North Carolina Newspapers

I . . \ ■> . V** "J THE ALAMANCE GLEANER VOL. LI Taking the Profit Out of War By BERNARD M. BARUCH Rsprtmted from The Atlantic Monthtg. [TU Fehrunrg Utue of the Atlantic for IMS carried a paper »y lfr. Bisley Su44Utten dealing %oith the general subject of -taking the profit out of war," Mich Mr. Buddleston called "An American Plan for Peace." The first-quoted Arte waa put into the language by the War Induttriee Board toward the elate of the World War through it* efforts to eliminate all war profits. Mr. Hvdfletton's article came to the attention of Mr. Bernard If. Baruch, chair ma» of the War Industries Board and administrator of the non-profit plan, end (u tie writes us), since it teemed te indicate a growing interest in the Uea, induced him to invoke practical means to bring about a full compre hension of taking the profit out of war in the various great countries of the world. To this end he responded to a suggestion of Mr. Owen D. Young, of the Page School of International Relations at Johns Hopkins University, that establish a course of lectures there to expound the War Industries Board plan in detail. Later he will proceed to make similar arrangements at leading universities in Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan. Agreeing with Mr. Baruch that the subject callt for public knowledge and discussion, U was natural for the Atlantic to turn to him for the following paper.— TH«J BDITOBS or Tax ATLANTIC MONTHLY.] I yft/r was onoe described as Prue ila'i most profitable Industry. It needs only a scant examination of history to learn that other eountrlea were open to the same indictment. The methods of the Robber Baron* did not .papa with the end of feudal ism. Annexation by oonquest did not c«ase. But when America entered the World War President Wilson fathered s doctrine that, ."ball always govern nt—that never a foot of territory wonM be added to our boundaries by fores. . So, as America has taken the load toward making Impossible national profit through war, it too may be America's privilege to point the way toward making, impossible individual profit through war. To take the profit oat of war rto to take a long step to ward creating an economic detesta tion of war. The experience of the United States -In the World War af fords a baste,for the belief that the plaa hmln dlacßSHfldda practical, in fart, it to more than a belief—it to a Mrtalnty, although not widely known. The world to auch_a busy place, and tln redta* of human activity has been to greatly enlarged because of modem inventions, thai -H not strange that there are but' few people who are con versant with What- was quietly but •fiastMy ttaUMßjfilM*-to this coun try to the mobtllyat]on.jMid use of Its material resources 1m the World War —a process that would have eventual ly 4llninatad.aU improper profits. Strength Is given to the public ad wcsey oflndustrial mobilsatlon mado by both President Harding and Freal feat ODolidf*—Mr. Ooolldge aa re cently aa last October in his Omaha speech to the Amerloan Legion—by tee (set that thepleu they advocated U,a. part of the xegmlar national war ■pastes had oaoe been set up and raecessfally . oßcaated under the War hdostrles Board. Preceding the President's recant dear aaposltlon ■of this subject, some of pablle.lnUtoat had been en tendered .exchange of letters be tween Owea D., Young (of Dawes plan teas), In behalf of tha Walter Hlnes *•» Sohool of International Rela- Uons, isd tha writer. The corre spondence resulted in the establish ment of lectures at tha Page School W Johns Hopkins University) on this ttesw. Purtusilf the Atlantic Month k printed aa arttele by Slsley Huddle ■ten, who pointed out that Europe saw ffe»t strides towiard peace in thq American Idea of "taking the profit out of war" la a systematic way. His fculc reference waa to the plan of the War Industries Board. Tie resources of a country might *• referred to aa the five M's: (1) power; (t> money; (8) main- I tenanee or food: (4) material re •onrees (Including raw materials, ttanufacturtng facilities, transport** tjpn. fuel and power); and (5) morale. Intelligence with which the first f onr are directed and coordinated as » whole will determine the fifth, the •orale of the community. In the war emergency It early be evident to those who were •wged with the responsibility of ■oblUiinj the resources that there i **• * Just sentiment among the poo against profiteering. Profiteering * rtt be willful and profit making ■jtttbe Involuntary; but, whatever ™ there was a Just determine 011 It should Cease. So It" became ■eeessary to fix prices where the sup was limited. the government created a . by Its demands, prices were • B °t only for the Army, Navy and ful bnt for the civilian popula- M And In addition to prfce on war esssntlala (such as steel, eoppor, and so forth), the bal- »«er the war program had been •JU was rationed or distributed ao t® the priority needs of the ' tWllm demands. In other ***** tha price of the product "Mnatry was fixed that industry delhrar the part which the gov ** aot need to the civilian , -*Pt in the way die indue bat aa the •orantmsnt dt■ It rr.-jst be remembered that when the came there was no adequate preparation. Indeed, it Is doubted by the best authorities whether any ef fective form ?)f preparation then known would have been of much avail ip view of the widespread and engulf ing results of the war and the lack of knowledge of the various instruments of ction which were being viaeJ and which il became necessary to combat. Our o»a Army h d several divisions MuTet'i." T'other for mate rials, transportation, housing, and so (orth. On top of that there prevailed the demands of the' Shipping Board, with the slogan that ships would win the war, and of the Food Administra tion, with the slogan that food would win the war. Further, there was the Railroad Administration with Its need for material and labor, and finally there was the feverish quest for labor and supplies on the part of the muni tion makers —all competing for labor, money, material*, transportation, fuel, power, and each Instating on the greater importance of ita activity. All this whDe the labor supply was being lessened by the flow of men Into the Army. While an endeavor was being made to bring order out of chaos, th* treat undertaking had to go on. Men, ships, munitions, food, material, had to be> provided. Old organizations, bureaus and traditions bad to be met and changed, but not destroyed until the new was set up. The wonder of it all Is, not that there were so many mis takes, but that so much was accom plished. At the time we entered the war prices were at their peak, and tending higher because of the war's Insatiable demands. The problem was not alone to aecure the materials and labor and to stop the confusion, but to do It In such a way that the morale of the peo ple would be maintained. The prices of some things, like steel and copper, were fixed tar below prevailing rates, and the wages of labor in those Indus tries were standardised. The more highly organized an Industry, the easier it was to arrange. Order did not commence to appear until the Army tunneled Its needs through one man sitting with a section of the War Industries Board and until the Nary, Shipping Board, Allies and Railroad Administration did likewise. Each de partment satisfied Its requirements through a central authoritative body. This was called the War Industries Board, controlling and directing all materials and co-ordinating through Its chairman the whole system of gov ernmental and civilian supply and de mand. It was created by executive order In March of the year 1918. Briefly, this board endeavored to mobilize the industries of America so that the lighting forces of the Allied and associated nations could draw from the United States—the last, res ervoir of men, materials and money— the things needed for the winning of the war at the time the things were needed and with the least dislocation of Industry and the least disturbance of the civilian population. n The War Industries Board was or ganised like any other supervisory committee, with a chairman, vice chairman, members In charge of va rious activities, bureau chiefs and sub ordinate workers. It surveyed and sought to arrange the whole Industrial war field under the plenary powers conferred by the President and the Congress. How well it did this la a story for others to telL What It did is the basis of the plan I am here drawing. . It was comparatively easf- to flx and to distribute materials, and Indeed to stabilise the wages of labor In those industries In which prices were fixed. The labor situation, how ever, became Increasingly .difficult, particularly • when General Crowder found It necessary to withdraw men tor the proposed campaign of lilt after 4,000,000 soldiers had already been taken. Much has bean said about the profi . Aaaztas «f hftCL H to n IP J«t •£«» GRAHAM, N. C., THURSDAY, JANUARY 21, 1926 ' nation. It & only fair to say that this condition waa primarily brought about through the inexperience of the organ ization within our own governmental department* and by the fnrioua bid ding of- munitions makers and ship : builders for serrlceß. That situation, together with the Increased prices of the things that labor had to buy with the results of its work, made it Inevi table that labor must get higher wages. So It became evident that the price fixing program had to go even fur ther, and the War Industries Board, when the Armistice came, was pro ceeding with a campaign to fix the prices of all the basic things that la bor had to buy. Some had previously | been fixed. I speak of labor in a much | broader sense than manual labor, for I the unorganized so-called "white col | lar" part of our community—clerks, | teachers, government employees, pro- I fesaional men—were less able to meet the situation than labor in the nar rower sense. For the protection and relief of such groups certain plana were devised. To illustrate— One of them provided that manufac turers, jobbers and retailers of shoes could make ind sell, shoes only of a specified quality at a fixed price, ef fective July, 1919. No one who did not have a card of the War Industries Boaid !n his window could sell shoes, and only the standardized shoes could be sold. No jobber or manufacturer | would sell shoes to anybody who did not have this card. The shoes were I to be stamped Class A, B or C and had I to be of the quality prescribed and I sold at the price fixed. The country ; was so organized in every district that j there could be immediately reported j to Washington the qame of any shoe j retailer who did not carry out the reg ulations of the War Industries Board as to price and quality. Through re strictions on his labor, money, raw materials and transportation no man ufacturer would have bden permitted I to sell to any dealer violating the reg ulations. The Armistice stopped the ! execution of this plan. Another plan of this nature: The manufacturers of men's and women's wearing apparel had in 1918 been call ed to Washington, together with the retailers of various goods, and notified that regulations would have to be made in regard to retail prices and standardization of clothing. The rulings by the board were made , known through the issuance* of official bulletins at irregular intervals and were widely distributed by the press, which co-operated In this most neces , sary work with a whole-hearted pur-. ' pose that gave to the ordera of the War Industries Board the instant and broad circulation they required. Mr. Hoover already was doing much to perfect his control of food products and prices. There was also talk of fixing rents, and in some cities this was done. i • If we were to start, In the event of another war, at the place where we were Industrially when the World War ended, the President, acting through an agency similar to the War Indus tries Board, would have the right to fix prices of all things 'as of a date previous to the declaration of war when there waa a fair peace time rela tionship among t}»e various activities of the nation. It would.be illegal to buy, sell, serve or rent at any other than these pricea. Brakes would be applied to every agency of inflation before the hurtful process started. An intelligent control of the flow of men, money and materials would be im posed. Instead of having the blind pan ic heretofore ensuing on the first ap pearance of the frantic demands of war. The Draft Board would have be fore it the rulings of the priority com mittee, together with the estimated needs of every business and profes sion In Its relationship to the conduct of the war, and men would be select ed accordingly. The Draft Board could more intelligently decide, with the advice of the priority committee, many of the problems with which It would be faced. There would be no sending of men to the trenches who were needed for expert Industrial war work and then bringing them back again. Businesses not necessary to the winning of the war would be cur tailed. The Draft Board wouM have that Information before it The prices of all things being fixed. I the price fixing committee would mak*> any necessary adjustments, aa was done during the war. Under the sys tem used In 1918 these prices were made public and adjusted every three months, so that any consumer or pro ducer had his day In court when he considered prjees unfair. Those wtoo complained that during the war prices were too high had this ready recourse to hand. In the meantime all the Industrie* of the country would have been mobilized 6y the formation of committees repre sentative of each industry am was done in the World War. Over them would be placed a government direc tor or commodity chief. The various government departments would ap point committees representing their requirements, ao that on one commit tee the resources of the nation would be represented and on the other the demands of the government. The gov ernment director would stand between . to dedjUkJjL coaJunctlpif with the pri- I' « ority committee, to what department I supplies should go. 1 Money would be controlled and di rected like any other resooroe. "Tak ing the profit out of war" to N not with "confl£riptloa of wealth," as it Is sometimes regarded* The latter Is a theoretical project, pro hibited by our Constitution, contrary to the spirit of our social and political Institutions; and Impossible in prac tice. Taking the profit out of war is an orderly and scientific development ofsthe economics and conduct of mod ern war, necessary to the effective mobilization of national resources and Indispensable to equalizing the bur dens of war among the armed and civilian population. Born of expe rience and proved by practice. It re moves some of the most destructive concomitants of modern war—the con fusion and waste incident to war time inflation. This term "conscription of wealth," used by. so many, has created a hope among those of socialistic tendencies, and a fear amoftg those who, like me, believe in our system based upon per sonal Initiative and reward, of a tak ing of money, without payment, for the use of State. Neither the hope nor the fear is justified by the recom mendation herein contained or by our experience In the war. The use of money should be controlled and di rected In a A man should no more be permitted to use his money as he wishes than he should be permitted to use the pro duction of his mine, mill or factory except through. the general supervis ing agency. This was being done to ward the end o' '•■> war disentangling and removing the marry] conflicts and competitive efforts ln-i volved In labor and buildings that had previously occurred because of lack of any co-ordinating agency. It was allo cating power and making regulations! for the hitching up of scattered units' of power. It was changing munitions orders from congested to less congest ed districts. It had'actually carried Into effect an order that no building involving $2,500 or more could, be un dertaken without the approval of the War Industries Board. No steel, no cement, no material of any kind could be used for any purpose whatsoever unless the War Industries Board per mitted It. No steel company could sell over five tons of steel unless ap proved by the Director of SteeL The Treasury would not permit the raising of money for any industrial or finan cial operation unless It was approved by the War Industries Board. The President Issued an order that no com mandeering should be done by the Army, Navy, Shipping Board or Food Administration without the approval of the chairman of the War Industries Board. Every raw material industry, and indeed practically every industry In the country, was organized through appointment of committees, and none of these industries would do any bust ness except under the,rulings gated by the Board. Standardization in every industry was rapidly proceed ing. These rulings were made known through the Issuance of official bulle i tins at irregular intervals and were ' distributed by the press. We were i endeavoring te arrange It so that the j fighting forcea were to receive those things which they needed and no more, so that whatever.was not ac tually rerulred at the front was left to civilian purposes. Industries were curtailed, hut never destroyed; skele tonized, but never killed. Indeed, the use of men, money and materials was rapidly being brought Into exactly that condition which I have previously stated to be necessary In case of an other war. I H, la addition to this, the President in the- future has the authority to fix prices and distribution of materials and labor, rent, and the use of man power, transportation, fuel and all the things C neces*ary for the conduct of the war, any rise In'prices will be pre sented, even in anticipation of war. There are many who claim that war 'ls caused primarily by the desire of profit lam not one of those. But if there Is anything In this contention this plan will remove the possibility of i anybody urging war as a means of ! making profits. Even If there are no men who desire .war as a means of making profit, tbe fact that profits i would be less la war than in peace, and wealth and resources would he di rected by the government, might have some active deterring influence on men of great resources. Instead of jbeing passive, they might become ac tive advocates of peace. There are many people who are, for 'various reasons, afraid to discuss the subject during peace tide aad prefer to wait for war. There are also some great manufacturers who oppose any such plan because they were seriously Interfered with during the war time. Indeed, It has been tbe experience of some of those responsible for the in dustrial mobilization In tbe World War 16 remain the objects of ven omous attack begun during tbe time the necessities of tbe nation made It imperative tp control activities and , profits. Some critics were prominent manufacturers. Who said: "Tell us what the government wants and we will fill the orders, but don't Interfere with the sale of rthe part of our prod uct that the government foes not want to use." That was unth'akabls. • President Wilson decreed that fair I I During the flaal phase of the World War ao man or corporation or institu tion could raise money without the approval of the Capital Issues Commit tee of the Treasury Department, which committee in turn would not permit the borrowing of money unless the War Industries Board approved the use to which It was to be put. Thus the City of New York was not permit ted to spend (8,000,000 for the build ing of schools. The City of Philadel phia was prevented from making Im provements that In peace time would have been neceyary, but in war time were not Various states, counties and olties, and a vast number of pri vate concerns, were denied the use of money and materials for purposes not necessary for the winning of the war. . Each part of the community had to adjust Its waats to the whole great undertaking. ni There have been a great many bllla introduced into Congress on the sub | Ject of industrial mobilization, some sponsored by great organizations like the American Legion, and others by newspapers and publicists. But it Is surprising how little knowledge there was on the part of those who drew up the bills of ths practicability and fea sibility of so mobilizing our resources that it would he impossible to make as much prqflt in war as in tlms of peace. Take into consideration the fact that the following things were be ' ing done in 191*:— General Crowder, who was In charge of the draft had asked the chairman of the yPar Industries Board where he could obtain additional men needed for the Army in France with the least possible dislocation of the war making Industrial civilian machinery, and we were in the process of replacing male labor with women. By a system of priorities the Board waa allocating to our own Army and Navy, to the Allies and to the essential war Industries the things they required. It was making priority rulings as to transportation, and they were being followed*'oat by the Railroad Administrator. The- Fuel Administrator distributed fuel only on the rulings of the War Industries Board. The Board was engaged in , prices for the government were fair , pricea for civilians. I must say, how ever, that the vast majority of Amer ' lean manufacturers rose to the sltuar tlon in such a splendid way as to I bring the following commendation 1 from Woodrow Wilson: "They turned 1 aside from every private interest of their own and devoted the whole of their trained capacity to the tasks that supplied the sinews Jt the whole great undertaking. The patriotism, the unselfishness, the thorough going devotion and distlngulahed capacity that marked their toilsome labors day after .day, month after month, have made them fit mates and comrades to the men In the trenches and on the | ssas." There are many men who are afraid , that the adoption of this plan by Con gress would give an impetus to social , ism or communism or sovletlsm or I whatever they may call it, because, j they say, "if you show It can be done I in war time there will be a demand that It be done in peace time." It ! cannot be done In peace time. There , can be no great undertaking without a strong moving cause. In peace time tbe moving cause Is personal initiative and payment for services performed. The substitute for that In war time la the common danger. The War Industries Board was the foremost advocate of price fixing and distribution, and It had great power In ' this field, but when the Armlstlee came it recognised that peace condi tions were being restored, and it was the first to change tbe war time order of things and to leave to the people themselves the readjustment of their affairs. I am satisfied that It is im possible for tbe government to do in peace time what I am advocating, al though it becomes absolutely neces sary in order to conduct a modern war successfully and to conduct it on a non-profiteering basis. The application of this plan, besides making the nation a coherent unit In time of war, would Impress upon every class In society a sense of its own responsibility la such svent If It were known that this universal re sponsibility would be enforced, no class—social, financial or industrial— could fall to understand that in ease of war it would have to bear Its share of the burdens involved and would have to make sacrifices of profit con venience and personal liberty oorrela tlvely with those made by the soldiers In the field. To this extant the plan would act as a positive deterrent to any hasty reoourss to farce in aa in* I ternatlonal controversy. One thing that has definitely come from the war is the necessity of arranging affairs so that a portion of the population shall net be sent to the front to bear all the physical hard ships and their ooaeeqoanoes while others are left behind to profit by their absence. IT applied at the out break, the War industries Board (as ft was functioning at the close of the World War) would prevent this aad lessen, if not remove, the social asd economic evilsthat came as ths after math of war. Subscrioo for THb ULBANBB- New Explanation for Disasters on Ocean In explanation of collisions at sea It Is said to be a scientific fact that a very large llu«»r moving through shallow water will attract small craft toward her. This theory was first pat forward when the White Star liner Olympic collided with the Brlt'sh destroyfer Hawke, whose captain tfated on oath ihat his vessel was sucked toward the big liner and re fused to answer her helm at all. He was laughed at then, but not so long afterward the 111-fated Titanic started on her maiden voyage. As she steamed down Southampton docks the Amer ican liner New York, an eleven-thou sand-ton ship, began to get uneasy at her berth alongside the quay. Pre sently her stout mooring ropes snapped, one after another, and ohe started to move out toward the White Star ship. The Titanic was Immedi ately stopped, while tugs got hold of the New York and towed her back into safety. During the war there waa another proof of the theory, this time by the Olympic again. A German sub marine sidled up to her and was eet ting ready to torpedo her, when the suction drew the U-boat close up un der the ftner's stern, and the blades of her great propeller ripped open the vubmarlne from stem to stern. Old Weather "Saws?' Based on Good Sense Admiral Fltzroy, who Invented the barometer and commanded the brig Beagle or Its expedition to the Amer ican coast in 1831, declares that most ef the old "sawg" regarding weather are reliable and based on common sense Investigation. As a weather ex pert lie commended an old saying to the effect that the glow of dawn high In the sky denotes wind, and a low dawn fair weather. He bade us believe that soft-looking, delicate clouds mean wind-fair weatlier, and hard, ragged ones wind. Mist on a hilltop means rain and wind If It stays long or comes down—fine weather if It rises and dis perses. Rain Is due when distant ob jects look near as on what Is called a good hearing day. And rain Is fore told by pigs carrying straws to sties. The pig as a prophet appears In an old riddle: Question: Why Is a storme to follows presently when a company of hogges runne crying home? Answer: A hog Is most dull and of a melancholy nature; and so by reason doth foretell the ralne that cometh. In time of ralne, most cattell doe prlcke up their ears; as for ex ample an asse will, when he perceiveth a storme of ralne or hall doth follow/ Story of Elgin We might use the glamorous words of childhood's fairy tales, "Long ago and far away," to tell the tale of Elgin cathedral, whose seven hundredth birthday was celebrated last August 5 and 0. So long ago as the twilight time of the early Middle ages, so far away as Rome, must we go for the be ginnings of the story of this hoary old pile, whose Influence baa been casting Its spell upon the lives of the dwellers in the old province of Moray from that far-off time to the present. There is an old tradition that the Culdees founded the church to begin with, Just as they did that of Blrnle. In any case, tbe site was already hallowed by many sacred associations, when Bishop Andrew Moray, scion of the powerful house of De Moravia, moved the Cathedralof Spynle to the Church of Holy Trinity In Elgin. Up-to-Date Mark Twain's home at Redding, Conn., waa at one time visited by burglars. After their visit Mark Twain tacked the following sign on bis front door: "Notice to the Next Burglar: There Is nothing but plated ware In this house now and hence forth. You will find It In the braes thing In the dining room over la the comer by the basket with the kittens. If you want the basket, put th« kit tens ID the brass tblng. "Do not make a noise; It disturbs the family. You will find rubbers In the front hall by that thing which has umbrellas In It; ctUffonler, I think they call it, or pergola, or something like that. Please close the door wben you got" "Prestige" Strange are the ways of words. Of which there Is no better example than tbe fact that "prestige,'* which names tbe power or influence of a good repu tation, should have bad Its beginning In tbe tricks pt a Juggler I Yet that Is how It started. "Prestige" goes back to the Latin "praestlgiae," meaning Juggling tricks —the same derivation as our "pres tidigitation'* which is aleght-of-hand. And tbe explanation of this strange transition is in the fact that in the myth and goblin-tenanted days of the far-distant past, Juggling tricks were supposed to manifest enchantment, which was regarded with tbci very highest admiration and respect hence -prestige." NO. 51 MOVEMENT TO POPULARIZE NATIVE FILMS IN CHIM About Nine-Tenths of the Hugo Pop» latlon Never Have Been a Moving Picture. Shanghai.— Oat of an estimated population of somewhere between 400,• 000,000 and 500.000,000, It Is believed that 90 per cent of tbe people' of China have never seen a motion pic-' tnre. For this reason an effort now under way to provide movies acted and pro duced by Chinese Is Interesting. In China's largest centers and Is the treaty ports the picture screen long has been commonplace and mixed audiences of Chinese and for eigners are thrilled over the film fa vorites, just as are audiences in the United States. But -hitherto tbe spo radic efforts to popularize the movies In the interior of China have failed. Within the last year several com panies In Shanghai have undertakes to produce Chinese pictures, and perhaps a half dozen of these have been exhibited with varying degrees of success. As they necessarily were made by unskilled actors and more or less inexperienced directors, they have appeared crude in the eyes of the Chi nese used to the finished foreign pro ductions. These films are being sent tentatively Into tbe centers of tbe in terior, where It is necessary to throw up temporary mat sheds in which to show them. A Shanghai picture man explained: "It Is altogether a problem of educat ing tbe Chinese people to the mov ies." He then went on to tell tbe ex perience of a showman who Invaded the Interior with a number of films. Tbe people wouldn't go to see the pic tares, and so the showman adopted the expedient of paying his audiences to come, doling out handfnis of cash to each person who entered the make shift theater. Tbe showman's money gave out before his films, which were of foreign production, had gained popularity, and thns his efforts came to naught Later enterprises in Shanghai In clude one started by China's largest publishing concern, which is making efforts to Improve the quality of the pictures, the acting, cdetuming and settings. Several of the country's leading actors of tbe speaking stage have been recruited for this work, which Is being confined to plots baaed on stories purely Chinese. How the efforts of these organiza tions will be received by China's in articulate masses, and whether a Chi nese Charlie Chaplin or a Mary Pick ford in s|lken trousers will capture tbe country, are matters as difficult to conjecture as the answers to any other of the country's many question* "LittU Bird Told Me.* In early days superstitious people paid considerable attention to the birds and their different cries, which wars be lieved to foretell events. Thus cornea the old saying, "A little bird told mat" says tbe London Daily MaiL Traces of this belief are to be Hound in our own Old Testament, where varae 20 of chapter 10 of Ecdeslastes speaka , of "for a bird of the air shall carry the voice, and that which hath wings shall tell the matter." It ia generally agreed that it is from this belief in the universal knowledge of birds— which, of course, are supposed to see every thing from the-sky—that we get this saying. Clergyman Hornet* Maker An Anglican clergyman. Rev. Qanen Charles Griffiths of Bristol, England, was tbe proprietor of a prosperous manufacturing business In the Bast end of London, the publication of his will discloses, the New Tork Times says. The business, the manufacture of harness for tradesmen's horses, was established In 1730, and was left to the canon by tbe will of a relative 12 years sgo. The canon is said to have been a generous employer, and the business grew to large proportions un der his supervision. A Family Tract A woman engaged a new maid, with whose appearance and manner she was greatly pleased. When tbe terms had been agreed upon the mistress said: "Now, my last maid was much too friendly with the policemen. I hope I can trust you 7* "Indeed you can, madam," she -re plied. "I cant bear policemen. I was brought up to hate the very sight of them. You see. my father was a burglar." IrUh Prefix Explained The prefix "O" before tbe name* of ao many Irish families la an abbrevia tion of the word "ogha," meaning grandchild. Lincoln Uaed T Once President Lincoln, in bis second In augural address, used the pronoun T* only once, while Mr. Roosevelt avoided It entirely.