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Road Through a California Desert.
(Prepared by the National Qeoffraphlo
Society, Wachl>on, D. C.)
RECOGNIZED roads In the Unit
ed States total 2,862,198 miles,
according to the state surveys
accepted by the bure'au of pub
lic roads. This mileage Is in excess
of 100 times the circumference of
the earth at the equator.
The national government Is author
ized to aid in the enforcement of
7 per cent of this total or , ap
proximately 200,000 miles of road. Al
ready an approved national system of
roads to be built Jointly by the na
tion and the states exists on 181,000
miles of road.
Since law requires It, roads of the
national system aje either trunk high
ways or Important county roads. All
trunk highways In a state connect
with trunk highways In nearby states.
All county roads approved for federal
aid must connect with other roads.
Not for 70 years has the Unit
ed States had a highway system. Not
ever did it have a highway system
like this one In the making. .There
are more than 250 named highways.
Today it is possible to go from New
York to San Diego on the Pacific
coast and never leave paved roads
except for 150 miles out of the 3,-
100. Yet in ,1913 when one of the
first of these great modern highways,
the Lincoln highway, was conceived,
the original trackers found great diffi
culty discovering a through trail from
Indlannpolls to San Francisco. They
had to search a way -over fields and
Into barnyards. Projecting a Twentieth,
century highway was pioneering in
almost the same sense that survey
°t the Oregon trail by Fremont and
discovery of the famous railroad
Passes was pioneering. Before 1913
the United States had thousands of
wads but practically no highways.
. In many instances modern highways
rouple road archaeolpgy with pioneer-
n S and engineering because 70
Jears ago the United States did have
® net of turnpikes for overland travel.
The new system overlays an old one
®nch as modern Rome does ancient
Bome.
Trail System* of Indians.
•IM, ° De exclndes the railroads and
cks to the paths for personal and,
LJ ate travel > the Indians may be
tn« *° ave had a better highway
Vttem than the United States had
e the present automotive revolu
tion. Continuous Indian land trnlls
°»ce Intersected the continent The
iroquols ranged as widely as a "tin
® ton rißt. if their council at On
ga to the midst of New York's
lafeea ruled that a scalping ex
in order, there was a
In' 1 , 6 trail for that purpose lead-
W K to the country of the niinois.
innlw trlbes enst . west north and
hundreds of miles-away hunted
. tncky * Tfcoy- Journeyed by
bin,'? d but not Wared trails. The
teloJ? trall, the forertfnner of "blazed"
tv. °° e P°Bts, was the invention of
""e early white trader.
ngineerlng by Instinct traeed the
'» of the Indian and the buffalo.
inrttK u te p,oneer ised the Indian
jf .. ' buffalo trails and added some
tip Tr„>i oWn ' C° m Paring the work of
mode " n ° D(I pioneer, with the
'*2 highway system, it appears
n dlan has contributed more
sl the P,one«r
lo* m °dern highways which fol
. or near the route of an Indian
Dixie : Mohawk trail. New York;
p KhWfl y the Middle West
the ii aw Paw * Mich, to Logansport;
Grant s 6r traU ,n Indiana; the
ftlve r t t! Way west of Chicago; the
w. .? lver highway west of Chl-
W nn . , e Egyptian trail, Chicago to
I Dixie highway from Lima,
Ohio, to Cincinnati; the Michignn, De
troit, Chicago highway; the Lakes % to
Sea highway from Erie to Franklin
In Pennsylvania; National Roosevelt
Midland trail In West Virginia; the
National Old trails from Cumberland
to Uniontown, Pennsylvania; Boone
way and Lee highway In Kentucky
and Tennessee ; the Yellowstone trail
in Ohio; the Atlantic and Pacific high
way In West Virginia, and the Lin
coln highway In Ohio.
It was possible a few years ago. It
Is said, to go from Chicago to New
York by street car and Interurban
electric car. The twisting and turn
ings necessary were astonishing and
the number of transfers astounding.
But the difficulty was probably not
greater than going from New York to
Chicago by road. For 70 years from
the date of early expansion of the
railroad, the American system of high
ways had gone to seed. The Lincoln
highway survey party found only 256
mllea of the 3,000-mile route paved.
When a board of directors holds an
annual meeting at the close of the
year it contrasts the year's figures,
profits, production and purchases with
the year before and the year before
that No such picture of the Ameri
can road system can be obtained.
There is a skip of three or four gene
rations which are blank.
Precedents In Road Travel.
The atitomobile engine, of course,
has no precedents. But nearly every
thing else about road travel has —If
one goes back far enough. The coach
In which tourists ride serves the same
purpose that a coach did In 1830.
Wheels are wheels, but with a dif
ference. National highway maps have
their primitive ancestor maps. The
road tavern is being rebuilt on foun
dations deserted for nearly a century.
Trucking vehicles clutter the high
ways again for the first time since
pre-rallroad days when files of truck
ing wagons tolled along in half-mile
caravans.
The most noticeable difference be
tween a map of American highways
today and American highways In 1830
Is that the center of travel has
changed. Every tourist knows that
the densest grid of highways today is
In north central United States from
Pittsburgh west to Chicago and to St.
Louis. The pioneer highway system
and the Indian and buffalo trail sys
tems before that centered on a state
now not conspicuous as a tourist goal.
In those times nearly nil roads led to
or through the "dark and bloody
ground" of Kentucky.
Virginia and her sister states pio
neered the Middle West. New Eng
land civilized it The southerners
broke roads, sent the Indians West
and laid out farms. Northerners
came out and built towns, factories
and churches. But when New Eng
land flooded the Middle West, the rail
road had penetrated to Chicago and
steamboat* carried them through the
Great Lakes. Two routes were opened
by the Virginians; one through Cum
berland City .on General Braddock's
road of sorrow and the other through
Cumberland gap at the southwest cor
ner of Virginia 350 miles from the
city of Cumberland. Cumberland gap
was for years the crossroads of the
AUeghenles and that is why Kentucky
on the western sidg of the gap once
held the honor of being the highway
center of America.
When the highway system of the
Middle West was wiped out by the
railroad, it sprang up as if trans
planted on the other side of the Mis
sissippi. The covered Conestoga wag
ons of Boone's Wilderness trail be
came the covered Conestoga wagons
of the Santa Fe trail and the Oregon
tralL
GRAHAM, N, C., THURSDAY, JUNE 3, 1926.
T^KITCHEN 1
i CABINET !
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tw. 1&28. Wojßitjrn Newapapur Union.)
The person who looks back on
his life and says, "I have done
nothing to regret." has lived In vain.
The life without regret Is the life
without gain. Regret Is but the
light of fuller wisdom from our
past, illuminating our future.
SEASONABLE GOOD THINGS
Here Is a nice dish of meat to serve
sliced cold as a luncheon or stippei
dish or for sand
wlch filling to
r carry on a picnic:
811 c• d Pressed
Beef Take a shin
of beef and two
pounds of the
round. Crack
i bone of the shin,
put the meat Into a
kettle, cover with cold water and
bring slowly to a boll. Add salt and
pepper, two tablespoonfuls of vine
gar, a large onion sliced and cook
all together until the meat falls from
the bones. Skim out the meat and
bone and reduce the liquor by boil
ing; when half the quantity, stralc
through a cheesecloth. Pick the meal
from the bonds In small bits. To the
meat liquor add a pinch of powdered
mace, cloves, allspice and cayenne
and one-half teaspoonful each of cel
ery salt and mustard. 801 l the liquor
and return the meat to It, mixing
thoroughly. When well heated through
turn Into an earthen bowl or mold
rinsed In cold water; cover with o
weight and set away to cool.
Blmple Dessert. —Butter slices o>
bread and place In a deep baking dish,
cover with canned blueberries or fresb
hot stewed ones. Cover and let stand
an hour or two and serve unmolded,
or heat and serve hot with sugar and
cream. Any juicy berries may be used
In place of blueberries.
Eggs Scrambled With Ham. —Break
three or four eggs Into* a saucepan,
add a little milk, seasoning of sal>
and pepper and butter, then add one
half cupful of chopped cooked ham;
stir until well mixed and serve wltb
buttered toast and fifed potatoes.
Bponge Pound Cake. —Beat one-hall
cupful of butter to a cream, add the
grated rind of a lemon and gradually
beat In one-half cupful of sugar and
beaten yolks of four eggs, one cupful
of flour sifted with a tablespoonful of
cornstarch and a teaspoonful of bak
ing powder; lastly, fold In the stiffly
beaten whites of the eggs and bake
In a loaf 30 to 40 minutes. For a fine
grained cake use one-half teaspoonful
of baking powder; the texture of this
cake Is like sponge cake.
Everyday Food
A meat loaf Is often the most suit
able way of serylng meat to the fam
_____ lly, and when properly
_ seasoned and prepared
| Is a tasty main dish.
■ Meat Loaf. —Chop one
pound of fresh pork and
veal an d two pounds of
KgHTrl? beet Mix and add one
cupful of bread crumbs,
vOOfIUB one cu P ful one
YflßagtoM tablespoonful of salt,
one-e 1 ghth teaspoonful
of pepper, and three
eggs slightly beaten. Shape Into a
loaf, put Into a baking pan and cover
the top with thin strips of fat salt
pork. Roast one and one-half hours,
basting every ten minutes with ope
half cupful of water and the fat from
the pan. Remove to the platter; pour
around the loaf a tomato sauce and
garnish with parsley.
Pimento Potatoes. —Season three
cupfuls of h«Jt rlced potatoes with
three tablespoonfuls of butter, one
half cupful of cream and salt to taste.
Add one and one-half cans plmentoes
cut Into small pieces and forced
through a sieve, then beat until well
blended. Reheat and pile on a hot
dish.
Coffee Junket*—A dessert which Is
wholesome, easy to prepare and dainty
to serve: Take one Junket tablet,
crush and dissolve In a tablespoonful
of warm milk, then add to a quart of
lukewarm milk. Reserve half a cup
ful of milk and pour boiling hot over
two tablespoonfuls of coffee; let
stand until well-Infused, then strain
and cool before adding to the milk.
Let stand In a warm place until the
Junket Is set, theft place on ice to chill.
Serve with whipped cream.
Velvet Lemon Sherbet*— This Is one
of the most popular of desserts. Take
the Juice of three lemons, add two
cupfuls of sugar and one quart of
rich milk, cream and all. Freeze. The
mixture will curdle when being com
bined but will freeze so that It Is as
smooth as velvet.
Nasturtium Folds. Mash well
washed blossoms with creamed but
ter; spread very thinly sliced white
bread with a thick layer of the butter.
Score each and fold. Serve with iced
tea.
Holds the Record for Butter Fat
Above is pictured Sophie's Emily, a prize-winning Jersey cow owned
by W. R. Kenan, Jr., of Lockport, N. T. Her register of merit records show
that she has given a total of 92,000 pounds of milk and 4,585 pounds of butter
fat, more than any other cow has ever been credited with. She has been
awarded four gold medals and one silver medal.
Americans Lead
as Apple Eaters
High Grade Fruit, Well
Sorted and Packed, De
manded in Markets.
(Prepared by the United State* Department
of Agriculture.)
Although consumption of apples In
the United States is less than the pro
verbial "apple a day," averaging about
three apples a week per capita, the
American people lead the world as
apple eaters, according to the Depart
ment of Agriculture* which has been
making a comprehensive study of the
production and marketing of apples
sold In barrels.
Estimates for the British Isles aver
age about two apples a week, and In
most countries of continental Europe
the consumption of apples Is compar
atively light
The Big Producing Btates.
Three states —New York, Michigan
and Virginia—produce nearly one-half
the average commercial crop of the
barrel region. Leading commercial
main-crop varieties of the barreled
apple region are Baldwin and Rhode
Island Greening In the North; Tork
Imperial and Wlnesap in the South,
and Ben Davis and Jonathan in the
West Leudlng fall kinds are Olden
burg, Wealthy and Mcintosh.
Cold storage, la most sections, has
largely superseded common storage
for long keeping ef market apples.
Sometimes over one-fourth of the
commercial apple crop Is reported In
cold storage at the height of the sea
son. Barreled apples comprise about
half the average stock in cold storagd.
The leading marketffor New York
state apples are Boston, Buffalo, Cin
cinnati, Cleveland, Indianapolis, New
ark/ Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and
Providence; Chicago and Detroit are
the chief markets for Michigan apples;
Milwaukee, New Orleans, Bt. Louis
and St. Paul for Illinois apples; Kan
sas City, Memphis, Minneapolis and
Omaha for Missouri apples, and Bir
mingham and Washington for Virginia
apples.
Apples Rank First.
Of the fruits exported from the
EN CERTAIN SECTIONS WINTER
FIELD PEAS RETURN A PROFIT
Valued as Cover and Green
Manure Crop.
Winter field i>eas can be grown with
profit in certain sections of the coun
try, says the United States Depart
ment of Agriculture, which has con
ducted extensive tests in an effort to
find winter-hardy varieties of these
peas.
Experiments with the Gray Winter
and Austrian Winter varieties of the
crop indicate a possible field of use
fulness for winter peas in the Atlantic
and gulf cototal plains "and on the
Pacific slope, according to Department
Circular No. 874-C, "Winter Field
Peas: Their Value as a Winter Cover
and Green-Manure Crop."
Gray Winter and Austrian Winter
peas when seeded in the fall have
proved superior in hardiness to all
other varieties. In orchards, cotton
fields, or following tobacco where
liberal quantities of fertilisers are ajv
piled In growing these crops, very lit
tle fertiliser Is applied directly to the
peas. Where the preceding crop has
not been fertilised, 'a light applica
tion of avid phosphate or a low-grade
complete fertilizer is beneficial. Foe
United States apples rank first In
point of value, with total exports as
fresh fruit for the year ending June
30, 1924, of 2,032,000 barrels and 0,198,-
000 boxes, valued at over $23,000,000.
The United Kingdom purchases about
three-fourths of our surplus apples,
while the largest percentage of dried
apples goes to the Netherlands, Oer
many and Scandinavian countries.
The increasing proportion of high
grade fruit in the markets Is driving
out apples not well grown, well sort
ed and well packed. Only the product
of the well-managed commercial or
chards In sections with some advan
tages of climate, soil and location
seems to have much chance to survive
Intense competition.
Complete details of the study have
been published In Department Bulletin
No. 1416-D, "Marketing Barreled
Apples," copies of which may be ob
tained, as long as the supply lasts,
upon request to the Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Reduce Stem Rust Harm
by Eradicating Barberry
' Thirteen states are now co-operat
ing with the federal bureau of plant
industry in the eradication of the bar
berry as a means of controlling the
stem rust on grain. Dr. C. R. Ball, In
charge of cereal crops and diseases,
and Llnd D. Hutton, associate patholo
gist, are now inspecting the barberry
eradication work In Michigan, Ohio,
Wisconsin, and several other states.
More than 12,000,000 burberry bushes
have been destroyed In the thirteen
states affected since 1918, and It is
claimed by bureuu specialists that
there has been a reduction in stem
rust damage over the entire area. The
largest number of bushes have been
found in the Great lakes states. It
is said that they have caused a loss
on an average of 50,000,000 bushels of
small grain because of rust damage.
The federal government and states
have spent during the last eight years
$2,560,000 In barberry eradication
work.
hay, cover-crop, and green-manure pur
poses the Reeding* should be made as
early after Septemt&r 15 as weather
and soil permit.
Although the accumulated data re
garding winter peas are as yet un
satisfactory In many ways, results ob
tained In experiments, particularly
those at Washington, D. C.; Corvallls,
Ore., and Tlfton, Go., are very prom
ising.
A copy of Department Circular 374-C,
which gives additional details con
cerning the experiments with winter
peas carried on In several states, may
be obtained free, while the supply
lasts, from the Department of Agricul
ture, Washington, D. C.
- 0
Increase Cow's Production
Increased production by pure-bred
daughters of good cows proves the
value of good blood In Increasing the
production In herds where the dams
are already high-producing cows.
Greater effort should be made to uti
lize good proven stires by maintaining
records of production on dairy herds,
exchange of mature sires with neigh
bors and extending the period of serv
ice by proper exercise.
Bungalow of Pleasing Appearance.
Makes Good Home for Small Family
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FLO? R—--PLAN
iALL^" "
By WILLIAM A. RADFORD
Mr. William A. Radford will answer
questions and give ADVICE TREE OP
COST on all problems pertaining to the
subject of building, for the readers of
this paper. On account ol his wide
experience aa editor, author and man
ufacturer, he Is, without doubt, the
highest authority on the subject. Ad
dress all Inquiries to William A. Rad
ford, No. 1R27 Prairie avenue, Chicago,
111., and only Inclose two-cent stamp
for repljr.
How many times have yon seen a
bungalow that seemed to be all root
and entrance? How many people bare
a decided prejudice against the bun
galow because of seeing so many that
had Just thla appearance? In design
ing the small house, and especially the
bungalow, the root and the entrance
are of the utmost Importance. They
should receive the most careful con
sideration to assure that they will be
thoroughly* In harmony and propor
tion. If this Is done the unfortunate
effect referred to will be avoided.
Because of its lowness, with the
roof close to the level of observation,
the bungalow must have Its roof prop
erly broken to avoid too great and
monotonous on expanse. Notice the
house shown In the photograph,
lit re we see a root down close to the
eye, the full width of the house and
running buck to the ridge. Here,
however, the peaks of the two gable
ends have been cut off, two eyebrow
windows break Into the, roof, and
the entrance roof, as well, offers a
break In the expanse.
While the entrance Is large, heavi
ness has been avoided, and In this
way, the entrance detail Is In no way
out of proportion to the house. Be
cause of this treatment of roof and
entrance, no observer will feel that
this bungalow Is all root and en :
trance. In fact the whole effect is
a particularly pleasing one. With the
placing of the central entrance, the
two eyebrow windows and the French
doors at either side of - the entrance,
a perfect balance Is attained.
Inside this small home, good design
Is equally apparent. The nearly
square space lends Itself easily to a
compact and efficient floor plan and,
as a result, we have within the 30 by
41-foot walls, far more than one
might expect.
Entrance- Is made Into a central re
ception ball from which a passage
leads to the rear portion of the house
NO. 17..
and arched doorways open Into the
living room and dining room
side. This living room la of a com*
fortable size, 16 by 19Vi fleet with
a fireplace at one side and a group
of French windows at the front The
dining room Is somewhat smaller, but
of ample slie, and It, too, has French
windows at the front, while side win
dows in place of the living-room fire
place. makes It bright and cheerful at
all times.
To the qpar of the dining room
there is a passage with built-in cup
board and a breakfast nook connect
ing the dining room with the kitchen
beyond and, at the same time, afford
ing a desirable separation. The small
compact kitchen Is thoroughly modern
In every detail with built-in cases and
a pantry where the refrigerator may
be Installed.
The remainder of the rear portion
is occupied by two bedrooms with a
bathroom between. These are both
rooms of medium slse, each with a
large closet and with good cross ven
tilation made possible. These rooms,
as well as the kitchen, open off of a
rear hallway and from It a stairway
leads to the basement below.
Simple Case for Books
Is Latest Convenience
It is quite the thing nowadays to
tuck away a set of bookshelves tn odd
nooks and corners of a living room.
On each side of a window or fire
place they are especially cosy-looking.
, boors are dispensed with, and the In
terior of the case is painted with a
washable enamel, so that It Is kept,
clean easily.
It is becoming popular to have the
interior of the case painted In some
bright color, repeating or emphasising
some note In rug or draperies or lamp
shade. The exterior of the case usual
ly Is painted to match the woodwork
of the room—cream, white or pale
gray.
Use of Stone
The proper use of stone requires
careful consideration and stndy. In
selecting stone for the walls of a
building three Important qualities
must be considered; the nature
of tb« stone, its texture and color.
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