PAGZ EIGHT
THE ASHEVILLE GAZETTE-NEWS.
Wednesday, December 4, 1012..
SCIENTIFIC FARMERS IN DEMAND
TOO MANY LAWYERS AND
EDUCATED
The Secret-ty of Agriculture said
recently: "The Department of Agri
culture is organizing just now to take
farm demonstration work Into the
northern states. Two classes of men
ure required for this work: First, in
each county a first rate farmer who
has been a succesj on his farm and
who understands practically, without
much theory except what he may
have incidentally picked up, how to
handle the soil, the plant and thw
animal; second, over large districts
"and states a different class of men is
wanted, who have an agricultural col
lege training combined with its uppli
cation to practice In the Held. As we
reud the daily papers and see tho re
ports of thousands of young men who
are graduated In law throughout the
country, the reflection naturally comes,
what a pity that the great demand of
the farm for Intelligent men Is not
being more considered by our educa
tional Institutions. There Is not law
work for more than a small per cent
of these young men. No doubt the
education and mental training they
have had will make them brighter
men, but there are no jobs waiting
for them that Is, for more than a
very small percentage of them while
the fields are crying aloud for trained
men. Housekeepers are complaining
of the cost of living. It would seem
to be wise for our educators In their
national meetings to consider these
problems. It might be wise to con
sider about how many young lawyers
ill be needed In the next year to take
the place of the older men who are
dropping out. That could be very
easily determined. Then If the atten
tion of this class of students were
called to the demand of the Industries
for educated men, a different direc
tion might be given to many young
men who seem to be 'drawing their
bows at a venture."
"This applies to more than the
lawyer. There are no doubt far more
young physicians being turned out
from the educational Institutions of
the country than there are patients
for. Wrong direction has been given
to the education of many young men,
and yet there Is nothing more difficult
to change than the old systems of edu
cation. "In his sixth annual report (1911)
as president of the Carnegie Founda
tion for the Advancement of Teach
ing, Dr. Henry S. Pritchett says:
" 'According to the census tables
there were in the United States In
1300, 132,000 physicians and surgeons.
In the bulletin on medical education
Issued by the Foundation In 1910, it
was calculated after careful investi
gation that 2,000 graduated annually
from the medical schools would furn
ish an ample supply of new physicians
to take the places loft vacant by death
and other causes, and to keep pace
with the growth of population. As
ROUND-HEADED APPLE TREE BORER
This insect Is known ever the great
er portion of the country. It bores Into
the apple, pear, quince and similar
trees. The adult beetle is easily rec
ognized by two longitudinal stripes of
white between those of brown on the
back. t
The beetle flies only by night, and
Is not likely to be seen by the orchard
Ist. It appears early in the summer,
and the female deposits her eggs In
the bark of the tree, near the ground.
The female makes an Incision with
her Jaws In the bark, causing It to
Mi
m mm
riff '
m Jill",. L . V V T . r
worst or ine rouml-nrarted apple tree borer. a, wound where egg is de
posited; h, same with wood split lengthwise along the line in, e), and
tnrned so as to show an egg in place; c, same, with the bark split on the
tame line and removed to the left, so as to show the manner In which the
tgg is commonly thrust to one ide under the bark; d, the egg, enlarged; e,
bole of exit of beetle; f, the same, as it appears from the aide when split
alone the line (a, e) ; g, tho burrow, as It appears while the insect la in the
pupa state, and before the bark la perforated.
RAILROADS AS TTTK PROMOTERS
OF FARMING.
For a generation or more the rail
roads of this country have been making
efforts to Increase the number of
farmers In certain regions, thus trying
to promote agriculture, and through
greater agricultural prosperity, to
Increase their revenues derived from
hauling farm products. Within the
past decade these efforts to encourage
agriculture have been extended to In
clude Instructions In methods of farm
ing. Investigation of farming possi
bilities of a regann, assistance In or
ganising agricultural associations,
co-op rat Ion wVth state and county
fairs, employment of farm labor; aid
In finding markets, and other helpful
lines of work. These projects are aot
confined to railroad companies; they
are, however, the most prominent of
tli'.' several classes of business con
cern engaged In similar work.
This promotion work ea the part of
the railroads Is a business proposition.
Improvement in agriculture means
more framu. and for this reason large
sums of mnnry are being expendel
systematically by numerous com-
DOCTORS; NOT ENOUGH
FARMERS.
suming, and It is evidently an extrava
gant assumption, that the proportion
of lawyers to the population should
be as large as the proportion of phy
sicians, 1.700 graduates annually from
the law schools would be sutliclent to
maintain even the present crowded
stage of the legal profession. As a
matter of fact, in June, last year, the
number of students graduated by the
law schools numbered 4,183; and this
takes no account of the large per
centage of lawyers who are admitted
to the bar without having received a
law school diploma. If we place the
per capita need of a lawyer at the
same figures as the need of a phy
sician, and disregard all who enter the
profession without completing suc
cessfully a law school course. It is
evident that the output of the law
schools of the present day is far In
excess of any heet.sary demand.'
"It is certain that the demand for
lawyers and physicians Is much more
than met by the professional schools
today. It is equally certain that the
demand for educated farmers is
strikingly neglected."
FALL SPRAYING PAYS "WELL.
After all ' rotten apples, pruned
limbs and other refuse have been
cleaned up about the orchard, the
trees should be given a thorough
spraying.
If possible, one should choose a
warm day for this operation, so most
of the Insect pests crawling out to lie
In the sunlight will be exposed to
the action of the spraying solution.
Special attention should be given old
knots, rough and rotten spots about
the trees, as In these places is where
the fruit pests deposit their- eggs for
next season's crop and at the same
time many of these pests themselves
are harboring in these safe retreats
till winter Is over.
There are several reasons for this
fall spraying. It not only destroys the
insect pests, but their eggs also, which
have been laid.
After the spraying the trees will be
left healthy and clean and free from
the pests while they are developing
tneir next season s fruit crop. An
other light spraying next spring will
not come amiss, but this fall spraying
will Insure the work being done not
neglected next spring when the rush
season is on and the field turns the
farmer's attention from the orchard.
A leaflet issued bv the Knnrrt r. f Ag
riculture and Fisheries of rjr
Britain and Ireland states that farm
ers and land owners have found It
necessary to form rat clubs. lie
wards are offered for the killina- r
more than a certain number. Hunt
ing, trapping and nolsoninir n th
common modes of operation.
split open one-third to one-half inch
in length, and thrusts the egg be
tween the Inner and outer bark, ac
companying it with a gummy fluid,
which covers and secures It In place.
These hatch In a short time, and the
small footless grub commences to eat
Its way Into the bark. They usually
remain In the tree as a grub for three
years, during which time great dam
age Is done to tho trees Infested.
The young lie for the first year In
the sap wood and Inner bark, exca
vating flat, shallow cavities which are
KITCHEN CITROARD MADE AT
HOME.
I want to tell you about tha kitchen
cupboard we made at odd momenta of
my husband's time. The back Is of
of S-lnch, well-seasoned, matched
boards, 7 feet In length. The side
pieces are made of fairly heavy lum
ber, planed and nailed together, three
in the lower part and two running the
whole length. There are two big
Mielves Ip the upper part and two in
the lower, with four drawers In the
middle. ,
The doors can be mad at any mill
or can be made at baie. Our ware
some on hand front another cupboard.
The entire length cf the cupboard 1
about five feet It Is about two feet
deep In the lower part and on and a
half In the upper part Brass pulls
are put on the drawers and fancy
pulLs en the doors.. ) Fancy binges
fasten th doors.
Whan It Is painted and Varnished It
will be very pretty, a wet! at th most
useful article I hiWo In the kitchen.
One cannot buy the cupboard ready
made for lea uno $15. vA Lnd It has
cost but very Uttl'i to make It worn
there was no other work on hand.
air a John UDton.
POULTRY -
A PLAIN, SIMPLY CONSTRUCTED HOUSE WELL LIGHTED, DRY, AND PROP
ERLY VENTILATED WITHOUT DRAFT, IS ALL THAT IS REQUIRED..
The average farmer's flock of
poultry varies In size, but In the de
signing and building of the farmer's
colony house herein described, sev
enty laying hens will be taken as a
basis.
The house, 14x24 feet In dimensions.
Is built on a wall 6x8 Inches above
the ground, which Is tilled in to the
top, making the floor dry at all times
of the year. The south or front side
is 6 feet 8 Inches high, the back 4 feet
8 inches, while the plate and sills are
made of 2x4 Inch material, thus
making the studding 6 feet long In
31
1H"
tea
Front vlow colony house.
front and 4 feet In the back-, these
being placed 2 feet apart. The com
bination tight roof being comparatively
flat. The flat having 1 foot rise to
every 3 feet horizontal run. Is covered
with a special prepared roofing. With
this house a shed or single span roof
could be used to an equal advantage.
The front Is of the muslin front
type. It consists of four windows,
8' f
Floor i.thn of
filled with their sawdust-like castings.
Their presence may be detected !n
young trees by uie bark becoming
dark colored, and sometimes dry and
dead enough to crack, through which
some of the sawdust-like matter often
protrudes and falls to the ground In a
little heap. -
On the approach of winter the larva
descends to the lower part of Its bur-,
row, and doubtless remains Inactive
until spring. During the second sea
son It attains about one-half its
growth, still living on the sapwood,
where It does great damage, and
when, as often happens, there are
several of these borers In a single
tree, they will sometimes cause Its
death by completely girdling It.
During the next season it cuts Into the
solid wood and secures Itself in a safe
retreat, goes into the chrysalis stain.
and appears the next spring as an
auuu oeetie.
The best remedy for this Insect
must be preventive. Apply washes to
the trunk of the trees that are so re
pulsive to the borer that It will not
lay Its eggs on a tree protected by
such washes. Soft soap, reduced to
the consistency of a thin paint by tha
addition of washing soda, is recom
mended by eminent authorities. , Car
ooiio acta aolutlon Is also racom.
mended. This should be ud with
moderation, aa It is liable to Injure the
foliage If applied too strongly. In case
preventive measures fall, the Insects
nouia oe dug out with a pocket knife,
and where they have burrowi i)un
they may be reached and killed with
a stout wire thrust Into their holes.
SUGGESTIONS ON STOCK FEEDING
Swedish turnips grow well In the
northern-states and provide a large
amount of feed for th winter.
The mangel grows well, both north
s I i ""SJ,Ji i i , i I , H f woosts i
I W "I
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.,4 ' : I- ' 14'- 3-
2 I ; J
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feat ' i XI ! IE
p f t l' ... jWATEfl 3T..M3
and south, and on good soil will navlto ") open, iml to net out Into
as well aa any other feeding crop In
its proper place In the ration.
An Indiana farm. v. v,. .... -
Dve arresJof rutabngoes for the silo,
but had some doubts about using
them. Root do not make good silage.
Buy them and us as ncetfed. ,,
Don't believe the man who tells you
that anything will tak th place of
oats or corn for th horses. . .
. Cut down tha horses'. rations almost quurry sought and anxiouu V test th
half If they ac to be-Idl during the merits of hlnjlowlln-pleee. conde
wlnter. ' ' ! jsce.-iUs to try Jils skill on some of th
J. B. R.. Iowa; It costs about I r. to laonu birds which he falls in with on
feed steers up to II months to inuke his way; with the consequence that
100 pounds gain, but for th nsxt year I the farmer .wonders the following
th coat will be between 111 and $ 1 1 ' season, why his orchard does not
these figures being approxtriiate. ' -. ' ; thrive as It formerly did.
Unlets th fattening steer has all the) ; The birds are most of them true
pur water he can drink at all time frlmula of the farmer, but th sports
he will not lay nn fat quickly, .man and hi gun are among their
Many farmers will let th (teeri worst enemies. Header, are you a
trample gtot worth of feed Into the i friend ot the farmer and th birds?
Jinud rather than spend III for a feed,
rfV .
HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
BY It. L. KEMSTER.
each having for Its upper sash a
muslin frame 2 feet 4 Inches by 1 foot
11 inches which slides up and down,
while the lower sash is a six light
8x10 inch glass window. There is ap
proximately 16 square feet of muslin
to 336 square feet of floor space or 1
square foot of muslin to every 21
square feet of floor space, and also an
equal amount of glass.
The muslin frames are of a con
venient size for the control of ventila
tion, it being possible to open as many
as necessary to supply the required
fresh air, varying the number with
the nature of the weather, and by
placing the muslin frame as the upper
sash there is no draft on the birds on
the floor. During the coldest weather
one of the frames, and often more, is
kept open all day in order to keep the
birds in a healthy condition. The
windows are placed as high as de
sirable for the most efficient lighting
of the house. The roosts located nn
the back side 3 feet 8 Inches from the
floor are made of 2x4 Inch material
placed on edge, the upper corners le
ing rounded off. They are merely eet
In notched boards at each end and
can be easily removed for cleaning
purposes. About one foot beneath are
the dropping boards.
Located on the back wall is a sec
tion of nests, and on the end is a feed
Milirfi.v ti r.iso ntaiir.l m the usr of M'wnl,v liens.
OXLY HEN OF Tins KISB.
A stationary hen owned by a farmer
In New Jersey is deud, after a care-r
of nearly a year as the only one of
the variety. The farmer expected
that the hen would live only a short
time, and consequently does not feel
as badly as he might. 8he became
stationary at the time her owner laid
the new concrete floor In his hennery.
The hen, a fine example of the Brahma
variety, wandered into the roost a few
hours after the concrete had "set" and
waa anchored.. As It was Impossible
to get her out, a seat was provided
for her. One point that Is laid to
have Interested chicken fanciers of
the section was that the egg-laying
ability of tha hen was not Impaired In
the least
ACTUM SPORT.
By R. B. nuckam.
The return of autumn brings again
tha "open season," the time of the
year when the aportsman 1 permitted
by law to go abroad with his dog and
gun In search of game. Now In a way
the motives which Incite the "gunning
fever are good and commendable and
eH"ly lo " unueraiooa. ..it is pleasant
Ith" uoll,l"; nl stilling, manly sports
o B" huJs are always beneficial and
Hi-wwriny. . , m iiei pwsioie sat
If faction enn there be ill lulllwtlng pain
aud ilcatli, Mmply for the sake of
killing.! If the, Miyrunmn would but
stop to give this query. moro thought,
hl., tncll's would no doubt be ma-ttxli'-tiy
illC-reut ."
Not only so. but It too often happens
tthat tha hnnlu.nun fulllnir In fl.l Iht
The leave the gun at home In the
chimney earner, wlier It belongs.
... ,. -
box 4 feet by 14 inches, with a lt-inch
front and a 24-inch back, which is
divided into two parts for the holding
of whole and ground grain. This Is
a simple convenient house, and has
given excellent satisfaction.
Portable nests greatly facilitate
cleaning, while darkened nests not
only afford a feeling of security on the
part of the hen, but also tend to re
duce the amount of egg eating.
Provisions should be made for a
dust bath in every house, for the
problem of dealing with lice is greatly
reduced by Its presence. , .
I '-'I .
End view colony house.
In order to keep the drinking uten
sils in the colony houses clean and
sanitary, it is desirable to use water
stands about 16 or 18 inches high to
prevent straw and dirt from collecting
In and about the pall. ,
m
U L.3
THE PROFESSION OF FORESTRY
During the last decade forestry in
the United States has developed with
remarkable rapidity. The inaugura
tion of forest management .on the
national forests, the activity of various
states in public forestry, and the In
creasing Interest of private owners In
timber growing and protection have
resulted In a marked, demand for
trained foresters. ,
When active work In forestry began
t "icre were no forest schools In this
country, and those entering upon the
work were obliged to. go to Europe
for technical training. Today there
are twenty-two Institutions .In the
United States which give courses lead
ing to a degree In forestry, and about
forty others which Include forestry In
their curricula.
It Is estimated that there are fully
500 men In the United States with a
greater or less degree of technical
training, In addition to 1,600 forest
rangers who began without a knowl
edge of the technical side of forestry,
but many of whom, through their ex
perience In national and state forest
work under technical direction, have
acquired considerable knowledge of
certain phases of the subject There
are probably about 1,000 young men
studying In the forest schools. For
estry may therefore be considered an
established profession In the United
States, The character of the work
which the forester la called upon to
do varies greatly under different con
ditions. Rome men spend the greater
part of their time In the more strictly
technical work of the ' profession.
Itoam the woods to your heart's con
tent Tread cover and thicket and
swamp and wlldwood as much and aa
often a you desire. Make the ac
quaintance of the birds, and know
thum ail In their native haunts. But
leave th gun behind, and rest assured
that you will return from your
uutumn rambles fully as well satisfied
ns though you brought some of their
mangled, bleeding bodies horn with
you In your pocket ...
SHAKEN FROM THE WISDOM
, . TREE. , .
To keep up with progress a man
must keep up all day with It
Th , farmer , put " money In his
purse by putting manure on hi land.
Th horse's neckwear should be
uuch that It will not wear th neck.
The paint of th hous often Indi
cate the atmosphere to be ,found In-
, , ,
Another Strang paradox seems to
b that wheq (he price is high th
corn Is short
Hnv you
your farmT
good crop rotation on
SHEEP RAISING AND WHEAT Rnnwi'
- . . -..viHuj
THIS IS A MOST EXCELLENT AND PROFIT-BRlNrnm
: COMBINATION. ....... , 0i'NG
BY W. F.
i
As swine growing is the natural
adjunct of dairying, so sheep is the
natural accompaniment of extensive
wheat farming. The ability to utilise
and turn to. account . what would
otherwise be waste products Is the de
termining factor in each case.
The by-products of the wheat farm
are weeds, volunteer grains ana
grasses, weed seeds, shrivelled grain
and straw. The first four, sheep will
utilize, to better advantage than will
any other kind of live stock, and only
beef cattle and horses will surpass
sheep In turning wheat straw to ac
count.
Another reason why sheep should
appeal to the extensive wheat farmer
Is that once he has Installed the
proper equipment, . such as fences,
open shells and watering places, they
Interfere little with his field work. In
fact, it is very doubtful if the extra
work they occasion during the busy
season Is not more than offset by the
labor they save on the summer fallow
In the way of soil packing, weed erad
ication and the spreading of manure.
Another fact worth considering is
that the presence of a flock of sheep
on a grain farm does not necessitate a
material reduction in the area devoted
to growing grain, but on the other
hand it never fails to insure a larger
yield of better grain, and it makes
possible the growing of grain for a
longer period of years than can be
done without them, or some other kind
of live stock.
A certain amount of technical
knowledge regarding sheep, their
habits, etc., is necessary to success, but
the same is equally true of all classes
of animals, and amateurs should ac
quire this knowledge with a small
flock in order that their mistakes do
not cost them too dearly.
The first step to be taken when em
barking in the business of sheep rais
ing is to enclose at least one field with
a coyote-proof fence. Additional
fields similarly enclosed should be pro
vided as occasion requiresor one's
means permit. An effective dog and
coyote-proof ' fence can be made by
using a woven wire fence four feet
high and attached to the Inside of the
posts'. A strand of barbed wire should
be run along the surface of the
ground, and another about six Inches
above the top of the woven wire fence.
These should be attached to tho out
side of tho posts. This arrangement
makes burrowing under and vaulting
over the fence from the outside very
difficult. A woven wire fence 84
inches high with one strand of
barbed wire nbove it is usually suf
ficient for Inside or cross fencing.
The next step is to secure the right
kind of sheep When selecting those,
two things should be kept well In
mind. They must be of a breed that
are noted for being quick to get on
their feet after being lambed, else
BY II. S. GRAVES.
They study such problems as the de
termination of the amount of mer
chantable timber on a given tract, Its
rate of growth, the best methods of
cutting to secure a second crop with
out recourse to planting, and, In gen
eral, all problems which deal with
the life history and production of the
forest Other men spend more time
on the business end of the work. In
t y : --ifi? -Si?-.
Guarding against forest Area,
NOTES OF THE POULTRY YARD.
Green bona la very rich In phos
phate of lima.
Rub tho window panos with old
newspaper It will let In the sunshine.
Overgrown fowls, are no better In
any particular than those of normal
size. Th breeding, car and selection
designed for Increasing size had better
be devoted to the development of lay
ing qualities and table quality Instead
of quantity. (
. Careful breeding, proper feeding and
the right kind of car will produce
heavy laying In any breed.
Budden fright and excitement at
once tells on th egg crop. Never
allow Strang dogs about wher the
hens are.
Th first eggs of ' th brown-gg
layers are generally of a good color,
bin as th hen Increases her laying she
decreases the amount of color, owing
to th gradual loss of tho pigment
which color tha egg.
A street railway Is projected In
Peking, China, which Is to run on th
top of th grout wall surrounding
I'eklng. ,
STEVENS.
they will reauir.
tentlon at lambing time, which .
lne as it dnen in .h. . .
the farmer can 111 afford "ee,"r
they must be well wooled on th. bJU"
line, else thoy -,m ln Undo
time about the shelter AwT
winter months: thev ,m
much more hand feeding and k T!
mnn llltl .n. -.. f ,,q muck
j al:i aueas.
they would if they irot n,,t "l.'t1
on clean ground and In the clear
and sunlight , . . w
In managing a flock -v..
should be remembered that a variJ,
of feed is indispensable. When th
.... ..t ,ceu mey should
have daily access to drv
when they are on dry feed they should
.,. wiiiuiui access to somethin.
succulent. A little attention to tkk
Important matter will
from indigestion which has probata
Luuncu Ktcaier lusees among farmerf
flocks than any other nlim.t .
field of native prairie or brom
in wnicn mere is a pile of straw on
rack of hay to which they can go it
will, In order to get a change of fert
while cleaning the summer fallow, and
another flfe'ld sown to winter ryt urt
m .augusi, io wnicn tney can go oc
casionally for succulent feed during
the winter and spring months, are
that Is necessary.
The Dresent is a favnrahi ti.
secure foundation stock, because the;
can still De purcnasea at mo4erat
prices. The sheep ranchers of. Al
berta and the Western States art re
ducing their herds because of scarcity
of pasture, and the large numbers go
ing to market are keeping prices at t
low level; but once this reduction ol
herds stops, prices will rise. Thej will
probably not soar, as have the prices
of cattle and horses, because thermits
mutton of Australia and New Zealand
will be drawn on to prevent eices-
nfvolv hlcrh nrlrea hilt ihn traA that
refuses to accept the frozen article Is
sufficiently large to permit of a ma
terial advance . in mutton prices, and
this advance is sure to take place as
soon as the big ranges have been de
pleted. ,
LOSS DY FOREST FIRES,
Forest fires in the United States
have caused an average annual loss ol
about 70 human lives, the destruction
of trees worth at the very least 12J,
000.000, and the loss of stock, crops,
buildings and other improvements te
the amount of many millions more,
To these must be added enormoui
losses from the destruction of young
tree growth, deterioration of the soil
damage to water courses and adjacent
property by low, water and flood, In
terruption of business, and deprecia
tion of property.
Never send a fowl to market that
has a full crop.
devising methods of protecting the
forest from fire, In organizing aa
efficient system of administration, in
determining the cheapest and most
effective methods of lumbering, and,
In general, in dealing with the prob
lem of the utilization of the foreet
But most foresters, however, have to
deal with both the scientific and the
business aspects of the profussWa.
' THE MAN' AND THE COW.
Poor cows urd uevor clean,
No dairy wj ever too clean. '
Slow rlpenlnz of cream produces
bitter flavor. j,
Th cow that gives much mil mui
have plenty to drink.
With calves, too low a tempsrs"1"
of feed causes scours. ,
Many a common cow can be n0'
good with more food. '
Properly managed, dairying WW
In a constant Income.
' The best way to keep cows clean
to use plenty of bedding.
Professor Riley says, rcearJinC
toctlng trees against th round-he o
borer: "I generally take a bar of w
soap and rub It up and down "
trunks of the young trees and P'r
piece In th principal crotch, " '
the ruins to gradually Wh It a
over tho trunks."
Dry sweet corn rsrefully trt
It Is usually more difficult t M l"
oughly than other kinds ot c0
Worn It where It will not be I""1
during th winter,
a
ft g
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