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How the United States Has Kept the Peace for 20 Years . An Article for Armistice Day By NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER WHEN the last gun sounded on the morn ing of Armistice Day, November 11, 1918, the civi lized world drew a long breath, satisfied that "the war to end wars" had come to a close and that war was ended for all time. Thought ful men realized, however, that the idea of using war to settle disputes between na tions was buried deep in the consciousness of men, and that it was doubtful if the lessons of the World war would be sufficiently clear to turn the thoughts of men to a newer and more intelligent course of action. What were the lessons of the World war? First ? that 10,000,000 lives were sacrificed in the war that was fought to end all wars. Second ? the loss in money was equally staggering. In 1920, the Carnegie Endow ment published Ernest L. Bogart's book "The Direct and Indirect Cost of the Great War." He stated that the direct money cost was $186,233,637,097, and the indi rect cost $151,812,352,560, a total of $338,045,989,657. These figures do not include the cost of human lives and vitality. Third ? that wars engender gigantic economic problems which affect the conqtierors as adversely as the van quished. The history of the past 20 years of attempts to keep the peace among the nations of the world is CORDELL HULL known to all adults. The incep tion of the League of Nations and the difficulties which befell it are a matter of record. The Pact of Paris. One of the most vital actions taken by the United States in be half of world peace and interna tional law and order was the signing of the Pact of Paris by some 62 nations. The pact "abol ishing the conception of war as a legitimate means of exercising pressure on another state in the pursuit of national policy, and re moving all recourse to armed force for the solution of Interna tional disputes and conflicts." is a significant milestone in the slow and halting cause of human prog ress. Public opinion in this coun try should demand that the Unit ed States never repudiate the principles of this pact. The world, particularly the American world, is slowly awak ening to the fact that under these Twentieth - century conditions nothing of importance can hap pen to any people on any conti nent without having some effect, and often very great effect, on every other people on earth. Ear ly in June, 1938, in speaking to the State Bar association at Nashville, Tenn., Mr. Secretary Cordell Hull made the most sig nificant, the most forward-facing and the moat constructive speech which has been made by any public officer in the United States since 1910. It may well be that that speech is to mark a turning point In this epoch of world his tory. Mr. Hull said: "It Is my firm conviction that national isolation is not a means to aecurity, but rather ? fruit ful source ot insecurity. For while we may seek to withdraw from participation in world af fairs, we cannot thereby with draw from the world itself. At tempts to achieve national isola tion would not merely deprive us of any influence in the councils of nations, but would impair our to jtootrol our own af tions are brushed aside with a light heart and a contemptuous gesture. Respect (or law and ob servance of the pledged word have sunk to an inconceivably low level. The outworn slogans of the glorification of war are again resounding in many por tions of the globe. Armed force, naked and unashamed, is again being used as an instrument of policy and a means of attaining national ends through aggression and aggrandizement. It is being employed with brutality and sav agery that outrage and shock ev ery humane instinct. "There is desperate need in our country, and in every coun try, of a strong and united- pub lic opinion in support of such a renewal and demonstration of faith in the possibility of a world order based on law and interna tional co-operative effort." ' Thus spoke the statesman look ing facts in the face, turning his back upon empty and meaning less formulas and facing the fu ture with insight and with cour age. But there is no time to be lost. The familiar public policy of "Wait and See" will not do. The time has come for quick, courageous and constructive leadership, and it is possible now for the American people, in the spirit of that declaration, to offer it, both to their own advantage and for the rebuilding of the broken foundations of world pros perity and world peace. isolation Not an American Policy. The superstition that our tra ditional policy is one of isolation is contradicted by every fact in American history from the time of Benjamin Franklin to the pres ent day. We have not only never been isolated but we have sought every opportunity to explain our life, our institutions, our ideals to peoples in other parts of the world, and particularly to the peoples of France and of Great Britain. What was Benjamin Franklin doing while spending 22 years of his life in Paris and in London? What was Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declara tion of Independence, doing when sitting in the gallery of Versailles yonder and listening to the de bate on the Declaration of the Rights of Man? What was John Adams doing, living in London and explaining the new Federal Constitution to the British peo ple? What was being done by our great constructive secretaries of state from that time almost to this ? John Quincy Adams, Dan iel Webster, William H. Seward, Hamilton Fish, Elihu Root, every one of them a powerful force in the affairs of the whole world, every one of them offering helpful co operation, constructive criticism and guidance on behalf of the American people? If by a policy of isolation is meant that our people intend at every possible cost to refrain from war, well and good; but that is not isolation: it is some thing quite different. We are now dealing with the real underlying forces, forces of thought, forces of opinion ? the forces which move men in their social, eco nomic and political life. It is habitual with certain of our public men who hail Isolation as a policy to quote a sentence from President Washington's farewell address and another sentence from Thomas Jeffer son's first inaugural. Indeed, what they usually do is to quote the sentence from Jefferson's first inaugural and ascribe it to Washington's farewell address. Both men were effective expo nents of the policy of inter national collaboration and co-op eration, and what those two sen tences meant was a warning not to become involved in the Napole onic wars, which some years lat er we managed to do in the form of the War of 1812. We do not realize how powerful has been the movement among our people not only to co-operate in main taining prosperity and peace, but in offering leadership and guid ance and counsel to that end. Run your eye back over the history of the last 40 years. The Cxar's Appeal. It is a little more than 40 years since there was issued in the name of the Czar of All the Rus sias the most extraordinary ap peal to other governments that the world has ever heard. It is a classic document entitled to rank with the very highest, invit ing those governments to com* forth and counsel together as to ways and means of collaborating to preserve the peace of the world. The result was the First Hague conference of 1809. Presi dent McKinley rejoiced at the possibility of accepting this invi tation and sent to that conference a delegation of outstanding Americans, at whose head was Andrew D. White, statesman and educator. It was the American delegation which saved that con ference from hopeless failure, be cause, when the governments could not agree upon some of the largest phases of the questions submitted to them, it was the Americas delegation which pro : Few men are better equipped to write of world affairs than Nicholas Murray Butler, the president of Columbia ? i ? ?_ _i ? ai uuivciou/, wuu is aisu mo president of the Carnegie En dowment (or International Peace. Dr. Butler has been awarded the Nobel Peace prize, has been given degrees by universities the world over. He has had an inside view of all of the steps in foreign af fairs taken by the United States and other nations since the Armistice of November 11, 1918. His library at 64 Morningside Drive, New York, contains a valuable collec tion of books by the leading statesmen of all nations, many of whom are his personal friends. The adviser of Presi dents and Prime Ministers, Dr. Butler is as optimistic to day as when he counseled with Andrew Carnegie on the prob NICHOLAS HURRAY BUTLER teras 01 eaucaung puduc opinion ior world peace more than a quarter of a century ago. posed that they should agree upon bringing into existence a Permanent Court of Arbitration. That was done. The court was set up and in a year or two it beg^n to function. Next came the invitation of 1908. There is hardly an American who knows how far our public opinion went at that fortunate time, almost exactly 30 years ago. It was on June 4, 1910, that this joint resolution was on the calendar of the house of rep resentatives at Washington. 4 Real Program for Peace. The resolution was to author ize the appointment of a com mission in relation to universal peace: "Resolved ? that a commission of five members be appointed by the President of the United States to consider the expedience of uti lizing existing international agen cies for the purpose of limiting the armaments of the nations of the world by international agree ment, and of constituting the combined navies of the world an international force for the pres ervation of universal peace, and to consider and report upon any other means to diminish the ex penditures of government for mil itary purposes and to lessen the probabilities of war." What happened to that remark- ^ able resolution? It passed the house of representatives by unan imous consent. It went to the senate on June 20, and four days following, it passed the senate also by unanimous consent, and was signed by the President of the United States. So the govern ment of the United States was then proposing to lead the way to the establishment of an interna tional police force for the protec tion of international law and in ternational morality. Was that isolation? It is vitally important, not only for America but for the whole civilized world to realize what our people and our government were unanimously prepared to do then, and to bring them back to be prepared to do it now. Strides Toward Peace. Great progress was made, al though by different methods and in various directions, between 1919 and 1939. Steps were taken now here, now there, to improve in ternational relations and interna tional conditions. I shall always believe the untimely death, first of Dr. Streaemann and, then of M. Briand to be largely respon sible for checking the construc tive movement which was then going forward. Immediately thereafter came the world eco nomic and monetary crisis in which we still live and which holds every nation in its grasp. It is a complete illusion to think that there is a French crisis and a German crisis and an Engliah crisis and an American crisis and an Argentine crisis. There is a world crisis, which expresses it self under different conditions and limitations in each country, but at bottom the causes and their effects are absolutely one and the same. Understanding thorn facts and looking them is the lace, why have we not been able to make - 1 . ? * r- ? progress in solving these ques tions? Why is it that the world is going on using up the savings of a thousand years and borrowing as against the possible savings of v generations to come? Why is it that we have been unable thus far in any considerable degree to co-operate to check the growth of these destructive forces, eco nomic and social, every one of which makes for the undermining of prosperity and for temptation to destroy peace? Why is it? There met in London, at Chat ham house, in March, 1935, 61 of the leading personalities of the world, statesmen, economists, bankers, industrialists, diplomats, coming from a dozen countries. They spent days in intimate con sultation as to how to answer the question which I am now asking. To the great surprise of them selves as well as of everyone else, those 61 men, with different backgrounds and different points of view, agreed unanimously upon a program of economic and monetary reform. That program, simple and easily understood, has been enthusiastically accept ed by the International Chamber of Commerce and by the Car negie Endowment for Interna tional Peace, and those two bod ies are now working day and night in their quiet way to press it upon the attention of the public and of the governments in order to stop the policy of "Wait and See" and to get sometlflng done. Any observer of human nature and of government must know that the longer we "Wait and See," the more ammunition we present to dictatorship in what ever form it may show itself. An Age-Uld Problem. We permit these forces to re peat themselves generation after generation, century after centu ry. We look at them as if they were utterly new, as if the world had never heard of them before; and yet in one way or another, from the time of ancient Egypt, man has had to deal with this problem in some one of its forms. We are face to face with that and it can only be solved in one or two ways. If I may contra dict myself, the first way will not solve it. It may be solved by force, which means a temporary solution only, or it may be solved by reason. The minorities prob lem is not new. Fortunately, France has been very little trou bled with it. But look at Great Britain: Angles, Saxons, Danes, Normans, Scots, Celts. War'aft er war for 500 years and then finally they found a solution. They can all live in peace and quiet and order together. We in America have had a very grave minorities problem with our colored people. It led to a vast civil war which almost dis rupted the nation, and it took 70 years before it came to a climax. So, when you see these minori ties problems elsewhere, in Asia, in Africa, in Eastern Europe, do not forget that we have had no end of experience with th#t prob lem and that there are only the two ways of dealing with it: by force, which does not settle it, and by reason, which will settle it. Time, good order, kindly feel ing, highmindedness, moral standards and faith in human na ture are necessary. A a one goes about the world to day, be must be impressed with the discouragement which is felt everywhere. That is not the way to solve anything. Pessimism is the last resource of the coward. Optimism, faith in mankind, be lief in ideas, courage and willing ness to call upon your fellow-men to come up out of their little nar row personal environments and to show themselves citizens of their nations and of the world, to constitute a constructive force that, instead of making this Twentieth century of ours the end of an era, will show that we have been abl* to make it the begin f- nlng of a new order in a peaceful and a prosperous world. ? WilHf Union. Navy Plans Big Base in Pacific Pearl Harbor in Hawaii to Be Impregnable Inside Six Years. WASHINGTON. ? The United States' "Singapore of the Pacific" at Pearl Harbor will be developed to provide anchorage for any fleet that might be needed for future emergency in the Pacific. Plans are moving forward rapidly to eliminate the few present defi ciencies of the great naval base on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, and make it adequate to any naval need that might arise in war or peace time. Pearl Harbor, 2,100 miles from California, is regarded as the strategical center of defense for western America. One of the most pressing needs at Pearl Harbor has been the deepen ing of the harbor to make room for more fighting ships. This improve ment is now projected, and bids on extensive operations were opened at the navy department this month. Funds for Improvements. A total of $1,500,000 was provided by the last congress for channel dredging and harbor improvements in the Hawaiian islands. It is hot known how much of this will be used for Pearl Harbor, but it is known the main share will be allocated for the base. A total of $16,000,000 has been spent for dredging operations alone since the United States took over the islands. In requesting the new funds, high naval officials asserted the deepening of the harbor was ab solutely essential to the security of the fleet. When the dredging operations are completed and a few other deficien cies remedjed, officials say Pearl Harbor will be as great as any Unit ed States fleet anchorage. In addi tion to the dredging appropriation about $2,750,000 has been provided for new power facilities and $325,000 for mooring facilities. Present Limits of Harbor. In its present condition experts contend the harbor would not be able to accommodate all vessels satisfactorily in a time of crisis. It is said, for example, that a battle ship which had been struck and weighed down with water probably would be unable to enter the harbor in its present relatively shallow con ditiok. Officials say the conditions in the Far East will not cause the navy to push its improvement program ahead of schedule. They point out that Japan, for example, appears to have her hands full at present and probably will continue to be occu pied for some time to come. "As a matter of fSCty' one official said, "we probably cAild suspend our operations out there for some time and feel pretty safe. We have no present plans to speed up the work and will go on as sch^jjled." According to unofficial reports, the base probably will not be fully ready, from the navy's viewpoint, until 1944. By that time, however, many competent observers feel Pearl Harbor will be impregnable. Girls' Teeth Worn More Than Boy*' at Same Age WASHINGTON. - Age for age, girls have more teeth missing, filled or decayed than boys, it was con cluded today in a report on a United States public health service study. This is not simply because they are girls, according to Dr. Henry Klein and Dr. Carroll E. Palmer, who made the study, but rather be cause a girl's teeth are cut earlier in life than a boy's and have, there fore, been exposed longer at the same age to wear, tear and germs. In the last analysis, however, the girls show no greater susceptibility to dental decay than boys. Continuing their dental studies with students attending the munici pal elementary schools of the small urban community of Hagerstown, Md., the doctors gathered the pres ent data from examinations of 2,232 boys and 2,184 girls. All examina tions were made with plain mirrors and fine-pointed "pig-tail" explorers under favorable lighting conditions. Drive-In Movie Theater Has Room for 500 Autos CLEVELAND, OHIO.? An outdoor "drive-in theater" has been opened here. The movie occupies 10 acres of land, has the "world's largest screen," and will accommodate 500 automobiles, according to the own er. Semi-circular graded ramps per mit unobstructed view of the screen, which measures 90 by 60 feet Apple Tree Controls Own Crop Rotation KENTON, OHIO. ? An apple tree, owned by William Woods, controls its own crop rotation by alternating its production be tween the east and west branches. This year the east branch was in bloom; last year, the west This alternation has occurred as tar back as Woods can remein ber. ? No solution has baen offered tor the strange behavior of the tree. By L. L. STEVENSON Fog is one enemy of navigators about which man has been able to do comparatively little. So when heavy fog descends on New York harbor, loss, due to shipping delays runs into many thousands of dollars. One day last spring, fog held up SO outgoing ships, headed by the giant Normandie, and 60 incoming ves sels, headed by the great Bremen. The Normandie and the others were forced to lie at their piers and the Bremen and her companions were forced to anchor at the entrance to the harbor almost 24 hours. Every hour a liner is delayed it runs into real money. As a matter of fact, every hour any ship is delayed costs money. But New York harbor is crowded. Certain channels must be followed or the pilot will find his ship on a mud bank. Hence there are so many risks that idleness is ? forced. Nowadays ships at sea can be kept on their courses without the touch of human hand. But man has yet to invent an eye that will pierce fog. ? ? ? Although liners remain at their piers or at anchor while a fog blan kets the two bays that make up the harbor of New York, ferries attempt to hold their schedules. Bells, horns and sirens aid masters in keeping their course. But it takes some thing else to enable a man in the wheelhouse to bring a big boat, per haps with thousands of passengers, safely into a small slip. That some thing is largely a thorough knowl edge of the harbor and a feeling for location. But fog is deceptive in many ways. So on occasions there are accidents. At the time the 110 ships were idle, a big city ferry nudged a government cutter lying at its pier at the Battery. The ffrry was moving slowly. But the steel superstructure of the cutter was bent as if it were cardboard. ? ? "? Fogs are infrequent at this sea son. But the other night coming home from Staten island, a gray mist hung low. over the bay. As the big ferry slipped along slowly, there was an eerie sensation of unreality ? as if the steei -vessel had no sub stance. But there was plenty of noise. Ori the seaward side of Gov ernor's island is a siren with a screech that can be heard for miles. In contrast was the bell buoy mark ing Robbins reef. To me that warn ing always sounds lonely. But the fog increased the melancholiness of its note until it sounded like a lost child crying in the dark. The familiar rattle of chains announcing that the ferry was safe in its slip, was a welcome sound. ? ? ? At Coney island is an amuse ment enterprise known as Steeple chase park. It covers 12 acres and is assessed at $3,000,000. It had its beginning back in 1890, when George Tilyou put up signs, "See the Famous Red Bats." Those who paid their dimes looked on two base ball bats painted red. It was a good joke and Tilyou prospered. As he did so, he expanded and by 1907 had a large amusement enterprise. Then came Are. But as the firemen were still working, he put up signs, "See the Ruins? 10 Cents" and mon ey rolled into the till. The present head of the park is George C. Til you, son of the founder. ? ? ? Another Coney island business that grew from a small start is the huge restaurant conducted by 34-year-okJ Charles Feltman. Two hundred waiters, 70 cooks and 30 porters are employed, and in the course of a year 7,000,000 custom ers are served. The property is assessed at $3,000,000. Feltman rides to and from business in ? limousine with a chauffeur. His fa ther started the business with a hot dog stand. ? ? ? Thirty million people visit Coney ea?h year. Any hot Sunday will bring out a million. To the vast majority of the visitors. Coney is merely a place of amusement or access to the sea. But Coney island is really a city of considerable size. It has a population of 90,000. Bell Syndicate.? WNU Service. Botanist Pricks Theory Of Lucky 4- Leaf Clover OTTAWA.? The theory that four leafed clovers are rare and "lucky" is exploded by Dr. H. T. Gussow, dominion botanist Doctor Gussow said that four-leaf clovers were abundant this summer and clovers have been found which had as many as 13 leaves on the stem. Anyone who takes the trouble to look long and hard enough he said, should have no difficulty in picking a bouquet of four-leaf clovers is a short time. Anient Perfume Patent ATHENS. ? The fragrance of flow- ' era picked more than 2JOO years ago was still retained in small jars of perfume found in the tomb of a i two-year-old girl, who >? baited in the Third century B. C., at Sedea, | Hard Wood Floors For Every Home SINCE time immemorial nothing has 'ever been able to replace satisfactorily a good wood floor for human habitation. From the time man merged from the cave and built his first crude house or log cabin, he hewed rough boards and laid them on the ground to serve as a floor. As time went on, re finements and artistry in floor lay ing developed, culminating in that exquisite form of flooring called parquetry . or "wood inlay," the most notable example of which may be found in the famous pal ace of Versailles. This parquetry, as developed and utilized by the French, con sisted of cutting small pieces of wood into different sizes and shapes and laying them as a floor in all sorts of pleasing patterns. This was a tedious process and an expensive one, even in those days. Even after advent of the machine age, it was and still is necessary for the pieces to be selected for color and fitted piece by piece on the floor so as to make a tight, even, satisfactory job. Recently a machine has been invented which produces these fine floors in blocks so they are now available for the most modest homes. A firm in quaint McGa heysville, Va., by use of this ma chine takes the Appalachian hard woods, principally red and white oaks, and from them makes most of the beautiful patterns known to parquetry. These are shipped in blocks, and where formerly it took one as skilled as a cabinet maker to lay the floors, these can now be fitted perfectly by even the most humble carpenter. These floors are inexpensive and can be adapted to new house construction or can even satisfactorily be laid over old floors, for casein glue is used to cement splined blocks into strong integral units. The machine turns out a block made up of many narrow strips of carefully selected wood with a unique provision for solid inter locking with all joined blocks. Be cause they are made of hard wood, these blocks can be sawed in any direction ? and they cannot warp. Modern Bethlehem Bethlehem in Judea today has a mayor and a fine police station. A road sign at its city limit warns chauffeurs to "drive slowly," and the girls who used to carry classic pottery to the well now arrive there with an old gasoline can to carry the water. This is the time of year when town and rural folk are getting ready for Winter. Your car is as important then as now. Give it a thought. Be forehanded. Stop at your favorite dealer and let him drain the Summer-worn oil and put in Acid-Free Quaker State Winter Oil. You'll be thankful the first cold morning. ? Adv. Awake at Day Success consists not so much in sitting up at night as being wide awake during the day. POSITIVELY! "Luden'i are 'doable barrelled'. . . yon get toothing relief plus an ( alkaline factor." I Chabt.fs Lewis, Ctmmut, Nui York LCD EN'S MINTHOL COUOH DION Kt Recommendation and Credit A good face is a letter of recom mendation, as a good heart is a letter of credit ? Bulwer. THE CHEERFUL CHERUB Let it rtkiry u\cf snow urvd aket; It cuvt Kurt tr\?. anyhow. V/K?n it povrs it rrvKk*} me <5hui |ive x new J vrr\fcr%H%, TtAJ.
The Alamance Gleaner (Graham, N.C.)
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