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I
BY!MeKEE.& ATKIN.
Tu o Dollar and Jlrnr Cents "per annum in advance,
trTnzsc Dollars the year.' ' ! ". ' - ,
No r icr will Lc discontinued, crcrt at the c;'ticn cf
tin ruli;?!jpM, until all errrarages arc j -ii U ' '
. Advertisements inserted at Oar Doixar per square of
tn lint, j or lc5?j for the fr.4 inrtL:-:, &r..I Tv.-.-lnvivs
(Ynth for each pontiruar.ee. I'l. j kumIct cf infill ,.s'
'dvH-d must be, marked o:i ll.cr ir.-rgia, cr th.3 advert! 3.
. incnt will be continued till fcrbid.and charjed according y.
c-:rl Orders will Ls charge J twenty-five per ci:t exiri.
T.cail sofily wilgi a solemn; footstep,' wliiipnr
3our'v.r;r.!j in;a Ur vcicc, nnd lei yoir breath bo
shu-!.:d ; f ;r ilia nir of chamber ij h ravy with
tii, nnd the faces cf i !1 you sco are stamped
with
nei, arui pjorcasfd nob ot tl;-; .v. o.njn,
ir.urUl(&o;iy, .rniciw Uicir notcsi oi ,vo;), brcakini
on VQur ear liko lvbices! Yrorrf tho'crave; nnd btl
nround is still ,sadhd ftarful ; for the iieho is dy.
ing. I His keen cyeJ which, a month nW, inct the
gaze of millions, lulling him, in all tlio, jyomp of
civjc ,inunip:i, ineir. leaaer ana tni'ir. ruler, 13 now
ghzing.with the chili of death, and his soul is puis.
ing fj-oni the vtaiblqjjto the awful uhsecn i i
Ho is dying! ri?ho light of the breaking day
iaii3 diinly thruughBjtne hall.closed shutters, the
lump burns with n-stcklyj claro, nnd in the mingled
light Bppear the facbs of the watchers by the bed
eid& of the dyjng-face wan and ghastly-; with
proiongod anxiety and anguish. j
Hqis dyingi! Wis fice. turned towards the
heavens, is pallid arid wan, the checks hollowed,
the cyeft sunken, andstho brows damp with the dews
of death, with the masses -of grey hair falling back
from i ts outline stunds out so boldly in the-light,
speaking much of : !tjie , might of , the heroes mind,
wuiio uio wintenmg: up, uio convulsive tnroo trem.
bling along the) length of the face, the heaving
chcst,tind the tljrotfstraimng with the deaihT.rattle,
all announce the passage; to the crave, and herald
the o rip roach oe tlic! Skeleton God.
And'aroundJiirri fathered the friends ofhis path
and the sharers of i hjs triumph. There was Web.
ster, with his towering brow and eagle eye there
was CTrittcnden, andjEwihg, and Granger men of
mind from all nurts wf this wide Union : and there.
4
round the bedside to see the might v man ficht his
iaai u,yv j ""Msaueif jnaing puiueavueain an .nun
urcu nrm.s in ue neiu -pmer naving Dattiewitii
cnemii more bitter lhanr death with slander and
falsehood witl low! qalumniation, the hero wasat
last yielding to the firjal yictoF of .'all,' whose throne
is ontio skulls bf naiions, and whose sway is over
tiie realms ot t me. 1
, He was dying ! i A month ogo.his footsttps had
topped the highest : rock in the sterp pathway of
human nmbiiiuil a1 month ni iii-uLhnd
rih to all iliVjfcorld ns ibe ruler of-the great
land of New WoHd :frecdom ; a 'month ago, and
with a faco stariped; with'geuius, and markedWith
y a high honesty of purpose, was Geo rgo E. Badger,
tho prjdc of North Carolina, and all here gathered
he had stood on iho Capitol, and his guc had been
met by the gaze' pf millions, and the earthquake
shout cf n free Bie(Jple haI sounded on his ear and
filled the clear heavens above; and now, the short
space of a single moon had waned. the insignia
of power had scarcei warmed in his grasp the
Presidential Bajiquet jjiad scarce grown cdld-the
" last shout of tho pcoplo 1 was yet sounding in his
ear, andjhe was summoned by a mightier thaji the
kings, or the people, to :thc "throne of the Eternal
", God! I:'.. U:. -
He was dyinj;! And the scenes of the terrible,
night of Tippecanoe f ere again around him the
" dark a nd fearful nighty when the yell of the savage
nnd this i gleam of tlje scajpihg knife were in his
. camp ;. again helled his riflemen to the quick strug.
gle of hfe for I fe ; again ho shouted the watchi
word cf tlie charge,! ?tjnd a faint, smile stole j over
,thp lipji of the dying man, as again he beheld the
banner of stars and stripes. waving in triumph, j
-: Har i! a faint murmur breaks from his lips
his haiids clutch nervously. at the vacant air. i j
Ho is again beside the Thames. He is again
with Johnson, and Shelby ; he is again beside Per,
. ry , and again ill k blue smoke of the ri fie winds up
from the, green woods, .and the. war whoop of the
. Indian shrieks long the plain. Then the terrible
contest if tlie i sWccp of Dick Johnson's mounted
riflemen in the! rlhurricanc charge again passes be-
fore his eye, ar c! the old hero would shout with
rjoy, but thf demh.rattle is in his throat, and the
. dcath.dew-bn bis brow. ; . I
He is dying li, For his death the bright eyea bf
womcr shall be dim with tears, and aged me a shall
. weep, iitjid a nation will.be sad, aryl gloom arid civil
corrup ion and jlcgalized anarchy shall pass! like' a
pall of gloom over the land; and yet the fiat has
irone firth: God hath sooken it. and the hero
dies, cjre yet thefrejoicings of the nation are lost to
J 'Ins cafj' ;. . .j ; ' , . . i ', ' ; " j.; i . ! ,. ; T
And io that, terrible moment, when his hands
were interlockix with the hands of deathwhen
his miiijJ was t rmcd ,6 supernatural vigor, and the
past and futu e, mingled to his vision, then the
- thought of his country arose on his mind ;! then
' the' thought of the trust placed in his handsy the
people burdene d his soul, and with the last struggle
of life lie imagined a man of noble heart and reso
lute ojl stand ng before him ; he imagined; a sue
ccssor of mint and intellect, and. the words broke
from his lips-4' I wish you "to understand the true
'principles of the Government Tsk you tcj carry
them dut 1 aik, nothing more !
Tns AffectkJxs. Tlicre is a famous passage in the wri
tings of ilousscau. tliat preat delineator of the f human
heart, vjrhich is as true to human nature as it is beautiful
irr expreseion: 'f Were I in a desert, I would find Qut
wherewith in it tu call forth my affections!. If I cbuld do
no bettr.i I would fasten them ori 'some sweet myrtle, or
some iWelancholv evoress to connect mTselfto. I would
court them for taeir shade, and greet them kindly for their
proteebpn. I tvjould write my name upon them knd de
clare tMat thev were tha sweetest trees "throughout U the
dcsert.1 If their leaves withered. ' Iwould teach mv self
to mourn, and Jwben they '.rejpice Iwould rejoice along
with thfem." Suchlis the absolute necessity. which exist
in theMmman heart of having something to love. : Unless
the afibctious i have an ; object, life itself becomes joyless.
and- insipid, he affections have this peculiarity, that
they are s not i so much the means of happiriess as their
exercise is happiness itself. And not only so, if thi?y have
no object, the (.happiness derived. from our other powers is
cut oflfj ' Action and enterprise flag, if. there be object
MTOf Mi.mc neari, o wmcn uaese acuons can uo uirccicu.
' fj.iort Patent CerrrioB. ; "
j i O.-f H0OEX.V CEXTLE-x. - r
Tc-t. VHiom dj wedubWecnUement ' "
I hi knave, lhefcf, the brute '.' , ,
, If th'-y Lat own full tilha of ffo!d, ":
And wear a costly suiL Emia Coc
,.iy i.rcrs ! v. t. Jn v.-c come to sort out the vast
wo tin J th.it three
creation,
?parato-acu distinct nil nro
neccwarytalicra-m: one for ih. common
rujJisiorbafcn; ar.-Jilicr for thasp-j.us ren
tjemen, manufactured by tailo. ; and nnotlierfor
iiiw- rcai Limon r-jrc ."jut c-men. .wr,.!
heaven's best i.n-ri-il Uv t!ic all.
wrought - from
kill ful hand cf
umninotcnco. I ..' ; I
deal smaller linn the ether two, but when placed
in the scales of real v. orili t!:v will wcKi down
hundred, j-tliko-them; acl it is unoo this
n ia
aiwnvs n omit
principle aiono tint a pound of lead h heavier
i:nn a
hor;yoj cm
up of broad.bloth
chain3,softspdd
gentlemen cijher, no moro than a plated spoon is
solid si vni tltnAM,.l,.,.t' ' lTi r .. .
t VT v . Vf i r ue are on,y sr called
u; luy ioohsi votaries ot fusjhion intended as a
cheat and a dead suck'.in for the world s cat mar.
ket- Why, by friends, they are mere walking
om., ,ut icuiuiu niru, ornamented with brass
ueaaa, and barely touched with the varnish1 of kf.
queue. 'Brab heads, dill I say? nay tlieir ca.
puts are only half ripe mush mellons, with mon
airuus inicK nnas, hollow within containing the
seeds, ot foolishness swsmmmg about in fa vast
qU3ntitv of
.double.breastfed coat of vanitv. nadded with nri
and; lined with tho silk of urbanity; their other
npparei is an m keeping, and imported fresh froni
Devil, Beelzebub & Co's wholesale and retail rea.
dy made clothing establishment.- Beneath1 these
trappings of
found hearts,
superciliousness and folly may be
rotting in the scum of licentiousness,
and as much blacker than
the inner surface ofj a
steamboat pipp, as a ch mney sweep is blacker
than the rhid-day sUn in the heacnsl A jid yet
uiese over Diqwn madders ot iniquitous show are
called gcntlenien! If I thought I numbered; any
of these goats in my flock , I would preach them
out of the synagogue quicker than ever lightning
chasjed a squirrel down a hickory tree. " But let
them travel off with theirjiigh.heeled boots jf self
consequence : let them flourish, for a time,' like
poisonous weeds upon a dunghill : tet them spit un-
on the poor be'ggar, and kick his dog, as he sits
perishing at tlie golden
gate ot opulence : let thern
get so aii-dely
they can t bend, like! a
e and they will: flncl,
penury beat upon their
short as pipe stems, arid
from their dickeys of
no time at all. These
young saplingLto the
that j should ti e storms of
beavers, they
S ill snap as
evaporate
the starch wi
pride in the short space of
storms. will most assuredly wash out the
from; the 'founpatioriV 'upon which their r
gravel
humbug
ninlifirntiom inf : 'W"'' "Hnrl ririwnL ihm I
will fall, to be jreared up again only Jby the handsj
of propitious fprtnnc. i i Yes, my friends, I say let
them gq about thrusting their spurious certificates
of honor in the face pf plain-clad honesty ; but
wnen incy are iaia low in me ausi oi servne ae.
pendence, therj, I guess, they will find- outJ for a
certainly, that they are the verriest vermin that
ever heslimedtp6 paths of jdecent society.
I My friendsj-I sha'njt meddle with the women in
my present discourse, because they were never in.
tended to be gentlemen, Suffice, it to say,1 that
every femalels
a lady jn tlie parlor, and a pot-slu.
er in
the kitchen, according to the opinion of man
ind
generally But I will icIT you what a real
gentleman is. He is an humble, charitable;, phi
lanthropic." honest, upright man which, you all
enow, is tnenoDiesi worn oi uou. ne wears ine
ermine robe ot truth, -and his lewelled star lis his
own good name : ho weeps over the , widows as they
weep over the new-made graves ot their husbands:
ho feels for them in his pockets) when they are
csmpelled to knaw the dry crusts of adversity:
tie pucnes pennies imp tne laps oi uure-iooieu ur
phans, and pay's the same respect to a dog with a
muzzle on his
nose as to one wun a goia ring
He puts no molasses on his tongue
about his neck.
to attract the
guoea ilies pi lasnion, nor wouuus
innocent breasts with the barbed arrows of islan
der. I He venerates the gray hairs of age, and
leads! little, children by thehand along the flowery
paths of virtue He is grave witli the grave, and
gny with the gi y, but never burns1 his pose in the
fiery cup of dissipation, nor muds his trowsers
with the. filth dfj lewdnessJ He doesn t tngnten
four days out of February by joining in the uproars
of Hard Cidentes, O.'K's and Kinderhookers, but
keeps, himself, at all times, as quiet as a ciam
and unoffending as a kid. Like myself, he dress
es plain, neat and simple, and takes more care to
auorn nis immonai mina w.ui uiu wuicw vi ulu.
ing' than to rig up foolishly that clay-built taber-
riaclc', the body, which tojday is and to-morrpw is
mingled with the common rubbish of earth. Such,
my friends, is tho character of a genuine genlle
man ;! and I haVe no doubt that, when dame! Na;
ture first contemplated one of the kind, she came
i. . L 1 "'-! . "I 1 -.1 :v J . Uis 1 1
near jbursting per corsets wun pnue ; as auc uau
everv reason to be proud of having formed a moi
tal with all thd attributes ot - an angei aesmuieoi
wings'.. ':' ":" .'- " -j ' v...". , v. 'I v!: i ' v '
Anrlnhw. m'v! Hoar! friends, haviosr exhibited to
voa the difference betivce'n mere outside show and
internal worth, it benPovfes us an 10 oou uur uuu
of vainness and pride, and put on the clean gar.
ments oi mora it v, viriuu uuu siuv ,
. " . J" J intorrrilr t'o
these i will never need washing, nor even grow
thread.bear thrbugh the countless ages of eternity.
So mote it be !
SirLvn TfrtJsl A curious fact is mentioned? in Par
i 'c mCd;c,d n fealt i A I nerson who kept sixteen far-
ining horses, made tlie following experiment with seven of
them Ihich had been accustomed to eat salt with their
food. Lumps of rock salt were laid in their mangers; and
iLmL.- .vinuslv weighed, were .examined weekly,
to ascirtairi what quantity had been consumed, and it was
rnnnH ihat whenever these horses were fed on
hay arid corn, thfy consumed only about-2 or. 3 ounces
J aX . iit when thev were fed with new hay, they
tu S,,l,i. irJavJ This should convince us of the
expediency of permitting our cattle the free use of salt at
all times; and-it :annot!be given' in so convenient a form
Mu ft Winr much tmore palatable than the other
articlejin a efined state and by far cheaper. A good lump
should always be kept m a box oy me siue oi ui
BUUUIU.
withou
t fear that U will be taken to excsf ,
d cf f:at!::.-s. Tl. : r'rnnkcn," J , V :V V . ; irrr?; r- "Juct, sheds its
fisr it? and those who are'tinllrrnd r!1 cofltact for. the. truth of r Holy Writ assures us
. buckram, flno-or rin': Mr.M l'ial a ' solt answer turneth away wrathi" and
pr. vnnitir nnrl I ' - . hYhere, I would ask. is that bein
7J3BRUAR1T-16, 1844.'
- TllZ MoSAL VOWZZL OF A I.
D AKD GeXTLE
rrH ! i
1. 4: , J V
u.UiH.aucass i: ' fining . mo es
, i jj u.ncrs. .ans cniet aim
thrcui l:U transitory life, is l:.-ppincss, "and tho
&aiesi ana the shortest mctlioJ t( 'J;tain this bless
in,?, is uy the ! strict cuhivatici .f amiability of
i.uii,wr! uiwsoiincssol temper. How frequently
i acKnowlede
that inth
:r latcrcoursc with
an imn'ression
t.iat they had dealt withji gentleman, be
causo ho was amhblc and gentlj ,fand yet h does
not fjUow that every one whosh .a forthlhis'ami.
abiencss is a gentleman, but he c:.j be nojgcntleman
who does uotnossesiit.'1- In nll'vnlU nr
that has not experienced this truth i l And does not
mis gentleness ot temper ensure to the heart calm,
ness of niind, and with it does it not; command the
respect of others? This is undeniable, forjgentle
reader, have you not heard the remark of the un.
governed, " I could not say another'angry word to
iiira, ne was so mild, so gentle in his speech and
"m7v"': . . vM now insignincani noes sucn an
acknowledgement make the morose annear in com.
parison with this hcaven-like ascendency over our
faults ' . ,'M. i. J I ..-
The Good Man. What can .produce happier
reflections than a well spent life? Ifwe have pass
ed the morning anil the noon of ourj days, and ar
rived far into the evening of existence, how bliss
fid l the contemplation of a virtuous and active
life! No vicious propensities have been gratified;
no unhallowed deeds have been perpetrated ; but
all behind is as beautiful to contemplate as alglow
ing landscade in the distance. ' jjow beautifully has
Blair expressed the last days of the good man :
: ! : j "Sure the last end
Of tlie good man, is peace. Hjw calm his exijt !
Night dews fall not more gently to the ground,!.
Nor weary, wornout winds expire so softf !
Behold him in the! eventide of life!
- A life well spent whose early caro it was
His riper years should not upbraid his green ; j i
By uhperceived degrees he wears away ; - j
Yet, ikc the sun J seems larger at his setting."
If youi. wish that such an end may be yours, live
an upright and virtuous life, and you may depend
upon joy and triumph at last. The good ma ri dies
in peace His! thoughts are not filled with "dread,
when lie contemplaies his end. but his .heart is full
of peace. He looks beyond the bounds of exist
ence, and feels there is in reservation for him; ioys
wnicn tne neart oti man cannot conceive. IJorZ-
land Tribune..
Jul
ev&ry
however, was an ovej-; correction; for it is supposed the
lenghth of the tropical year, to be 655 J dyp, which is too
great, and induces an terror of 7 days in 300 years'. ! Ac
cordingly as early as the year 1414, it w& perceived that
the equmqxes were . gradually moving lom tne ist of
March and September where they ought always to! have
fallen had the Julian year been exact. A jiev reform of
the - calender, was thus required ; and itjtook place finder
the popedom of Gregory XIII,1 by the bmission of i ten
nominal days after the 4th of October, 1582. so that next
day was j called the 5th. This change vas immediately
adopted in: all Koman L-atlioIic countries but tardily in
the countries of protestantism. , f . 1 . 1
In EriMand, the change of style, as was called, took
place after the 2d day 0f September, 1758, eleven nominal
days being then strudk out; so that'. tip last day of Old
Style being the 2d, the first of the new stylefthc next
day,) was called the ;14th instead of the. 3d. The same
legislative enactment which established tht Gregorian year
in England m 175,. shortened tne precejing year, 1751,
by -a full quarter. Previous to that time jhe year was held
to begin with the 25th of March, and theear 1751 accor
dingly did 60 ; but that year was not suftred to run out,
being supplanted ort the first of January b the year 1752,
which it was enacted should commence ol that day.
Russia is now the only country in Euro e, in which the
Old Stylo! is still adhered to, and the dif$ fence between
the other European and Kussian dates amotnts, at present,
to about two weeks, ji !
The Century before the REFORMAlrds. -It will be
difficult to select from the pages of history a centuryimore
rich in important inventions and discoverfes than that im-
mediatelvj preceding the Reformation. The route to Ihr
dia by the way of thej
Cape of Good Ifrbe, was djscov-
t na rri . i . i . i-
ered by Vasco de Gairia, in 1498. The date of the dis
covery of !the mariner
Ss compass is uncertain, but it had
become in general use
by about the middle of the ;,15th
place the discovery of America by Columbus, 1492. j ;The
century ; Swithoat the
giant art of printing; fiiUther'is great auxiliary in enacting
the Reformation, was invented by Guttenburg, who had
nrintcd his Bible by J 455. And to this period also belones
the invention ot ciocks.2 gunpowder, nre arms ana paper-
makinff. Of the men of gennls and learning who; flour
ished about this time,;we may enumerate Machiavel," cel
ebrated for his political writings ; Ariosto, the . Italian
poet ; Siri Thomas : Moore, and his friends, the learned
Erasmus ;; Uopernieus', the astronomer ; itabelaia, the sati
rist ; Gaven Douglas, the poet and divine ; and the reform
ers, Luther, Mclancthon, and Calvin j
The "Day of RE3T.-rDr. Thomas Sewall, a dlrtinjuiph
ed physician of Washington D. C, tbns speaks pf the
effects of a due observance of the Sabbath on tho'body
and mind-: ' ' ';
1 For a number of years I have been in close intimacy
and intertoUTse with ; men in public life 'officers pf the
Government, Representatives in the National Liegislature.
rminRTit Jurists, whose ! labors are generally great aid du
ties arduous and pressing, borne el tnem nave consiacrca
if hr nrivileve as well as duly, to suspenp ineir puDiic
f.tnftmTis t while others have continued tliem to the going
down of tho Sabbath 'sun. , Upon the commencement of
the secular weeK ine one oasa wise win o uiuiiTv.ij
invigorated and refreshed ; while the other come to their
duties with body and mind jaded and out otj lone. ,f nave
no hesitation therefore, in declaring it as my opiniojii, that
if the Sabbath was universally observed as a day ot de
votion and of rest from secular occupation, far more! works
of body and mind would be "accomplished and be-better
done more health would be enjoyed, wilft more of wealth
and independence, and that ice sliould have far less of crime,
poverty, and suffering. ; j
T.ifR'ia a nicture. fortuneTthe frame, but misfortune the
shade the first only is intrinsic ornament,' but the latter,
if well sustained, lorms the intrinsic mem uy giviug a ooiu
er relief to the figures. I . . j , ,
- . - - ., . . . .. 1 .. "L.IJ
Heirs What madness it is for a man to starve, himself
to rnrich his heirs, and so turn a friend into an enemy i for
his joy at your death will be in proportion to what youleave.
He that puttetli a Biblo into the hands of a child, gives
him more than a kingdom; for. it gives bun a key to the
kingdom of xleavca?
10 of-tho mnt nlM't npnilimmnM.
that adorn mankind; is oGability This ode virtue
cahs mto action many -othersif hlchvcre it not
loritsinfiueccewouM probably; j cJormant. But
of itself, in its own intrinsic ,vrvt!s: it "nMili
i
Old asp, New Style. The' Julian veak introduced bv
iUS OrRStiir- AH VPflra htffnru Vis ki.lL mJ fhrif tmJ.
Taurlhyear. .wTfnour -trmrSUm, a Ietri'ytlfr. f XJITs,
I
Sp)o euci
r From the New-York Courier and Enquirer.
j 'Wr' J ' ICll3 Of tllC SlatCS. ' j'
The North America nUe view for Januarv con
tains antltiiclo on the debts of the states j to which
c wish wo nau uie power 10 can universal nucn
tion both it? Europe and -America. It is evidently
prepared from perfectly authentic data and with
an accurate knowledge of all the facts which con-
stiiute tha. legal position of each of the -delinquent
siaics.- inejWrneriQcs up tne cases ol i ennsyt;
vnnia, Maryland, Mississippi; Michtgan,Louisiana
Indiana and Illinois; and shows the origin. oflhe
public debts of, cach.Mind the grounds of excuse or
judiuiuuuuii reuuu upon iu cucn as a reason ior
refusing or withholding payment. tHo divides the
delinquent states into thrco distinct cases : states
which are so deeply involved in debt, that it is out
ot power at prc-nt In p?nor-"i "lr cn?
ments; states whoe resources and means of pay
ment aro ample, and who have nnver questioned
the binding force of their contracts ; and states able
to pay, but refusing, upon the ground thatthey nrc
not bound to pay.
' Upon the case of Mississippi, the writer makes
the loilowing observations, tho conciliatory tone of
ot which will ensure the article a candid attention
in that state :
" But, although a majority of tho people of Mis
sissippi seem to have formed at that time an erro.
neous opinion on this question, and although we
think meanly enough of tho honesty of their advi
sers, we should not hastily adopt tho conclusion,
that the majority are hopelessly in the--wrong.
There has been, from the first, a large body of
uiieiugem ana nonoraoie men in tna; state, wno
determined to do their duty upon this great ques
tion ; and they are now manfullv engaged in the
" ' mf oo ,:
work. They have exhibited deep legal learning,
sound logic a clear perception of the great prin.
ciples of justice and duty, and acalm determina
tion which must and will prevail in the contest. It
may not be during this year or the next ; but it ap.
pears to us certain, that the people of this state will
see the truth, and act in accordance with it.
Sufficient allowance has not always been made for
the peculiar circumstances of the case. An in
telligent foreigner, who feels, a just indignation
when he hears of repudiation, probably knows the
difference between a Highland chieftain and a Lon
don merchant, but is profoundly ignorant that dif
ferences quite as great exist between the people of
Mississippi ano. me people, ot r Massachusetts. :
L'robably there are few points in which these diffe
rences would be so likely to be exhibited as upon
this matter of paying debts. To pay debts punctu
ally is the point of honor among , all commercial
people. But the planters of Mississippi do not so
esteem it. ! - lhey do not feci the importance of an
exact conformity to contracts. It has not been
their habit to meet their engagements on the very
day, if not quite convenient.. . Certainly, they at-
tach no idea of dishonesty tosucli acourse of deal
when they contracted" the debt, to distress them
selves about the payment. If a friend wants a
thousand dollars for a loan or tf gift, he can have it
though perhaps a creditor wants it also. We do
not mean to intimate that there are no high quali
ties in such a character ; but they are different
from those which make good bankers and mer
chants ; and, therefore, bankers and I merchants
ought not to expect such men to look at aclebt just
as they do.. In time, they will see thesubstance
of the matter and act accordingly. Convince them
that their state is now pursuing an arbitrary, un
fair, and oppressive course of conduct, and they
will take care that it is pursued no longer. They
have been in great pecuniary distress. Their con
dition has been so bad, that) they have looked upon
a creditor demanding payment of his debts as little
oeiier; man an enemy, anato De ireaieo accoro-
ngly. i They have seen that the institution which
had the proceeds of these bonds was managed as
if it had been a gambling house. They have been
told by, those in whom they had been accustomed to
put confidence, that the sale of these bonds was a
part of the same nefarious course of conduct which
ruined the bank, and that, if they should pay the
debt, they must do it for the benefit-of those who
defrauded "the state in making the purchase of the
bonds. We may deeply regret that tney acted in
conformity with these views. We may believe
that the conduct of the state has been unwise and
unfair ; that! it has shown any filing but that digni
fied caution, and that clear perception of the great
principles of justice, equity, and clemency, which
a sovereign state should always exhibit in its deal
ings with individuals, especially where it is both
party and judge, f But let us not show the same
want of moderation, by running into extremes our
selves ; let us Tiot exhibit the same want of charity,
by believingt that a majority i of the people of that
'!' I '' rrn T . ! !!.-
state are Knaves, ineir anairs aro now improv
ing. The people are recovering from the sore and
irritable state into which thev had fallen. Allow-
time for them to see the truth," which the high-
minded men1 of that state know so well hov to
exhibit and enforce, and we shall find that, though
the people may sometimes make a great mistake,
they mean to do right, and they will discover and
correct the error."
With regard to the approaching crisis in the
affairs' of these debtor states, the writer shows
rlv that the time is now closeat
hand,! when every state that has the ability to7 pay
its debts, or any part of them, must begin to pay
or begin to be openly arid knowingly fraudulent.-
In a very lucid and cogent argument, he proceeds
to set before the people of these states1 the mora
and legal character of one of the two paths betore
them; one or tne otnor oi wnicn, ne says, musi ue
deliberately chosen, and that soon. . .
" It may assist us to discern the character of
one of these paths, if we will attend for a moment
to the true meaning of the word repudiation, in
substance it means confiscation.. There is no just
distinction between ari act of the legislature re
quiring me to surrender a part of my property to
the public use without compensation, and an act
declaring that the state shall not, and will not, pay
an equal amount which is due to me. No doubt,
the former would alarm a greater number of per
sons than the latter ; but this only renders it less
dangerous, if such things admit of degrees of
danger. Analyze the laws, and . seo it there oe
an'
differences between them, and wheMl di
WHOLE;BitO.'183.:
ference lies. By the act first supposed, tho statQ
puts in motion its agents, and its civil or military
forcejand transfers to itself tho possession and uso
of that which is mino.t But, in so doing, it doss
no wrong ' Thisis an act of eminent domain ,uch
03 every government performs! ! occasionally ; and
it would ceati to b" strong enough for any useful
purpose, if it iiid not possess tHis power, i But, as
soon as my property lias been thus tafcen,1he state,
owes ms compensation" for what I have surrender
ed., jlf.it makes this cbmpensationJ all U right;
apd my property has been lawfully appropriated t6
the use of h'e state. If it refuses to make it, then
my property h.ts'been confiscated, rind , the state
has'becn guilty of a gross uct if arbiifary power.
- Such ajol the principles involved in the law
first supposed , and if we consider the other, we
shall find - tho same principles applicable there.-
The state borrows my money promising to pay
it to mo, or to npy ona to whom I shdll nssiVnV--
uungauonrr. it low uwcs to tnc.aTrccoLincii-j f.r
.what it has received This dutv rrows nut nf ibl
receipt of my money by tho state, as,1 in the other
case, it grew out of tho receipt of rny property.
In the one. case, tho obligation ji makq compensa.
tion arises out of the mere iuslice if the claim
or to uso legal language, it 4 implied from the
circumstances of 'the parties ' ; Sn thai other case,
the obligation arises from the express promise of
the state. In both there is a perfect obligation, and
the wrong done is the same ; .nameIy,the violation
of a perfect obligation to make compensation for
money or property used A by thd stateJl r It mav bo
added,1 that the wiifful refusal to repay a loan to the
state, rnade on tho faith of a positive promise con
tains ah element of wrong whicli does not ordina
rily belong to mere seizures and confiscations : for
it is treacherous, as well as unjust. 1 ! !
" There is another respect, in which ihe two
cases approach still nearer to sach other. Tho
written obligation of tho state by whicli it has
promised to pay me, or to anv one to whom I shall
assign such obligation, a sum ofmoney, is, both
in form and in substance j property. It! it so known
to the law, and it is so in fact, jt may be thesub
ject of a larceny or a trespass, of a sale or a be-
quesi; u is a inmg.ot value, ot Which
? . . I I. 1 M ....
I have the
immaterial
rightlu possession. And it is Wholly
to me, and to the, question of right,
whether the
state takes it out of my possession bv fo
rce,or fen--
ders it valueless by refusing to nay it.
The only
that in the.
ink of the
difference between tf two would be,!
ono case I should lose the paper and
obligation ; in the other case, I: should 'not ; a
distinction which will hardlv be deemed imnortant.
t i9 clear, therefore, that repudiation I and confis-1
cation are in principle the samd and , if we can
feel a p'reference forgone over thb other, we should
say; without hesitation, let us liave confiscation ;
let us have seizures made and contributions levied
openlyand with! as much fdirness as acts of such
arbitrary power admit, rather than obtain posses,
sion of Jmoney ' under the confidence I reposed ia "
solemnlpromisei, and theaadd treachery to irijus. ' A
tlaL.lM Lrrr.iifliatirrr t1-onr Thft Ivinlia'rtt rmn ta '
e more maniy one. , ;. . ; j. . - t. j-.
" Certainly it would be desirable, that perfect
justice to all men should be at once thejonly oun.
uuwwu Huu wujtwi ui uuiuau gyvGramems. ; X nil
t,U- l . I - I 1 Li, ,
hoci. ims uccu, uuu pernnps never wiu oe. Jaut
mankind have continued to live and have enjoyed
many, and perhaps most, of the bless ngs which"
grow out of the social state, under governments in
whose constitutions if is easy to detect bad elements.
But, if there is one principle of policylwhich can '
be considered as settled, and as essential to-all I
tolerable government, it is that which demands tho L
absolute security pf property. Men Will submit to
a great ideal, so long as a just regard is shown fort
thejights of property ;; when these are attacked
they will submit no longer, unless i they are content
to be slaves. This is a truth made familiar and
practical to the people of this clountrv bvlthe war 1
of the revolution, which grew ok of it, land-by the'
written constitution ot the Union, and of every I
state in the confederacy, which embodies! arid re- !
peats ltj and draws around it al the! safeguards
which human wisdom and foresight. "can supply.
That private property shall not pej applied to public
uses without a just compensation ; that ho man"
shall bejdeprived of his inheritance, except by tho "
judgment of his peers nnd the standing laws of tho '
and ; l and that no state shall paps any! law impair- -
ug iuc uuuvauuu any cuuiraci, aro principles
as familiar to us; as our own names. jTheJanxibus
care which our fathers took of the rieht of property
has not been in vain. The principle I was planted
in a friendly soil, and has struck deep1 root. That
branch of the great .'Anglo-Saxon 'family by which !'
this continent is peopled has a I strong and honest ;
attachment to property and its rights. It is not a '
blind and sordid love ot wealttu debasing the mind i
and hardening the heart. As a people, we are not
avaricious. We spend freely, arid we i give with 1
the largest generosity. It is because we know the
uses of property, that we value and love it. ,Wo ;
want it for ourselves, that we rrjay jhave a freer and
larger scope for wise enioymenlt and improvement.
We want it for our children, that they may be se
cured, as far as we can secure them, from the evils
of ignorance and dependence. We want it for the
chanties which are waging perpetual war upon
yiee, arid alleviating the miseries of the human'
condition nd for our churchds, and jcolleges, and !
schools,1 which fit us to live in this world, and teach
us humbly to hope for a better life hej-eafter. We
want it for our country, in whose grand march of
improvement we feel so much pleasure and pride.
ye' have' connected with itand we think it a
natural connectionall our ideas jof justice, of ;
social order, of personal se:untyj and I .of the !
peaceful pursuit of happiness. ! )
" How great, then, must be tho violence done td
the sense of right of such a! people, before they
can bring themselves to injure these clear and well ;
understood rights' of property ! ' j They must first
be corrupted and degraded. In this country, all
power emanates from them, and, 'attrequently re
curring periods, returns to them to be delegated
anew, i And, tnougn it may sometimes nappen,'
that they are not responsible for particular measures
at the time they are taken, it cannot happen, that
any unjust thing of sufficientjimporlance to attract
their attention, should be done by their delegated
government, and remain without a remedy, except
by their will. This subject J of repudiation is too
large to escape notice; ano .too important io do
- Pawe
over without a distinct nd
ttrong ezeruon
ki
V r-