed in this discussion ye
nnl t rm hhM conr.f ptio'a' of tftO'Vio-
loile ol.ihe conflict whicrf must ciisue
iofie c;i3Crsupposed.: We have' had,
e i n ia Uiis early; sta',e, and on this ve.
question, tome indications of what
ma? expect. The- most Violent an-
osity and hatred w;ould foltdSlv'-and
cry man.; be bir motives ever so pure
id natriotic, would be resardcdl the
i iehd'or the enemy of the new or the
Id Nate, as his opinions lavorod the
KHy of the tme orth? otherrThe "fl
ing the prcseut prob- Fnal termination .of the conflict would
I!L .1. j. -. . 1 I .f I ' , lin . ' r
wnicn, on inc samejoot ne uououuu ; w naiever .tura-t oi
ihey have ccme Into; eaUtenct. , tmve ' ata, will make our annual increaao at I fortune might occur, iu its progress, the
Vacd ihAHixb a state ol intancyraod this time but ltttfeahortofhaira tnuJion new States mi
iave now, arrived at manhood. ;lhc the greater part of which wul hud thei
vttem which was visa al iust at firsts homes iqihe new States. ( ' V
s neither Vrse, not" jtwt applied to tiwiri J,,; J will not .euler iuto a minute caleula
aVirir cnanged condition. - . jtion as to' tha. effect of thi great i
lf 1,. ln.nnt ni'lcKi if. PfDsi dent. . on-i .m lli.t volilivM wnt.'til rt lhi fie
i flui : nriseoL dWutsioii. aUul Uw ;Bnd oVl Stales at the next succeed;!
owl's of the new States; but, if I luaiveiirus. in ISuU.- It ia kufficient to sa
udgeTrom the various meciuies pro- Uiat it will give a decided majority
rwid o tm tret?oiil occasjou, we nave, it,A lormer. outu in uk House ii rey
u ither realized us raoidav, nor-Uie tuvjicntaiives in tlw eliictbral co.luier a
i voidable chflngc id ?ur , land system ;-0f course, in the Government t jndjhji h
jwbkti iwt folkw ')in iti' Jtiarfreif : iu the lu,n- laco of om generatja id
Wnderful growth'' U,' indted, oiw of AluUVthc centra of politiaT power! as
W.U w.HiW hbiifist bevond the i irrash Liutn th4ld atd new States, kill
Winginatioifc yVhciiigo back twen-.; Wvo passed from die fottner totheflat?
feWevel)earT to the period ' whcit Ijer.. 't :f - ' f.' "".l
W L
I -oust and compare what Uo new. states tulta kloro us, I ask, not- whotlifei 't
thch' were, to w liot they now are, I aw ; would bo w tsc to coiimiuo ,u oiij sys
! st hi Wonder and amazmnenU' 'iWo tcm j nO, sir 1 a far bolder qmition,
it nothiog like it iu hwtory. At thatTWiV 1 it W. ptMttabit 1 "And
;ti:no there S as wit a . wgw. new .oute. practicable, would i oe um io aru-f-t ?
aoyl
must, in the end,t preyaiL
I heir relative increase is lar more rap
id,;hnn tlic(d so much so, that after
1850 .that is, after the third Presiden
tial election froin the next -thev would
ha left, as 1 bavo shown, in undisputed
possess. fi.ol, no held. Iu the mean
time, while the trugle is going on, the
. 1 I i i . a
animosity wouut annv increase on ooin
bitter it would become, 'and the more
certainly. and -completely- would the
present system bo overthrown, if indeed,
the Union itself should be strong enough
10 withstand tho shock. r Such must in
evitably bo Ihe fate of tlw present sys
tem, should we. have the lolly, 1 might
say the madness, to attempt to continue
it as it is, bo far as the new" States are
concerned, regardless of the great chan
ges which have already taken place,
aim ino inn more miziuv in piwresr,
The evil die ia ownenhio nududmih
titration, und without parting v'th .
them no permanent oreffecikalrcrrit.
dy can It t applied "f t v
f fBut wfiat shall; ber the terms i what
portion of 'the proceeds of the sales pf.
those lands shall be left to the States, to
remunerate them for tho expense, trou
ble, and responsibility of their adminis
tration, and what ' portion shall be paid
oer txtbe-Coveroinent annually as'a
conVpensatioa lorVthe "tland? I am not
prepared to anrwcf this Question.';' I
decision must, depend on a careful at.
minute eiaiiiinauon of n il the facts ai1
circumstances of the case.': ' jBut 1 a I
decidedly of the opinion lhat 'the porno,
to be left to lha new States ought n6t
only to-be ample to cover the trouble,-
expense, and responsibility ot pianaga-
ment, but very considerably beyond, i'
as to ouite their interest with ours, r
order to give stability to the arran
ment and insore care and fidelity w ;
maiiascipeoUi Restinsr my leslima4!
, iiui suppos? thjs duaculty surmounted, I the compensation on these crjnclp 't
there are others,, whlefi l jregard aiirt- Uveaapposed that the hew stage rm :fit
surmountable., ' Aifioa therrrihe fiscal pay over annually one-half of the gross 7
objeciioil is very' formidable. The rev- proceeds of sales to the Cpvernrnenl, and i
euuo from, the lands cannot , be spared nave an ample sum lef ir their com. ' ,
at present, aod,if; distributed,, as. pro- pensation. But this is-. r 4i estim-itc. .'
pojeu uy me lueusjre, wou:a uecessari- wiuioui iumcieni oaia, i ot court,
ly Uirow the whole, expense of ihe Go- liable to be increased ore., .i&hed afttf '
verninent on a single source the duties a careful' calculation foovied on Tacts. '
oa'iniports -&al which must be fol- VVith these iujjrestions a fotha'
lowed bv their increase. .This would terms, I next proceed.to the condition
neither be fair, nor eq jal ; and to which on which the lands Citzht to bedisrxscd
J, reprrseniing in part, a portioaof the 1 of, 1 propose toaugjestonly the most
VUiuu, nuii.il iv iuu tuacu UUlUCiJ I uutiiuiviu, wiuivui UltUUUlK iu a lull
wwttd mainly jair, cannot assent r enutnerationv ;v, i. .
i But as formidable as is this, there are 1 In order, to-give 'stability to the' ar-' "
others far more so, I would, meet, or rangetnent, it will be indispensable that
avert the approaching danger, I would the whole transaction' should assume tha
still leave the 'public lands in the new form of a compact; and for this purpose,
oiaies, uuuur 010 operaouu 04 me present uiai vuugress snouia pass an aqt Con
systcnirand -theobject tjf "violenroti- taihingThenerms" and" conditions of "the-"
flict between-jlieru; and the old St ates, transfer; tat that each of the ne w States v
with all the cala.iiitous consequences to should pasi one, on their part,' to be ir-1"
which I have ad verted. ; Instead of piei revocable, assenting to the same, before
venting the danger, t it would, in fact, it is made.' The act of Congress should,
hasten and aggravate ..it, " it niay be of course.'" determine- what part of the
laid down as a maxim, that nq measure proceeds is to be paid annually to the
can' avert it,' which is not adopted with Government, and the time and manner '
the approbation and consent ot the new of payment; and also tolprovide .foc
states; l'r Uia simple reason that they keeping regular books of accounts, to bo
must soon become the predominant pow- open loathe inspection of the Govern
cr; w hen that w hich was established a- ment, so that the exact state of the ac-
gainst their consent ivould be certainly (count between it and the States, may,
overthrown, . Such would be the' case at all times,' be .ascertained by the for-
with the measure under consideratioL.mer.v -i ' ' 1 '"'
If adopted, it must not on;y be without The act of Congress should also con-
the consent, or. those states, but with tain ail trie prospective provisions which
uieir sircuuous opposiuon, 01 wuicn we may pecome necessary in me future ad
have tlie mens! conclusive evidence on ministration ofahe lands under the ar
tfie present occasion. -When moved ranietuenft and should then orovide that
by it author, as an amendment to jhii J the land laws, as modified by the act,
uui, 11 w, vioieiiuy ppHeu . bi we ana as iar at iney are appacaoie 10 tne
threshold (frona Uiajt 'qaarter, and re- new state 4nf things, shall remain un- ,
ccived but a single vote from the new changed, without the " consent of Coni
C. I. I- . . : : ' 1 ' e-tt - ( ,
p,iau,-s. .11 is uui . uuwussarjr 10 joquire i gress . a provision 01 uns una would,
whether this opposition pn their part is he not less essential to the States,' than
(Uliio.) I cxciuda.lveuiucky, nenncs-i fv io continue tt, till ocertnn
!. nd AlaiticI alf of which havb bean l hi force of unavoidable and irAskti
ad. ui' ted since the adptiort of the Voa-llU cuiurtf I ak, what would be the
stifution, and limit my remarks la those ;cfiect of such 'struggle! .- J'tuld it
winch have since sprung up on U10 pub- j not be to excite,' in the urn instance, an
lic domain,;, ' v ;, ..;- imosity and discorl between the fid and
Oliio had then tut tino rt-prcsentaliveincw States, and. in lha end, to overthrow
intliebiher l.onse. Jeremiah Marrow.1ihe entire land sviteimwilh thcJccrtain
anLt.'i mid w-nsihla man. who wasjit: Ln.L ukiniatelv: of tlic' public 4omain t
.. - , -- 1 . . ,
.1 .. .1 I ...... 1 . I It f? -
that time at the head 01 the torn mittee
on public bnds, and bad the confidence
t f the liMirKJ so conitdelolv thai his voice
wig tho law on all sul jocts counectcd
V ith them. v S little interest' did they,
ot that, time, textile. There wero then
thirty two Senators in all, of which 0-
j.io had,l.fcours, lvy. tinit is, the oiie
sixteeuihrof the. while. In the elector
al collcg-3 'she had three votes,; which
ir.itde her wnlit atMiut the oii'j-fiikenth
iu that bfnJy a weight Scarcely fell or
cv.imutud in the. political movemeuts of
tiie vtrt. iv's';"'v .C7"..'
1 ;Suc.i, ti ih if time; was theTn'farit
and leiit'lo condition of tho iW; Slates.
Since uV.n; in n eriu'd ixit little fxceedt
ing that alloUe i to u single geuetution,
1 shall not on thi occasion, attemt)t
formal discission ol these pointi. I pro
pose in order to illustrate, sjmply to
hhow how" Vain and danj:crouj would
be the attempt to hold on to tne present
systenu -under tkse great and growing
dianyres. bv tracing it operation under
a jingle tocc, its bearing 011 the Pres-1
t.r,.ii'tt niutiiliiii. ' : ' ' 1
.'To have a clear1 conception of this,
we must bear ?n ir ind, that auei tho
tiext census the new States will have
five-twelfths ,of tho electoral .college p
and, of course, compared bcithct. . of
lha other sections,, a controlling voice
in tho idection bf a PreHidcnt tie who
keeps this 111 mind, nnd underiauils1 the
workings of llmhuaia:i heart, aud'o'f .wai
Zt rea "V?, or not whT t rg-
turn next to the deeply imnortant
qucstim of remedy, which demands the
most prompt and sotem a consideration,
both ot the bovernment : and ' the com
(nunity.' The question is, w hat means
khall wo adopt to avert : the t. mischief
which J havo shown to be so rapidly ap
proaching, and ' which must inevitably
soon arrive, if not prevented by somo
speedy and e'hetent measure T "Airea
dy ne has been jiroposcd, originally
brought toward to relieve a distended
treasury of its burden, but which its au-1
thor (tho Senator from' Kentucky,4 Mr.
Clay) has renewed oh the present 'oc
casion, doubtless with the view, in part,
at least, to meet tho growing disorders
of tho system. ,v XJIs proposition is to. di
vide the proceeds of tho public lands a
mong the States, with' the double view,
I suppose, to a mdro eual participation
iu llio advantages of the public domain
, 0 - , -
by the mettibers or the Union, and to
preserve the preseat system by a more
vigilafit guardianship ot the Mates. I
dij not jioW intead to' discuss the 'merits
of this measure My object is simply,
to-4ha-Govcrnneii tVritriotrHt there"
could be no stability nor uniformity.i-T
Without it the btates would, in a short .
time, enter into a competition-lg turn the
current of immigration, each ' towards
itself, which, would commence by a re- .
duction of price, and .end by a loss of
the lands. -But with the provision pn
posed, the ;,! system : would retain its
uniformity, and become more stable than v
at present. V -':AJ 'r
,. To enforce the faithful execution bf
the compact the act should also contain
a provision that, in the event of the vio
lation of the conditions of cession," all
grants thcrcauer made by the State
should. l)b null and void. : This would
place the compact under the protection
6f the courts of theTJnioni and make it
suit of mere prejudice, or of deliberate
. .1 . 1 ' .-i , . : .1 .
conviction mat 11 is nosuia 10 uieir in
terests. .The fact itself, that there is an
almost , universal and determined resis
times to the mesure 011 their patt, rurht
or wrong, is, of s itielf, sutficient proof
that it cannot; be relied on to avert the
threatening danger ; On the contrary
Us necessary effect must be to acceler
ate; and aggravate it. Its adoption
would, ; at once, brins the old and new
States into violent conflict, in which the
former would be arrayed almost to a
man, in determined ellort to overthrow
the arrangement, or some more hostile
measure. Add, to this that the. Presi
dential contest would not fail to run into
the controversy, and thus 'redouble the
rVMliTiirit Burt nriimiwitv. u ilk nil tha rK 'iitx-nat rf fhn Stt-iln anit ila'oitivnna
fatal consenuftiices uhich 1 havn chnivn . t. !.iri'A it. . In this nnni'tiiMv iKa :
must follow from blending the two. v 1 liberal aflowanco" proposed to be maict ; y
' Assuming, then, that the scheme is to the States, in order to unite their in-r 7 f
both objeciionable, and ineflicieot, tlio i terest with ours, would be. important.
uiiesiion nirain occurs, what ouht to be 1 ho. revenue which thev would deriva
done.! ;i Aly" mind is made-up,' alter the', from "thetaiid would bo applied to roads, '
most serious and ' deliberat reflection,! canals,; or oilier; improvements, tha' , ' -that
there is, and can be, but otic rolue- would 'cVcaf'e.. a powerful interest in ft"
t
a:
(