The Alamance gleaner y
VOL.LV. - GRAHAM, N, C., THURSDAY NOVEMBER 21, 1929. NO. 42. -
DOINGS OF THE WEEK [
NEWS REVIEW OF
CURRENTEVENTS
Redaction of Income Tax by
One Per Cent Proposed
by the Administration.
By EDWARD W. PICKARD
IF CONGRESS Is agreeable, and It
almost certainly will be, onr Income
taxes for this year will be reduced by
about $160,000,000. This Is the plan
of the administration, the announce
ment of which was made In advance
of the President's budget message to
congress in the hope that it would
serve to ameliorate the stock market
situation.
Secretary of the Treasury Mellon,
Undersecretary Ogden Mills and Roy
Young, governor of the federal reserve
board, conferred with Mr. Hoover, and
Mr. Mellon then Issued a statement
wkich said in part:
"While the final detailed estimates
of revenues and expenditures for the
fiscal year 1930 and 1931 have not
been completed, the secretary of the
treasury considers the estimates have
reached the point where tax reduc
tion should be recommended to the
congress at the coming sessions.
"The indications are that business
profits, dividends, interest, and wage
payments in 1929 will considerably ex
ceed those of the year 1928. Our es
timates Indicate that the government
should close both the fiscal years 1930
and 1931 with a surplus. Taking ail
factors into consideration, the secre
tary of the treasury, with the ap
proval of the President, will recom
mend tax reduction to the congress.
"The form of relief to the taxpayers
which the treasury's recommendations
will probably take will be a 1 per
cent reduction of the normal tax on
the Incomes of Individuals and cor
porations applicable to 1920 Incomes
and payable in the calendar year 1930.
"The total reduction of taxes to be
collected during the calendar year
1930 will amount, it Is estimated, to
approximately $160,000,000.
"The reduction, it is hoped, will
take the form of a Joint resolution of
congress, thus permitting prompt ac
tion by both houses by avoiding a gen
eral revision of the revenue law.
"The proposal has been discussed
with the Republican and Democratic
leaders of both houses of congress,
who have tentatively approved the pro
posed recommendation."
It was believed In Washington that
enactment of the necessary legisla
tion will come early In the regular
session of congress, which opens on
December 2.
COMMENT on the stock market sit
uation seems superfluous, for
every one In the country has been
reading the financial columns with
avidity If not with dismay. Day after
day prices continued their downward
way and It seemed as If the market
had no bottom. Even the bears were
surprised, and one ol* their leaders,
Jesse Livermore, was quoted as say
ing that prices of many of the good
stocks had fallen too low. But the
amateur speculators were panic
stricken and refused to listen to rea
son. Many of the highest-priced In
dustrials fell to new low records for
the year, and lots of bargain bunters
of the previous week were caught In
the jam. The New York Stock Ex
change on Wednesday took steps to
ferret out the undercover selling that
had foiled all efforts to stabilize the
market Every member was called on
to give at once the following Informa
tion:
A list of stocks borrowed and
from whom and for wboee account; a
list of stocks loaned and to whom;
. Intra-office borrowings and for whose
accounts; a list of all stocks which
they have failed to deliver, and for
whose account
This action, together with the tax
reduction news, brought on a flood
of buying orders, and prices began to
move upward.
PRESIDENT HOOVER'S Armistice
day addreas at Arlington National
cemetery was hailed In America and
Europe as one of the most Important
statements ever made by him, and It
was given general approval. Briefly,
be challenged the other powers to a
radical reduction of taval armaments,
declaring that the United States would
reduce Its naval strength th propor
tion to any other, tt.at It remained
for the others to say how low they
would go and that "ll canDot be too
low for us." He suggested the ex
emption of merchant ships, carrying
food exclusively, from seizure by bel
ligerents as the first step In solving
the problem of the freedom of the
seas. He proposed amplification of the
Kellogg anti-war pact by provision of
automatic machinery for Investiga
tion of disputes involved In violation
of the pact, subjecting the aggressor
to the "searchlight of public opinion."
And he suggested the need of addi
tional arbitration treaties and of an
authoritative system of International
law.
Throughout his address Mr. Hoover
revealed himself as an ardent advo
cate of world peace Dnd the reduction
of preparations for war, but asserted
the latter must be by agreement only.
"I have no faith In the reduction of
armaments by example alone," said
the President, "(jntll such time as
the nations can build the agencies of
pacific settlement on stronger foun
dations; until fear, the most danger
ous of all national emotions, has been
proved groundless by long proof of
International honesty, until the power
of world public opinion as a restraint
of aggression has bad many years of
test, there will not have been estab
lished that confidence which warrants
the abandonment of preparedness for
defense among nations. To do so may
Invite war.
"I am for adequate preparedness
as a guaranty that no foreign soldier
shall ever step upon the soil of our
country."
It should be noted that Mr. Hoover
said bis suggestion concerning fpod
ships in war times would not be dis
cussed at the London naval reduction
conference
ONE of the many Interesting events
on Armistice day was the dedica
tion of the Ambassador bridge, the
first to be built across the Detroit
river to Canada. It Is the longest
bridge of Its type In the world and
cost $20,000,000. Its free span ,1s
1,850 feet long and Its total length
Is ode and eight-tenths miles. The
ceremonies Included military parades
In both Detroit and Canada and ad
dresses lauding the structure as an aid
In perpetuating the 114 years of peace
between the United States and the
Dominion.
cip RONALD LINDSAY. British nn
^ der secretary of state for foreign
affairs, has been selected ns ambassa
dor to Washington to succeed Sir
Esme Howard, who retires from the
diplomatic service early next year.
Sir Ronald Is well known In this
country and Ills wife Is an American,
a daughter of the late Colgate Iloyt
of New York.
Nelson Johnson, assistant secretary
of state In charge of far eastern
affairs, was appointed by President
Hoover to be minister to China to
succeed. John Van A. MacMurray, re
signed. He Is a "career" diplomat
who has served In China and Is re
markably well posted on the entire
far eastern situation. William Phillips
has resigned-' the post of American
iplnlster to Canada, to the deep regret
of President Hoover and the State
department He was offered another
diplomatic popt, but wished to return
to the United States on account of
his children.
SENATOR BINGHAM'S theory that
the senate lobby committee was
packed against the Republican tariff
bill received a measure of substantia
tion when Its chairman. Senator Cara
way, asserted that Its labors would
soon be concluded. For of all the
lobbies operating In Washington, little
or no attention has been palt. by the
commlttef to any others than those
whose concern Is the tariff. Joseph
R. Grundy, veteran lobbyist for l"enn
sylvania Interests, was recalled by the
committee last week and Mr. Caraway
demanded that be name the senators
from "backward" states wbo, he con
tended. have too mnch voice In fixing
the policies of the nation. Mr. Grundy
eald that on reflection lie hnd de
cided this wcntd he Improper and un
becoming, and Mr. Caraway called
him a welsher and yellow. Hot a mo
ment latet- the senator retracted this,
shook Mr. Urubd.v's hand and suld
that, after all, he liked hlin. In a
report to the seiate, Chairman Cara
way dealt with the testimony given
by William Rurgess of New Jersey,
representative of pottery and other
Interests. The senator Itatly accused
Rurgess of perjury und slander and
said he was a paid lobhlst who had
"no regard whatever for his repu
tation."
DELEGATES to the conference t?
establish the new Rank of Inter
national Itelutlbns signed the statutes,
charter and trust agreements of the
Institution and departed from Baden
Radon. The statutes, as published Im
tuqpiately. fix Basel, Switzerland, as
the seat of the bank and describe Its
purposes as:
"To promote co-operation of the
central bnnks, provide additional fa
cilities for International financial oper
ations and to act as trustee or agent
In regard to the International finan
cial settlements entrusted to It." '
So long as the Young reparations
plan Is operative the bank Will not
only "observe provisions of the plan
In administration of operations of the
bank," but also will "conduct Its af
fairs with a view to facilitating ex
ecution of the plnn."
During the Young plan's operation
the bank Is vested with the functions
of. receiving and distributing the Ger
man reparations and supervising and
assisting In commercialization and
mobilization of certain- parts of the
German annuities.
NADIR SHAH, the new king of
Afghanistan, has issued a proc
lamation saying that strict prohibi
tion is to be enforced In that country.
The rights of the people are to be
equal, with no distinctions as to na
tionality, caste or birth excepting
those prescribed by the Sharint?sa
cred law. A recognized national army
has been established and equipped
with the latest Implements of war. A
.military schftol Is to be founded at
Kabul,'the capital, where officers will
be trained In modern scientific war
fare. King Nadir also says he hopes
to conclude a trade treaty with tlTS
United States.
REDUCED to poverty and without
desire to live longer, the former
t'rlnceaa Victoria, eldest sister of the
ex-kalser of Germany, died in a hos
pital in Bonn at the age of sixty-three
years. Wllhelm was estranged from
her when she married Alexander Soub
koff, a Itusslan refugee, and gave her
no assistance when she was forced to
sacrifice all her possessions to pay her
husband's debts. She had applied for
divorce from the dissolute SouhkolT,
who was expelled from Germany and
has been working as a waiter In
Luxemburg.
Other deaths were those of James
A. Bobb, finance minister of Canada;
Dr. E. A. Allen, chief of the experi
ment stations of the Department of
Agriculture; Dr. Frederick Monsen of
California, eminent anthropologist, and
James J. Itlordan, New York banker
and close friend of Al Smith, who
committed suicide.
WHAT Is believed to be the larg
est embezzlement In the nation's
history was revealed by a statement
Of the officers of the Union Industrial
bank of Flint. Mich. It shows that
within the last few months ten or
more of the bank's employees have
stolen from It money and securities
to the amount of $.1,502,000. Charles
S. Mott, president of the Institution,
has deposited cash enough from his
private fortune to guarantee the de
positors against loss.
SOCIETY along the Atlantic sea
board was provided with a sensa
tion when It was learned that Wil
liam \V. Wlllock, Jr., of New York had
married Adelaide Ingebert, a recent
Immigrant from Norway who had been
bis mother's chambermaid. The young
groom Is the son of W. W. Wlllock of
the social register and former vice
president of the Jones & Laughlln
Steel company, and his mother was
the daughter of the late B. F. Jones.
The family fortune Is reputed to be
more than one hundred million dollars,
but how much the son will get is ques
tionable. He and bis bride were found
In a $5 a week room in Oyster Bay.
(d> 1*21. Wm?m N?wap?p?r Union.)
Progress of Culture
Made Scientific Study
Indians of prehlstoile America con
stitute rare material for the labora
tories of science. Dr. A. V. Kidder
said In a lecture at the Carnegie In
stitution of Washington. Doctor Kid
der spoke on the oldest known Inhab
itants of America and their Impor
tance to science. Two factors, he said,
combine to create an unparailed op
portunity in the Southwest for study
of the growth of early human culture.
The first Is the favorable climate of
the Southwest, where shriveled mum
my-like bodies of Indians who lived
before the time of Christ have been
preserved In the dry. hot earth. These
burlsls and possessions of the Indians
found with them and in the shelters
enable archeologlsts to study the
progress of their culture In the great
est detail.
The other favoring factor Is the
scarcity of water In the Southwest
which caused the Indian groups to
congregate where water supplies were
good and to Inhabit the same places,
generation after generation. Thus the
remains of their habitation hare ac
cumulated In the soil In successive
layers and scientists can nse princi
ples of stratigraphy In determining
the relative age and the order of de
velopment of various groups. These
remains are tremendously worth study
because they reveal to the scientist
the course of progress which was
made when human beings succeeded
In taming a wild grain to Insure a
cereal crop.
IN THE LONG AGO
It mufti have bSOn ft wondroU* thing
1ft aaHy days, long years ago,
tft bft ? Pilgrim Iftd and hunt
Tha wild ffftmft In November's snows
to seek Thaiiki|{viB| dinner where
Wild turkeys call and pheasants drum,
la spite of dangers menacing |
Where trackless forests hired one on
| And redskins lurked with murd'rous bow,
Tbaokifhisf days af long ago.
It must knee been a wondrous thing
To shoulder up an ancient gun
And lea re the settlement behind,
As from the ocean climbed the sua.
Setting the ftnOwy wftrld ftgUftA,
Stretching your shadow on the hJH|
To glide along the forest trail
With cautious step and lightning skill
Matching the eye of bird or doe.
Thanksgiving days of long ago.
It must have been a glorious thing
To carry back to Plymouth town
A big Thanksgiving turkey cock.
From shouldered flintlock hanging down.
With widespread wings and bobbing beads
To wear a smile of proud content
As homo with widened stop you trod
The mala street of the settlement,
A treat for Pilgrim maids, you know,
Thanksgiving days af long ago.
-^Michigan Partner.
Tntlty America's Own
Mince the nationalization of Thanks
giving ns a holiday and religious festi
val In these United States, the turkey
has occupied the center of the table
ns the traditional and most delicious
dish of that dinner. This self-same
turkey Is one of our typical national
birds. When the first white explorers
visited the New world they found wild
turkeys mninlng a spacious range from
rock-ribbed New Kngland to sand
swept Mexico. The turkey Is In
dlgenous to North America, and from
this country ns Its home was Intro
duced to the rest of the world.
Nobody knows how the turkey was
named. It might as appropriately
have teen colled a canary or a guinea,
except that the piping cry of the
mother bird calling her young together
sounds like "Tur-r k, tur-r-k." As for
coming from the land of his sultanlc
majesty?some report Turkey as the
origin of the kingly appearing fowl
?the turkey might Just as well he re
puted to cotue from Kamchatka or
Kalamazoo.
TU pumpbip pirn m cooling.
Ami tho Asia's sS era torn.
And iters'! terry ??.!? su looHog?
Yts. sad spa Us bp lbs tta.
Ob sack tars ? bistl grta'l 11 swlap.
As Iter bam a aMp rbprns.
Par tte atela lassa aaw U bcewbw
Pal) has teaufht tte tmbap-ttea.
Special Fawore
Thanksgiving can easily leave nt
worse off than It found us. We gel
to thinking how well aff we are Ir
a dozen ways when comparison U
?node with many others?health, 01
children or money?and the feellnj
grows that the ! are special benefllt
that are denied othera. I see no war
rant for any auch view. There la n(
denial to others thst puts ns In a tar
ored class. I know lovable souls thai
are wliolly dependent upon charity?
a part of what I soueeze out of my
self for charity goes to such a per
ton. The one who has some materia
prosperlly Is not In a class set spnri
for material favors. It Is better t<
stay humble and not think any sucl
thing. We can be thankful that w<
have what we have, and let It go >1
that.?Ohio Fanner.
O ?!?? tt?akj Mis Iks Lord, Isr its Is
food} for His mercy wdurttk forever. Lot the
nlkruf of tho Lord soy so, whom Ho katb
rsdssoasd frOos tbo band of the enemy}
Aod gathorSd them out Of lbs lands, from
tbo oost. and from tbo Wosi. from tbo OOrtb.
and from tbo aoutb. *
Tboy wandered ia tbo wildsrarss In a soli
tary ways tboy found no city to dwsD in.
Hungry and thirsty, tbsir soul fainted In
them.
Then tboy criod unto tbo Lard ia tbsir
trouble, and Hs dslivorod thorn out of the*
distrosoos.
And Hs Isd thsm forth by tha right tray,
that they m'ght go to a city of habitation.
Ob that man would praiso lbs Lord far
His goodness, and for Hia wondarful works to
tbo cbildrrO of mOfll
For Hs satiaftatb tbo longing soul and flll
atb tbo hungry soul with goodnaaa.
Such as ait la darknsss aad la tbo shadow
of death, being bound la affliction and iron}
Because tboy rebelled against the words of
God aad condemned tbo counsel of tbo Moat
Hight
Therefore He brought down their heart with
labor; they fcD down and there was nana ta
help.
Than tboy cried unto the Lard la their
ttouble and Hs saved than out of their die
tllaSaa.
Ho brought them out of darknsss and tha
shadow of death, and brake their bonds In
SUnder.
Ob that sua would praise lbs Lord for
His goodnaaa, and for His woadorful works
ta tha cblldroa at aeeal
For Ha bath broken tha gates of brass, and
art tbo bars of iron In sunder.?107tb Psalm.
\
WON'T BE LONG NOW
(Wttlnt f Ay t?v a Mil* "McMuS** SSrty
with Mr. Tu. k?r. IW thaahiaMM. fha II
and tha tur it ay awn to ba aw adfa. Add Mr.
^riiar b hatrrcatad la aba proaaadliiga.
Day's Spiritual Sida
American rlllzem enjoy the greatest
material benefits of any people on
earth. A war which nearly destroyed
European civilization left her com
paratively unscathed, lier destiny lies
In die future. Iler greatest concern,
however, should be the retention of
Hint faith which Is at once the recog
nition of human fmllty and a Arm con
fidence In the ability to conquer that
which lies ahead. There is no better
time to express It. to lay a more Arm
hold upon It. than on occasions such
as Thanksgiving, which, without a def
inite spiritual anchor, would become
little belter than the orgies of boast
ing and Indulgence of pagan days.?
Chicago Journal.
Turkey, Japaaese Style
Theodore ttooeevelt, while I'resldent
received a request from the Japanese
ambassador to permit his chef to pre
pare the prize turkey sent the Presi
dent. When It appeared. Its golden
brown plumage. Its red head adorn
ments and Its claws bad been spared.
A slight movement removed all ot
these and the bird, browned td a torn
and seething In rich gravies, was dis
closed. It was boned and within ih<
turkey hnd been placed a capon, with
In the capon a pheasant and within the
pheasant s grouse. One serving con
sisted of four delicious meats.?Farm
and Fireside.
JOHNNY KNEW
1 "Cam mmf ll fmm rhlUm UM mm ifeal otbmt
- Ihki W il ?u(ktvto tktak m mm Thuk?c<?
t Imm 4mj tllllll tmrtmjl"
ITmmmmm, li>i>?r. I mmm, >??Wiii ?in *
- V7
MeAEMMM
???
View of Londonderry, North Ireland.
1 Prepared by tha National Osocrapbls
Society. Washington. D. CI
IRELAND'S north const, shared bj
counties helonitlng to the state of
Northern Irelnnd and by territory
of the Irish Free State, Is a pic
turesque portion of the Emerald Isle.
I'nrts of the region hare been bones
}l contention between the two states,
end the former Ulster counties of
Monnghon, Donegal and Cavnn have
been added to the Free State.
(Jlpter, In the northeastern corner of
the Island, Is In the odd position of
being a part of Irelnnd which Is In
large part not Irish. Three hundred
years ago the British king, James I.
with the dpsire to Anglicize a part of
Ireland, decided to "plant" a colony
jt English and Scotch. Whnt Is Jcnown
as the Ulster Plantation followed.
The original plan of the king was
to hare English settlers dominant In
Ulster; but he also permitted the
Scotch to participate. English settlers
were not easily Interested, however,
while the Scotch flocked In. making
the Plantation domlnantly Scottish.
By 1000 the population of Ulster con
slsted of some 80,000 Inhabitants of
Scotch blood, 5,000 of English ances
try, and 40,000 Irish. Altogether prob
ably about 100,000 Scotsmen moved
to Ulster. The English were soon
merged with the Scotch but the Irish
and Scotch strains remained almost
entirely Independent.
Ulster differs economically from the
rest of Ireland. Either the Scotch Im
migrants had a greater propens'ty
toward Industry or their economic
conditions were more favorable. At
any rate Ulster has become the marked
Industrial region of Ireland while the
remainder of the country, save In the
larger cities, has not followed this
line of development.
There Is a religious difference, too.
between North and 8outh Ireland.
Ireland. Including Ulster, was Cath
olic. The Scotch Immigrants brought
their Presbyterian religion with them
and It became (Irmly rooted. The Eng
llsh government favored the estab
lished Church of England and tills Is
also strong In Ulster. The Presbyter
Inns and the Episcopalians combined
today tip the scale In Ulster to the
side of Protestantism. But the margin
la not great. I
Along tho Border.
The present border between the I
Irteh Free State and the State of j
Northern Ireland, created In 1920 end
1921, extendi through a rather rough
country. Dundalk on the east const.
Is Just south of the line. Near this
city Is one of the passes through the
hills used since earliest times In Ire
land; and because of this situation
Dundalk's neighborhood has been the
scene of numerous battles. Farther
west the boundary touches the long
deep rolley In which lies Lough Erne
the longest and the second largest
lake In Ireland. The Island's largest
lake, I/ragh Neagb, Ilea In the heart
of Ulster east of Belfast.
Formerly Ulster consisted of the
northern tier of counties from coast
to coast When the two self-goTerning
states were formed, however, Donegal
largest of the Ulster counties, occupy
Ing the northwestern corner of Ireland
was attached to the Free State. The
boundary of the State of Northern Ire
land, therefore, does not now reach the
Atlantic but turns at Its southwestern
corner a few miles short of the coast
and runs northeastward t>etween Don
egal on the west and Fermanagh, Ty
rone and l.ondonderry on the east to
Lougb Foyle. an Inlet at the rery fop
of the Island. The Stnte of Nnrlhern
Ireland, therefore, occupies only a
small segment In the northeastern cor
ner of Ireland. Readjustment of the
boundary as desired by the Free State
would concentrate the northern divi
sion still closer Into the northeast
corner.
Donegal Warmed by Gulf Stream.
Although In the same latitude as
northern Labrador. Donegal, the north
west county of the Free State, enjoys
the temperate climate of Virginia.
This freedom from severe cold Done
gal owes to one of the pleasant little
pranks of the Gulf stream which
washes Its rocky coast and sends
warm wind*.
Although slightly smaller than Dela
ware, Donegal was in ancient times
the kingdom of the clan O'DonneU.
Scattered throughout the county are
many Interesting ruined castles of the
days of the Irish kings and later strug
gles with the Danes and the English.
I'nrts of the country were not subju
gated until the last years of Queen
Elizabeth's reign.
The county Is a land of wild motm
talns and lakes, less than half of the
surface being under cultivation. Its
streams are noted for salmon and trout
fishing. The coast Is rocky and In
dented, hold headlands Jutting out in
to the sea. Though boasting nearly.
200 miles of const line there are no
good hprbors from Kllljhegs In tbs
south to Imngli Swilly In the north.
Rye, oats and potntoes are the chief
crops of the valley farms. In Done
gal cottages are woven some of tbs
homespun tweeds for which Ireland Is
famous.
Attempts hare been made In recent
years to give Impetus to the fishing
Industry along the coast. Fishermen
still use the ancient coracle or akin
hoot without keel or rudder. They are
easily handled In fine weather but be
come extremely dangerous when surf
pounds ngnlnst the rocks. These prim
itive boats probably represent the next
step In navigation after the raft and
hare not "changed during many cen
turies of use. Now fine seaworthy
fishing craft are being Introduced.
On the north shore of Donegal arn
several modern summer resorts with
luxurious hotels frequented by Irish
and English holiday makers because
of the excellent golf and sea bathing
to be had there. Two of the best
known of these gathering places are
Itosnpennn and Portsalon. Further
south Rundoran. with its scarred and
wentherbenten cliffs, offers a splendid
view of the sen. Here three galleons
of the Spanish Armada, staggering
homeward from the famous defeat In
the English channel, were washed
ashore In s storm and completely
wrecked. Only s few antique cannon
and anchors were recovered. When
Philip of Spain learned of the destruc
tion of Ids supposedly Invincible fleet
he Is snld to have philosophically re
I marked that he had sent them against
I the English, not the elements.
Seat of tho O'Donnella.
roneg.nl town from the dawn ef his
tory ho* heen the seat of the O'Don
aell family. Their ruined castle^
whose shell has been remarkably well
preferred. Is still the most Interesting
sight of the countryside. It remained
In the hands of the O'Donnells until
the days of Charles I when tlielr line
ran out and the castle passed to Sir
Basil Brooke, an English Catholic sop
porter of the king. Donegal town la
now chiefly noted for the Irish tweeds
and soft steamer rugs which It ex
ports.
Inhabitants of County Donegal are
noted for their courtesy and quick In
telligence. Though the district Is poor,
hospitality Is universal and beggars
are rare. Country customs hark back
to ancient limes. It Is a common sight
to see women riding pillion fashion
on horseback, behind the men, and
bare feet are not unusual. Though ly
ing In the far northwest Donegal
forms a part of the Free State, Its
population being largely of Celtic or
igin.
The United States has more than an
ncademlc Interest In all that affects
Ireland. Two of the most Important
streams of Immigration that have
reached America came from the Island:
one the so-called Scotch-Irish from Ul
ster ; the other, the Irish from south oI
the Ulster line. The Scotch-Irish early
felt llie weight of repressive English
la-vs both In the religious and eco
nomic fields. They began emigrating
to America in large numbers during
the latter part of the Eighteenth cen
tury and It Is estimated that they
made up one-sixth of alt the colonists
by the time of the American Revolu
tion. They were prominent In that
struggle end later became the fron
tiersmen, playing an Important part
?In winning the Middle West and tbs
West.