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lilwkktibixrfl ft# ^ff^trs0niau. JOSEPH W. HA3IPTON, VOLUME 2,1 ."TJ« po«H grinlrf uodet it* Cone.imUon, t«u>3 de,ivcd from >h* Pwpbof Ih* Uni.ei S.m^, m»y l« .««i,ncd by wbensver p«r««t lo li«. inja.y „r opptessioB."-.l/id«o», CHARLOTTE, N. C., AUGUST 16, 1842. -Editor and Publisher. 1 NUMBER 75. T E R 31 S : The "Mecklenburg Jeffersonian^' is published weekly, aj Two Dollars and Fifty Cents, if paid in advance; or Three Dollars, if not paid before the expiration of three months from the time of subscribing. Any person wiio will procure *-^subscribers and become responsible for their subscriptions, sli;.!l have a copy of the paper gratis or, a club of ten sub- scnbi-rs may have the paper one year for Tvccnty Dollars in advance. No paper will be disconfiiiued while the su!)scriber owes any tiling, if he is able to payand a failure to not:fy the Editor of a wish to discontinue at least one month before the expira tion of the time paid for, will be considered a new engagement. Original Subscribers will not be allowed to discontinue the paper before the expiration of the first year without paying fur a full year’s subscription. Advertisements wili be cons'.j)ieuousIy and correctly insert ed Uv One Dollar per square fur the first insertion, and Ticcn- tj-five Cents for each continuan^e—except Court and other iudicial advertist-nients, whirh Vv’ill be charged ticcnty-jiveper i -nt. higher than the above rates, (owing tu the delay, gene rally, attendant upon collections). A liberal discount will be made to those who advertise by the year. Advertisements sent in for j)ublication, nmst be niarkeil with the number of inser- ti. *ns df.-'irod, or th; y will be published until forbid and charg 'd accordingly. Letters to the Editor, unlesi* contriluing money in sums of Five Dollars, or over, must 'oino free of postage, or the* amount paid at the ofiiee here will he charged to the v.ritcr, n i'vtry instance, and collected as other accounts. AGR1CUL.TUUE. Hcxaiider Mcthiiiic 9 i ^ ‘Tb) i;T— W ^ RESPECTFULLY ten ders his t?incerc tliunks to the citizens of Charlotte nnd the public in general, tor the libe ral patronage he has receiv-- ed } and hopes by strict atten tion to business to confinue to merit a liberal share of public patronage. He has now sev eral first rate workmen em ployed and has just received his Spring and Summer Fash ions. He will v.arrant gouj fils on all occtisions. Orders from a clistanco will meet with prompt at- ft.'ntion. His shop will bo tound in the North-East wing J'f Mr. Leroy ."Springs’ brick building. -I lUn rnl ilit^count made to cask customers. Charlotte, April 12, 57...p State of North Carolina, meckle?;buug county. S.iprn’in' (\mrt of Law, Ftbruai'y Tf-rm^ 181?. INIAllY N. TKTEil ) V!S. / Petition for Divorce. FJ.AM J. TETER. ) N this case it appearing; to the satisfaction of the Court that the Dt'fendant, Flam. J. Tt-ter^ is not :ui inhabitant ot this State : It is therefore Ordered, liuit publication he inuile lor three months suc cessively in the “ Mecklenburg J(‘H'ersonian,” .and “ 'hnrlotte Journal,*’ cunimanding t!ie said Defend- iint to appear at our next Superior Court of Law and Equity to be held for our said County at the Court-house in CharloLi.e, on the Fourth ^Monday in y\ugust next, then and there to plead, answer or de mur to the saiti petition j otherwise judgment will l>e taken pro conl’esso, and tluj petition heard ex- j irte. W'itiics?, Jennings B. Kerr, Clerk of our said ; ourt at oliice, thi; Ith MoiidMy in Fe'oruarVj 1S12. i -:sued the 2Ctli of April. 1H42. J. B. KEKPv, c. -M. s. c. Printers fee State of North Carolina, M E C K I. E N B U II G C O U N T Y. S/(j)e7ior Court of Fnic, Febmanj Term, 1S12. DELITllA C. SPECK ) UN. [■ Petition fjr Di /orce. WILLLUI H. SPECK. > N this case it appearing to Iho satisHiction of the Court that the Defetidant, William II. Speck, is 11 tt an inhabitant of this State: It is tljcrel'ore Or- ■hi'ed, that publication be made for three months nccessively in the “Mecklenburg Jen’er.?onian,” and ••Charlotte Journal,” commanding the £-aiil De- t' lidant 10 appear at our next Superior Court of Law iiiid Equity to be held for our said .'ounty at the Courthouse in Cliarlotte, on the Fourtii ?vfnnday in August next, then ;ind there to plead, ansvvor or demur to the said p('tition ; otlierwise judgment will be taken pro coiilesso, and the petition heunl ex- parte. Witnee?, Jennings H. Kerr, Clerk of our s:tid Court at otlice, the 1th Monday in February, 1812. Issued the 2Gth ot April 1812. J. B. KEPvR, c. SI. s. c. Printer's fee SiO. LIST GF LETTERS Rl,M XiyiiyO in thii Post-Office at I,hicolnto%, A'. C., on the 1st of July, 18-1 •2. A...William Abernathy, Isaih Abernathy, Jolm ■\daius. n...bilas Bookont. J.^nas Brooks. Abm. Brooks, iliiam Baily, Charles Beal, John B iUaniant, Gen. Joseph Baringer. C....H. CansIeTj Jacob Criscoe, W. Cra\vfordj Paulser Canon. D...Peter Deck. F...Jacob or John Finger, Mary Fisher, Robert Floyd, James Fabcl. Peter Finger, Philip Fry. G....Emanuel Gerst. H....Jacok F. Herin, Messrs. F. A. Hoke & Co. Micajah Heidy, James Hansel, Nancy Hctton, George Hoves, Abram Haviner. J....A. S. Jones, EUaa Jarrctt, Susan Inglefinger, Jeremiah Ingold, Wm. Johnstonj K ...Enoch Keller. Ti....Henry Link, Jacok Lutes, James R. Long. M....Rev. John A. McMackin, William Miller, William L. Muuday, Daniel Mosteller, William. L. McKee. P...kWilliam Punch or Alex. Holly, iSIisa Margaret Price, Jolm Pollard, Jotin Cl. Perkins. Silas H. Phi lips, Ann Pressley. Q....Michael Q,uickel. R....AHord Ranisour, Geo. S. Ranisour, Jonas Rudesil, George Rudesil, Solomon Rudesil or David t^umerow, David Roberson, Margaret Rudesil. S....J. R. Stamey 3, James S. Stiler, Henry Stroup, Robert B. Smith, Joseph Sanders or Jacob Goodson, David Smith, Henry Stroup, Henry Sunierow, Amos Smith. T....Elen Thompson, Jacob Fritt. V...Martha Vickers. W....L)’man Woodford 2, James Wilson, Eliza beth West or J. L. Cobb, Fetherston Wells. C. C. HENDERSON, P. M. T.»inco]nton. N. C'** Julv 1st, 18-12. 70...tt EXTRACTS OF AN ADDRESS ON AGRICULTURE, Delivered before the Alabama State AgHcultural Society, on 1th December, 1841^ BY THE REV. DR. MANLY. TFie constitution and history of this world show the absorbing importance and dignity of Agricul ture. The Almighty, Maker of all men, marked it with the loltiest designation. It is tiie first of all employments,—the basis and, support of all the rest. To a flourishing agriculture accessible somewhere and by some channel, every branch ol business is indebted for its success. So- lonmn spoke not a wiser truer maxim, than, ‘‘The King himself is served of the field.” The history ol the world, ancient or modern, does not present an example of a nation rising to permanent power and greatness, in the neglect of its agriculture; while numerous instances arc on record, illustrating the connexion between improved tillage and nation al prosperity. Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Pheniuia, Palestine, China, and x\ncient India, ail grew great by this means, and to the aid of religion, to power of their Governments, respectively, they brought in the sanctions and promote individual application and improvement in the cultivation of the Earth. China, in particular, so remarkable in the history of the human race, has perpetuated her acknowledg ments and deference to Agriculture, m a pompous an nual ceremony, in which the King and ail the Nobles, in presence of vast multitudes, perforin with their own hands a certain routine of tlie labors of Husbandry. ^L'lny of the I^aws given by the Almighty to the ancient Israelites, had a direct tendency, not only to preserve them an Agricultural people, but to eiVect a steady improvement in various branches of Hus bandry. Amon*; modern nations, I know’of no exception to the important agency of Agriculture, in conferring permanent prosperity. France had probably remained still in poverty and ignorance, but for the sagacity of Henry the IV., and his great prime Minister, Sully, directing the industry of the country to the culture ot silk ; ol which, beside her own consumption, she now ex ports to the value of §25,000,000. An expression of the celebrated Sully, is as true as remarkable r “ Ag riculture may he regarded as the breasts, from which the State derives support and nourishment.’’ The encouragement given to the foreign Agricultur ist to settle in her dominions, added to the schools es tablished by Catherine II., not only introduced Rus sia into notice among the civilized nations, and sub stituted, instead of tlie few straggling fishermen’s huts on the banks of the Neva, the mostsplended ca- pitol in the world,—but w'as the primary step in the acquisition of that colossal power she now wields. Similar remarks may be made of Sweden, of B'landers, and of Austria. The soil of Flanders, se ven hundred years ago, was a white sand. It is now the richest country in Europe. And Austria has testified her sense of the importance of Agricul ture, by causing medals, with appropriate devices, to be struck in honor of it and distributed among her people, bearing this inscription: '^The art which flour ishes all other Arts.^^ Although the Agriculture of England is highly improved, it may be supposed that she owes her pros perity and power rather to her commerce and manu- ilACtures than to it. By what criterion shall we judge? If we analyze the resources and income of a nation, where every species of property is brought under direct taxation, will not the propor tion derived from l^he diHerent branches of industry show the degree in which she is indebted to each ? This v.'ould seem to be a true test, both as to indivi duals and nations. Look, then, to the statistics of Great Britain du ring her long wars with France, that ever memora ble period which tasked her energies, and elicited efforts, to a degree unparalleled on the arena of National strife. Look at her, at tlie very time when her sagacious adversarj’^, Bonaparte even, thought her resources so dependent on trade, as to apply to her the contemptuous epithet, A nation of shop keepers.* From official returns of the tax on income, as de rived from the various classes of subjects, we have the following curious results : Tax on landed property, “on the farmers or occupants of land, Total Agriculture, Tax on Comraercial property, on professions, £4,257,247 2,176,228 £6,433,475 £2,000,000 1,021,187 £3,021,187 Difference in favor of Agricultural classes, £3,412,288 W’’ith a clearness of demonstration^ therefore, that cannot be confuted, you see in the words of Sir John Sinclair,! “ It was the wealth arising from the productions of the soil that chiefly enabled us to go on; it was successful agriculture ihat furnished us with the means of carrying on the contest, and of bringing it to a triumphant conclusion.” Nor is this at all surprismg, when it is considered that it is the land which furnishes the raw materidl for the greater part of ’nanufactures; that tlie pro prietors and occupiers of lands supply the best mar kets to the macufacturers and the merchants: and * “One nation do bountifiuiers.” +Codeof AgricuUnre that thus, through them, the greater part of all oth er professions gain their livelifiood. Exported ma nufactures are, in fact, but so much beef, mutton, wheat, barley, &c. converted into another and more convenient shape for tlie purpose of general ex changes. In England, to qoute the same high authority', (Sir John Sinclair) it is a well established maxim, “ T'hat the land is the basis of national icealth,'‘^ “ and that on the amount and the value of its productions, commerce and manufactures and the payment of the public creditors must ia a great measure de pend.” Hence, '• nothing can be more impolitic than to neglect the adoption of any measure by w hich the interests of agriculture can be promoted; or more hazardous than to taiie any step by vvhich its pros perity can be impaired, or those who live by it im poverished.” As to our ow”n country, the results of tlie late cen-' sus, the mop-t perfect that has ever been taken, have yet but partially been made public. An appeal to those results, so far as known, triumphantly estab lishes the position we have taken. The entire pop ulation of ihe State is 590,756. Of these, 353,532 are slaves. Devoted to agriculture directly, there are, 177,439 persons. To all other pursuits, put to gether, including the deaf and dumb, the insane and blind, there are 12,823. It is then true that thirteen fourteenths of our working population live by Agri culture as a pursuit. Of the revenue o f the whole country it is said, that nine tenths is paid, directly, or indirectly, by Farmers. In a sense then, peculiar to tho United States, may it be said that the land is the basis of national wealth.” What are the signs of national w'calth and pros perity? Money, even gold and silver, is ceitainly equivocal. Else, how does it happen that Mexico and S. America arc steadily growing poorer and poorer 1 The history of the world does not furnish an example of a country which has devoted its chief industry to a mining for the precious metals, but what has become gradually impoverished. The briet annals of the Gold diggers in North Carolina, are an epitome of those cf the whole tribe. ou may get the story from some who now are in Alabama;—come here to retrive if possible, their broken fortunes; and to atone by a life of toil in other pursuits, for having excited, corrupted, impo verished and rained, not only themselves, but also a population the most simple, tranquil, and inoffen sive ; and for having desolated a region whicli had before yielded a bountiful subsistence, and all the comforts of life, to the honest and hardy tillers of the soil. Truly, in the holes they dug for gold, they left buried the independence and happiness of the people. In like manner, large Cities, busy Factories, ex tended Commerce, prove nothing as to the wealth and prosperity ot a country, except as they also prove a flourishing condition of iVgriculture associa ted with them somewhere, and giving tliem its sup- port. The great pecuniary pressure from ■which we are not, even now, recovered, began w’hen men, leav ing the quiet pursuits of rural life, rushed in great numbers into the towns and cities for the purpose ol speculation, in the insane pursuit of sudden wealth. For a time, the v^ulue of town and city property seemed marvelously increased. The grow ing w^ealth of the distempered inhabitants was reckoned by millions. A few years have stripped oil the glowing drapery from the bloated carcass ; soaiety seems now to be returning to its natural healthy proportions; and the general conspiracy against the universal law of our being, “ In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat thy bread,” is about to be dissolved. These things are ol the current history of the times, of which all are aware. On the other hand, a description of a country en joying the advantage of improved Husbandry is the picture of wealth and happiness. Hear the descrip tion of National prosperity drawn by the pen of In spiration;^ “That our sons may be as plants grown up in their youth; that our sons may be as corner stones polished after the similitude of a pal ace ; that our garners may be full, affording all man ner of store; that our sheep may bring forth thous ands and tens of thousands in our street.^; that our ox en may be strong to labor; that there be no break ing in, nor going out; that there be no complaining in our streets. Happy is that people that is in such a case.” By w hat kind of Legerdemain or Witchery is it that labor, universally irulispensable to every form of well-being, comes to be regarded disreputable? Agriculture, the most ancient, honorable, and inde pendent form of it, suffers the severest proscription. Many a youth that now hears me, would positively be ashamed to be seen working in the fields. In our large cities, hundreds are congregated, without employment, and often without bread, \yhile millions of acres of the most fertile land on earth remain unoccupied. If a farmer advertises for extra labor, with difficulty he obtains a reluctant offer; while an under clerkship in a miserable drunkery would be caught at with avidity. A merchant in one of the northern cities advertised for a clerk; on the first morning of its appearance, he had over sixty appli cations. Sad indication i Look at the young men in some of our towns and villages; bo restless and eager apparently for something to do, that even the chairs kept in the stores have to be spiked and nail ed, and sheathed in iron, to protect them from their busy pen-knives ; and a fresh lot ol cedar, such as an old awning frame, or a sign post, taken down, is an acquisition w^orthy almost of an auctioneer’s ad vertisement and sales. Pass through the streets of some af these towns—you will see gioups of idlers ‘Pe U4, 12—-15. mounted upon empty boxes, drumming with the heels of their boots, lounging about the doors of drinking establishments, whistling and manulactur- ing tobacco juice or puffing the fumes of a cigar, re tailing tlie latest scandal, conning some new joke, discussing affairs of State, and all other subjects but what concern them, what suits their genius or station, and what they might do to promote their own true welfare and that of their country. While affairs of national policy embarrass the most pro found and thoughtful statesman, these discover, as if by intuition, in some egregious folly of the Pre sident, or glaring error of Congress, a ready solu tion of all pecuniary difficulties, the cause unmask ed w^hy employaaent is so scanty, money so scarce, and the times so hard ; at the same time, perhaps, there are hundreds of unoccupied acres within a mile of them, whole trades either wanting in the community, or scantily filled, the farmer’s fields ov’er-run with grass and weeds, crops wasting on the ground for v/ant of more labor to gather the ex uberant poduction, the market utterly unsupplied with what is ol daily use and would command ready money; yet all this herd of idlers desiring, or pro fessing to desire, that they might be prosperous and happy! If any new improvement in agriculture, the arts, or any other form of industry, claims atten tion, they will discourse eloquently about Humbugs, and, with all the prudence of a sage and the saga city of a philosopher, condcmn it untried. For my part, I think it were better to be humbugged, now and then, in the attempt to be, or to do, something, than to consume a life ia utter worthlessness, never attaining to the dignity even of a decent humbug themselves. I have no words to express my utter contempt and abhorrence of such a character. The vagrant, idle, worthless person, consuming much and producing nothings if he had his desert, \V»bl3ld be scourged, naked and hungry, through the world, at the uiil of an ass, whose grade he falls below. But to induce men to engage in some employment is not the only difficulty. Those who make agri culture their profession, and expect to live by it, are, with ditficulty persuaded lo make any improvement. Now, this is surprismg. It is admitted, every where, that whatever is w’orth being done, is werthy of be ing well done. Why not agriculture, the most na tural occupation of man, and the right arm of the, Commonwealth?” Those engaged in this pursuit are keen enough to discover and correct a failure or an error in certain stages of their business. If their factor should dispose of their crop at half a cent less in the pound, or ten cents in the bushel, than the market price, the fact w’ould at once be seen, the loss felt, and the cause removed. Why scrupulous and vigilant here ; and yet regardless of the domes tic market? Regardless of the modes of production and of consumption, of reariixg, feeding, and fatten ing domestic animals; and of rendering all the ex penses of your establishment as little as possible, and the productions as great, and as available as possible, lo every economical use? The bare fact, that farmers generally are without thought on this subject, is sufficient to indicate that they are liable to unknown waste, and to great loss es. Will any branch of industry, any system of means regulate itself? Is success to be reached without care, without skill ? That Farmers, in this part of the country, as a body, are not seeking im provement, is loo obvious to be denied. In other trades, the skillful laborer will convert the annual surplus he gains into the means of improv ing liis modes of business and increasing his pro duction. As he soon gets his business sufficiently extended, for convenience and the most economical arrangements, this whole surplus, w'ith all the lights of experience, aided by the suggestions of a fruit ful and excited invention, is employed in renderi.ig economij complete, in introducing the most exact re sults of enlightened skill into every process and part of hig profession. This is wise. But what is the F'armer’s course. If he makes a httle money, his first course probably will be, to extend his business; —xhe buys more land and negroes, without enquir ing, perhaps, whether this procedure may not add to his cares and his expenses, unmitigated by a pro - portionate increase of his income. If his business, however, is* sufficiently entensive; i. e. the number of acres and of hands sufficient to answer his views, then his surplus he will invest almost invariably in something else besides his farm. It does not occur to one in a thousand, scarcely, that his surplus might be judiciously invested in a better farming imple ment, better stock, better buildings, experiments on soils, manures, grains, grasses, esculent roots; ex periments to remedy imperfections or remove obsta cles to plans already in use, or to render them more efficient. Nay, he will not be at the small trouble or expense of procuring the recorded results of the ex periments of others; nor of recording and calcula ting his own; nor of possessing himself even of tlie current information circulated among enlightened men of his own profession, in his own country I W'hat would have been the state of the scienccs and of the arts, at this day, if those employed in them had pursued a similar course ? There is no truth in Agriculture better establish ed than this, that ihe greater the outlay, judiciously applied to improve the fertility and productiveness of land^ the greater the proportionate profit on a given amount of the capital. Yet who acts on this prin ciple ? To use the words of a celebrated financier, our far mer who has made a little money, buys more larul, when he ought to buy more manure ; or puts out his money into some joint stock company to convert sunshine into moonshine ; or else he buys shares in some gold mine, or lead mine. Rely upon it, our richest mine is the barn yard ; and whatever temp tations or shares may offer, the best investment fora Farmer is live-stock and plough-shures. The a^-rathy of the sDUtf^ern planter is truly sur prismg. He, of all others, occupies a position which,, if any thing can, should rouse him to consider the requirements of his profession. His circumstances are in the highest degree com plicated and critical, and involves the greatest diffi culty and responsibility. The general occupation of the southern and south-western States, that whjch employs the greatest number and the greatest wealth is, and must be agriculture. The planter must, of necessity therefore, exert a controlling influence on whatever of weal or of w'oe may occur, either to his own class, or to the commonw'ealih. A single product, among many, to which his soil is adapted cotton, is so important to the pursuits and enjoyments of mankind, as to have already given di~ rection to the industry and capital of tht world.— Providence has placed under his control a laboring population, an eijtire class, whose proper manage ment, so as to fulfil all its conditions, is itself a pro found and difficult science; with whom a less exact economy is inevitable than is attained without (i ble where the laborer’s compensation depea( his personal care, skill and diligence ; a poi who, though owned in great nuoibers. and tl stituting the material and semblance of be BO managed as to bring about an and gradual, but certain, impi owner. Over these by the ic} at once constituted Prot Physician, and Governor; daily need of all the high these relations, if he would secure interest and happiness, or any otfier of his calling. As yet no sulj sis of his soils has been ml acquainted with their adaj Of the improvements in places, he is not able, if he himself; because his product! every thing is peculiar ; tamed are liilsified aa to, lightened system of impt! own region and circumstances, neucles exists, at least in Alabam; remark will be soon wiped such a system might be foi otiered to enquiry or experirril means of concentrating and combinS utility, even the few truths which encc has elicited. He plods on, a blind the usages of his predecessors, the which he does not take the trouble has no help from hi^s government, ai for himselt’; but commits ail to an Oi much needs instruction and managera the laborers committed to his care. \ et he grows rich, in numerous instant ne ow'es, not so much to his own effortij amenity of hie climate, and the exuberant . of his soil, the acctimulated alluvium of ages t which of course, cannot always last. Even in the present slate of agriculture, such are the extraordinary urf- vantages bestowed by Providence, it is probable that the next generation of men, inhabiting the cot ton growing States, will be the richest generation of men upon the face of the earth. The transfer of all this wealth and power into the fiands of that gener ation wili be a serious contingency; for which the interests of the world demand that a suitable pre paration should be made. The sons will inherit, in deed, the property and the ease which t>oir lathers had procured for them ; but, for any influences at present exerted, will they probably inherit their la thers’ industry, business-habits, self-controL ecorao- my, prodence, and simple manners ? * * * ^ ^ Experiments for the improvement of Agriculture, as they require, when conducted to the best advantage, considerable surplus wealth, much time, patience/ and accuracy, and the highest qualities of intelli gence; and as, when successful, they issue in the roc«t momentous results, are worthy the first effortB of genius, and the highest aspiration of patriotiwn. No inr;provements are made without experiments It is true, they are not absolutely confined to the’ rich. T#*.ore is even an advantage, when practical men of limited means, who liv'c by the returns of their labor, can be induced to try them. These will always make them on a plan in which failure will not be injurious, and success will be universfilly ben eficial; because the poorest may copy out the pro cesses and realize the results. Bui it is a duty spe cially incumbent on planters of substaniial indepen dence. Some experiments, of course, will be fail ures : and such are able to hazzard sometiiing. The fear of being thougiii visionary, may deter men from a course of experimenting. And what if the imputation should actually be made 7 Tliat ia w’hat has happened to every indi vidual who has devoted himself to the enlargement ot the boundaries of knowledge. But even visiona ry schemes are a more deserving class of men than liiose who will attempt no improvement. For, from the results which they reach, though useless to themselves, wise and practical men will de.'-ive im portant hints; and thus, incidentally, they do good ; while, as they never set out to get rich, thoir failure is the less di.sappoiiitment to them, and they do not need our pity. I must not be met here, by the i.nsane outcry against “ book-farming,” and against science as use less to agriculture. I wish not to argue the question on general principles, A ith this class of objectors. I will advert to facts too stubborn to be overthrown, to facts too near the cotton planter’s interests and feelings to be disregarded, or overlooked. Every planter knows something of the depreda tions of the “Ziice,”—the little insect that preys upon the cotton when very young, in the spring. Anoth er familiar enemy is the worm that perforates tho boll in August. Either of these is sulficiently inju rious alone; and sometimes they are both, in their seasons, propagated and carried ihroiigU their irans; I
Mecklenburg Jeffersonian (Charlotte, N.C.)
Standardized title groups preceding, succeeding, and alternate titles together.
Aug. 16, 1842, edition 1
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