North Carolina Newspapers

"MAD ANTHONY'S" VICTORY r| at FALLEN TIMBERS/ "Wayne Statue in. Fort Wayne ,Ind. 4 ll Gen. Anthony Wayne Chief^P Little \ Turtle i t h son. ?r? rlnititution Wayne Memorial at Maumee, Ohio By ELMO SCOTT WATSON a UGUST 20 marks the one hundred fortl eth anniversary of a battle that Is unique in American history. For it ?is doubtful if there has ever been a military engagement of more far caching consequences won as easily I Jj and as quickly as was "Mad An thony" Wayne's victory over the confederated Indian tribes of the Old Northwest at Fallen Timbers on the banks of the Maumee river in northwestern Ohio on August 20, 1794. Not only was it all the more brilliant by con trast with the disasters which had befallen two American generals who had previously tried to subdue these same red men. but it led directly to another victory, won around the council fire in stead of on the battlefield?the Treaty of Green ville, signed just a year later. Without these two the settlement of the Ohio country, the push ing of the frontier line clear to the Mississippi river and the opening up of the rich inland empire of the Mississippi Valley to the land hungry Americans of the early Nineteenth cen tury might have been postponed indefinitely. So the Battle of Fallen Timbers is a milepost in the history of our westward expansion. That expansion began even before the Revolu tion was over and the decade which followed the signing of the Treaty of Paris saw thou sands of settlers streaming through Pittsburgh, "the Gateway to the West" of that period, and floating down the Ohio to seek new homes both to the north and to the south of that river. The Indians of that region?the Miamis, Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Ottawas and Pottawato mies?watched with alarm this ever-increasing tide of white men pouring into their hunting grounds. British imperial officers in Canada also watched the flood of immigration with dismay. If it kept up, it meant the end of the profitable fur trade in that area. So if they did not actually encour age the Indian attacks on the American settlers, they certainly did not discourage them, and the forts and trading posts which they still held in the West in spite of the terms of the Treaty of Paris were outfitting points for many a scalp ing party that went out to harass the Immigrant traffic on the Ohio. Not only were they threatening to wipe out these new settlements, but back In Philadelphia the new federal government seemed to be tot tering to its ruin because of the blows which the Harmar and St. Clair defeats had dealt to its prestige. In this crisis President Washington called upon an old friend of Revolutionary war days to make good where the others had failed. Gen. Anthony Wayne had retired to private life in Pennsylvania after the Revolution, but when Washington asked him to reorganize the army and take command of a third expedition against the Indians, he accepted the responsibility as readily as he had accepted the task of capturing Stony Point in 1777. Wayne's popular nickname of "Mad Anthony" was a misnomer insofar as it implied rashness and reckless daring. But it was true as a syno nym for one poet's characterization of him? "fiery heart and cool, clear brain." And if ever adequate preparation, caution and eternal vigi lance had a splendid reward, they had It in Wayne's campaign which culminated at Fallen Timbers. When Wayne took command of the army In April, 1792, he found its men untrained, lacking in discipline and with little faith In their officers ?not much to be wondered at considering what had happened in 1790 and 1791. But Wayne brought about a thorough reorganization, even to the name, which he changed to "The Legion of the United States" and which he began drilling at Pittsburgh in June, 1792. It was his original plan to form an army of some 5,000 men, but he soon saw that this would be impossible with the recruits that were fur nished him. There were almost constant deser tions, even at Pittsburgh, which was not far enough away from the Indian country to allay the fear of sotne of his soldiers who expected the redskins to come whooping out of the for ests and scalp them as they drilled. From December, 1792, to May, 1793, Wayne was camped some 27 miles below Pittsburgh at a place he named Legionville and during this time his army of 2,500 men was being whipped into some semblance of a military organization. On May 8 he camped at Hobson's Choice, so named because he could find no other suitable ground in the vicinity. In August negotiations with the Indians were finally broken off and Wayne, who already had been advancing toward the Indian country, prepared for a campaign which he saw would mean the success or failure of the United States In enforcing Its rights against the British as well as the Indians in the Ohio territory. The next stopping place noted in his orderly book was "Head Quarters near Fort Hamilton," on October 9, 1793. At this point he began a rigorous order of march and constant vigilance against surprise attacks. "Mad Anthony," bearing In mind the earlier failures, was at great pains to impress upon the troops the necessity of constant vigilance. On COctober 19 two soldiers were shot for sleeping while on sentry duty. In that month cold weather uvr&au iu ?ri iu. ueuciai n uj ue wruertru uic army to "hut" for the winter. Fort Greenville was built, and there the expedition passed the winter, during which Wayne continued drilling his men. From Fort Greenville he sent a detachment to St. Clair's battlefield to bury the. dead and to build another fort to which was given the sig nificant name of Fort Recovery. Skirmishes during the spring brought heavy losses on both sides, but they did not stop Gen eral Wayne's preparations to advance. The Indi ans began to gather in force, and on July 30 a body of about 1.500 or 2,000 met a detachment of 150 men and officers near Fort Recovery. The battle lasted all day. More than 22 officers and men were killed, but at length the attackers withdrew in confusion. On July 27, preparations having been made, the main advance began again. The long and hard drill had transformed Wayne's men into veterans. In June the army had been re-enforced by 1,600 mounted militia from Kentucky. Wayne had also enlisted a force of frontiersmen famil iar with life in the forest and trained in Indian warfare to be used as scouts. In this "Corps of Spies," as it was called, were two brothers named Miller, who had been captives among the Indians, an experience which made their services of special value. Still another was Capt Wil liam Wells, who had also been a captive, had been adopted by the Mlamis, married a daugh ter of Chief Little Turtle and as a "white Indian" had actually killed and scalped men of his own race at St. Clair's defeat. General Wayne's first encampment was at Still water, 12 miles frgm Greenville. The second was at "Indian Encampment," near Fort Recovery. Thp pmprlition then stormed lone enonch to build Fort Randolph. Another delay was caused when a falling tree struck and nearly killed Gen eral Wayne on August 3. While the main body remained at the fort, which was also known as Fort St. Mary and Gir ty's Town, after Simon Girty, the notorious white renegade, a detachment went down St. Mary's river and built a post called Fort Adams. This move was made to confuse the Indians, implying as it did that Wayne Intended to con tinue down the river. Instead, he proceeded toward the Maumee. A deserter had warned the Indians of his approach and. unprepared to resist, the savages had deserted their villages and houses, leaving large fields of standing com. The army came to several large villages, and for miles they passed through the fields. The troops were surprised at the fertility of the country and the industry of the Indians, none of whom had remained In any of the villages or settlements. It was soon made known, however, that they had congre gated up stream in force to make a stand against the expedition. Apprised of this situation and - expecting the attack at any time. "Mad Anthony'* steadily continued his advance. At the confluence gtt the Maumee and Au Glaize rivers he paused to build Fort Defiance on August 9. At this place he also stopped to parley with the Indians, bearing in mind the desire of the government to make a peaceful settlement if possible. Christopher Miller car ried on negotiations, which ended when the In dians asked ten days to reach a decision. Wayne, suspicious of the delay and having reason to believe that the Indians were only waiting for re-en force me nts and British aid, had already prepared for a further advance. On that day, August 10, he went forward 12 miles. The next day he advanced another 10 miles, and on August 19 he commenced the erection on the banks of the Maumee of a fort which he called Camp Deposit. This was built primarily for the protection of his heavy baggage, with which he did not care to be encumbered when the battle began. From Camp Deposit a British fort (Fort Miami) could be seen. This camp was com manded by Maj. William Campbell of the Brit ish army, and It was believed that It was a rallying point for the Indians. Both the Indians and Wayne expected the British to Join in the attack upon the Americans when the time was ripe, and Wayne made plans to receive the Brit ish with his horsemen; the Indians with the infantry. The long-expected battle came on the morn ing of August 20. As Wayne's army advanced \ cautiously along the western banks of the Man- ! mee, the American general saw that the Indian general, Little Turtle, had chosen his battlefield with great skill. Here a tornado had swept through the forest, covering the ground with fallen trees. The left flank of the Indians' posi tion was covered by the Maumee and their front by a tangle of logs which. In the words of Wayne, "rendered it impracticable for cavalry to act with effect, and afforded the enemy the most favorable covert for their savage method of warfare." Undaunted by this, Wayne at once deployed his forces in two lines with his Kentucky volun teer cavalry on his left flank and sent these under General Scott "to gain and turn their right with spirit and promptitude." Wayne's official report of the battle that followed is a laconic account of this battle which was over almost before it began. He says: "I ordered the front line to advance with trailed arms, rouse the Indians from their cov erts at the point of the bayonet and, when up. to deliver a close and well-directed fire on their backs followed by a brisk charge so as not to give time to load again. ? . . Such was the impetuosity of the charge by the first line of Infantry that the Indian and Canadian militia and volunteers were driven from all their cov erts In so short a time that, although every exertion was used by officers of the second line of the legion, and by Generals Scott, Todd, and Barber of the Mounted Volunteers to gain their proper positions, yet but a part of each could get up in season to participate in the action, the enemy being driven in the course of an hour more than two miles through the thick woods already mentioned by less than one-half of their numbers. . . . From every account the enemy amounted to two thousand combatants, and the troops actually engaged against them were short of nine hundred." The rout of the Indians was complete and they fled toward the British fort whose gates they expected would be opened to them. Instead, the British kept their outer wall tightly closed, and the confused Indians, closely followed by the American riflemen, abandoned their camp and equipment, and fled to the woods. The next day Wayne marched his men so close to the fort as to bring from its haughty commander a demand to know "as speedily as possible in what light I am to view your making such near approaches to this garrison." To this "Mad Anthony'' sent a characteristic reply: "Without questioning the propriety, Sir. of your interrogatory. I may observe to you that were you entitled to an answer, the most full and satisfactory one was announced to you from the muzzles of my small arms yesterday morning in the actions against the hordes of savages in the vicinity of your post. . . . But had it continued until the Indians etc. had been driven under the influence of the post and guns you mention they would not have much Impeded the progress of the Victorious Army under my command." Later Wayne fell back to Fort Defiance, but the next month he advanced to the Miami vil lages near the scene of Harmar's defeat and for the next month his men were busily engaged in the destruction of the villages and crops of the Indians. Next he built a post to which he gave the name of Fort Wayne (from which grew the modern city of that name) and then retired to Fort Greenville to go into winter quarters. The last act of the drama came In the summer of 1795 when Chief Little Turtle, who had warned the Indians against trying to oppose this "chief who never sleeps" and advised them to make peace while there still was time, led his defeated triljesmen and their allies to the fort to engage In the negotiations which resulted In the historic Treaty of Fort Greenville. In the words of a recent historian (Beverley W. Bond. Jr.. author of "The Civilization of the Old Northwest," published by the Maemillan com pany). "this treaty marked the first important victory over the Indians in the Old Northwest. By its terms, all of Ohio, except approximately the section west of the Cuyahoga, was opened to settlement, as well as the elongated strip In southeastern Indiana known as the 'gore.* The treaty also Included cession of small strate gically located areas In the Indian country for military posts, with lines of communication J>e tween them and thus made It possible to estab lish such posts as Fort Wayne at the head of the Maumee and Fort T>earborn at the mouth of the Chicago. . . The surrender of Detroit, theoeatlr of British influence among the Indi ans. in 1796 after Jay's treaty had been ratified, rounded out the results of Wayne's victory." c br W??t*m N?wgpap?r Unioa. Our Onltt CLtX Sultan of Sulu I* a Modern Ruler. Prepared by National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C.?WNU Service. THE sultan of Sulu, the only oriental potentate ruling under the protection of the United States, has recently been bereft of all political power, although he still exercises religious authority over his Moro subjects in a little group of islands which are part of the Philip pines. The new governor of the Philip pines, Frank Murphy, decided not to nppolnt the sultan to the Philippine senate. Although the sultan seldom took his seat, the honor had been ac corded him since the time of Gov. Gen. Dwight F. Davis. MIn real life the sultan of Sulu is not the amusing semi-savage that George Ade put into comic opera three decades ago, but a decidedly modern ruler of the Sulu archipelago, which forms a series of oceanic stepping stones from the Philippine group to British North Borneo," writes George M. Hanson, former United States con sul at Sandakan, British North Bor neo. "Although he partly acknowledged the temporal sovereignty of the Unit ed States in 1S99, and completely so in 1915, he retains some of the glam or ascribed to him by the dramatist and remains locally a potentate to the native Sulus, or Moron. He formerly maintained at Maimhung, on the southern coast of the Island of Jolo, a two story frame 'palace' for himself and six smaller dwellings for his wives and retinue. In 1932 a storm wrecked most of the buildings. mPiipo1 v r^llclnns hi? tiflo rnnnnfM nothing more than leadership of the Mohammedan church within the lim its of his sultanate. The sultan of Brunei, British Borneo, the recognized 'royal highness' in the greater part of the territory, is inclined to regard him as a poor relation who pays trib ute to Brunei; but nevertheless he is a full-fledged sultan and has author ity of a sort over perhaps 300 small islands and that part of British North Borneo with administrative headquar ters at Sandakan. "In Borneo, as elsewhere, the Brit ish are good colonizers. They believe it is wiser to placate the Sulus on the Borneo side of the Sulu sultanate than to run risk of trouble: conse quently they still pay tribute to the sultan and accord him military hon ors on his visits to Snndaknn. He is given a salute of guns when he comes to collect his annual tribute, and Is entertained for two weeks or more by British officials at Govern ment house. Here he receives local native chiefs and other notables. Many Wives but No Children. "The sultan prides himself on being an American, though his domestic ar rangements have hardly been of a kind sanctioned in the United States. Under the Koran he may have four wives at one time; and. since be has power to dismiss a wife or divorce her by waving'his royal hand, the limitation of number has not been Irksome. It Is said that In his day he espoused many wives. He has no children, however, and the Itajamuda, or heir apparent (niuda Is a Malay word meaning 'unripe'), is his young er brother. Although the K?l."i treaty recognized him as the spiritual head of the Sulu Mohammedans, Irs terms were such as will eventually cause polygamy to l>e abandoned. -Matrimony is somewhat casual among the Sulus. ami It is not un usual for girls of thirteen, twelve, or even eleven to be claimed as brides. When I was United States consul at Sandakan. I had an amusing experi ence which impressed upon me the jieculiarity of native marriage cus toms. "Shortly before the sultan's visit I to Borneo that year, a German land holder whoin the British had ordered out of the country for the duration of the World war requested me to take charge of his rubber plantation near Sandakan. I agreed, since it# was then my duty to take over representation of German Interests, to go there on each pay day and check the accounts, but I declined to assume official con trol of the plantation. Thus I became for a short time 'master' of the Malay laborers, pending appointment of a permanent superintendent. "Upon my arrival on the first pay day, the accountant, a Singhalese from Ceylon, brought to my attention a plea from Alus, th" house hoy, who needed an advance of $10, Singapore currency, for wedding expenses. Alus' prospec tive bride, the Intermediary explained, was Canapa, daughter of Snmat, the chief tapper. Canapa Wat Too Young. ??Canapa was rather a little girl, ?n& it ?oonaad to when her moth er presented her for Inspection, much too young to be thinking of matri mony. I decided a little delay would do no harm. Although the mother, herself only twenty-four, argued that Canapa was 'long past eleven and ready to marry', I announced kindly but firmly that no girl under twelve could be married without my special consent. "The mother asked If the wedding could take place when the girl was twelve. Not wishing to seem over harsh, I assented. I even offered to take a photograph of the supplicants and to give them a print as balm for their disappointment. They eagerly posed for the picture and went away seemingly well pleased. "On my next visit to the planta tion. I sent for Canapa and her moth er and gave them a print of the pho tograph I had taken of them two weeks earlier. They seemed very hap py. and the mother asked again if Canapa could be married when she was twelve. Again I said yes. and told her to go ahead and prepare for the wedding. Alus also asked the same question, and I repeated my assur ance to him. Canapa would be twelve at the full moon, which would occur, so he had learned from the account ant, on Sunday of the next week. Entertaining the Sultan. '? i iroalr a ft A- ?HI o tha er?? tan arrived and received official en tertainment at government house. I could not let the British outdo me In showing him the courtesy due his posi tion and influence, and accordingly I invited him and his party to the con sulate to tea. The guests Included the sultana, the rajamuda, the sultan's minister, and several dutus. or chiefs. "I offered them cigarettes and hand ed the sultan a package labeled 'Egyp tian Cigarettes, Turkish Tobacco.' He examined the package critically, and when he saw the hieroglyphics he was delighted. Egyptian cigarettes, he said, were made by the 'followers of the Faithful and not by Christian Infidels.' I did not disturb his sublime faith, though I could have told him that those cigarettes were machine made in North Carolina from tobacco grown in Asia Minor. And So They Were Married. "While 1 was entertaining the sul tan at the consulate. It occurred to me that it would be a fine thing to have him perform the wedding cere mony. This would be an unexpected honor to Alus and Canapa and no doubt would prove highly gratifying to all concerned. The more I thought of the Idea the better I liked it. I would have the young couple come hack with me to Sandakan on Satur day, and invite the sultan to anoth er tea. where he could smoke his fill of Turkish cigarettes made by the 'Faithful' in North Carolina. The wed ding of Alus the Bajao and the twelve year old Malay beauty, Canapa. would follow. The Incident was all but closed. "When I went to the plantation the following Saturday, the full moon that regulated Malay birthdays for the month had waned perceptibly. The accountant met me as usual, but no smiling Alus stood in the doorway to greet me. w nere is .siusr t bskhl ?"He Is here no more. He and Oa r.apa live in the little house behind the rubber factory with Surinim. the kaboon (gardener), and they went to Sandakan today In the hope of jet ting to see the sultan.' '"Living with Canapa?* I muttered. 'What do yon mean?' ?* They were married at the full moon, a week a so, as the toan had said, and he is at this house no more.* " Married a week ago? Who married them ?* ?"Why you, Tuan; you married them.' ?* I married them! What are you driving at? ** 'It was the full moon. Tuan, and Canapa was twelve. And so they were married, as the tuan had said. They sleep in the house of the kaboon. who is Canapa's uncle. Is not the tuan pleased ?' "Then the whole thing suddenly dawned. The accountant was right, and all my paternalistic plans for giving the house boy and his child ish fiancee a wedding of regal pomp and circumstance had come to nanght. "I had married them, however, unin tentionally. but none-the-less certain ly. Ilecause of my inexperience with native customs In affairs of the heart, I had spoken fateful words too casu ally. The tuan had signified his con sent and had fixed the time.'Tfe*t I was enough." Ox Sledge of Funchal Survive* Motor Advent Automobiles, motor busses and trucks n ow crowd the narrow streets of Funchal, capita) of the Madeira islands, but it is the native carro, or sledge, diawi by a pair of patient oxen, which catches the eye, says the National Geographic so ciety. In one of these two-seated, cur tained and canopied "oxey-cabs." which resemble big baskets on run ners, the traveler glld:s along the smooth, polished cobbles to the cog railway, which carries him up a steep incline to pine-clad heights, '4.3UO feet above the sea. A feature of the ascent is the shower of flow ers tossed by blossom-laden children, who scamper after sledge and slow moving funuicular. This graceful act, unfortunately, is marred by the Insistent clamor: "One penny! One penny !** The return trip from the mountain can be made in a toboggan sledge, which offers an exciting ride. The i speed of the passenger and cargo | fledge is slow, but the downhill "running carro" provides real thrills. This broad armchair o_ runners is used In descending selected routes of tilted streets. Two men hold the sledge in leash by guide ropes; as it starts down the slippery stone paths j they hop on to the back platform | and the slide begins! Theatrical Note "Dad. what is an actor?" "An actor? My son. an actor Is a man who can walk to the side of a ?tage. peer Into the wings filled with theatrical props, dirt and dost, other actors, stage hands, old clothes, and other clap-trap, and say. 'What a lovely view there Is from this win dow !*" rfflUPINEL, VwjF^S Quick, Safe Relief For Eyes Irritated By Exposure To Sun, Wind and Dust At All Drug Stores Writs Mvim Co.. Dpt. 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