Newspapers / The Alamance Gleaner (Graham, … / Sept. 5, 1940, edition 1 / Page 2
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American Newspaperdom Joins in Honoring Johann Gutenberg, Who Gave the World the I Invention ot Printing From Movable Type 1 ? By ELMO SCOTT WATSON (Kaluaxl bj Wuttra N?w?p*p*r Union.) THE American press dur ing 1940 is paying hom age to Johann Guten berg, who 500 years ago in a little workshop in the free city of Strasbourg, now in Germany, invented the art that makes possible the mod ern newspaper. Gutenberg's invention?the discovery of a technique for casting from lead individual types bearing individual let ters, which can be arranged into lines for the printing of words and sentences?makes it possible for you to read what is on this pace. City-wide celebrations honor ing the father of printing, in which newspapers are actively participating, are being held dur ing the year 1M0 throughout the western hemisphere as the result of the outstanding promotional work of Douglas C. McMurtrie, chairman of the Invention of Printing Anniversary committee for the International Association of Printing House Craftsmen, an organization made up of 8,000 printing foremen and superin tendents, and leaders of other graphic arts groups. The significance of Gutenberg's invention can best be evaluated by looking backward into the world before the Invention of printing. There were books be fore Gutenberg invented printing with movable types, but each of them had to be laboriously hand lettered by a scribe or copyist. Months were required to produce a book the size of the everage novel. When a scribe completed his work, he had not the several thousand copies that make up an edition today, but only one copy to show for his efforts. The price of this single copy had to include the several years' salary for the scribe, the cost of parchment on which the book was written, and other expensive materials, plus profit. A man who owned a book in the days before Gutenberg, owned an object of curiosity to his neighbors. Bibles were so ex pensive even few churches could afford a copy. Because of the scarcity and costliness of books, there was no popular education as we know it today and many suc cessful business men in the days before Gutenberg could neither read nor write. They had to call fat professional scribes to perform those simple tasks for them. Inventor Bora la Malni. Johann Gutenberg, the invent or of an economical proceea of printing, which made possible public education and the modern newspaper, wai born of aristo cratic parents in the free city of Mainz about the year 1400. Puring his youth he was forced to See Mainz and seek refuge in * Strasbourg, about a hundred miles down the Rhine, because of an uprising of tradesmen and craftsmen against the aristo cratic families in his native city. There is evidence that Guten berg was engaged in his printing experiments in Strasbourg at least as early as 1434. This fact Is brought to light in testimony In a lawsuit at Strasbourg in 1439 which was occasioned over a part nership dispute. In this court case, settled in favor of Guten berg, a witness for the inventor testified that three years previous he had been paid a sum of money "solely for what had to do with printing." When the inventor stated his Minting experiments at Stras bourg. he had many principles and ideas at his disposal which helped assure the success of his endeavors. He had a counter part of the printing press in the presses that had been used for Centuries in vineyards for the pressing of grapas to make wine. OH paints, which were being used by the artists of the period, would adhere to metal, and with slight adaptation, serve as printer's ink In the year 109 A. D., the Chinese, Ts'ai Lun, invented pa per, and although It took a thou sand years for the secret at pa per making to reach Europe, there were paper mills iq all parts et Europe by the time of Guten berg. Paper gave the Inventor an inexpensive material on which to print and did away with the expensive parchment on which bad been printed the costly man uscript books. The Chinese had also invented the process of wood block print ing which was known in Europe by the time of Gutenberg. By this slow and cumbersome proc ess the portions of a wooden block bearing text or pictures or both, which were to appear on a page were cut away. The carved face of this block was inked with water-color ink, a sheet at paper Was placed atop the inked sur face and the text or pictures were imprinted upon the paper by rubbing the back of the sheet The tret printing preu, inch as the one need by Johenn Gutenberg who 500 yean ago invented printing aa wo know it today. Constructed almost entirely of wood, the inked form was placed on the drawer-board of the presa in the foreground, a sheet of paper was placed over the types and the form poshed under the press. Pressure was applied by the tam ing of the iron bar and screwing the platen, or suspended flat surface, against the paper and types. Only 300 single-page Impressions a day could be printed with this press. Modem newspaper presses can torn oat 38,000 complete newspapers every hear. with ? padded block. It was much more practical for the Chinese, because of the thousands of symbols in their written lan guage, to carve out an entire page and then dispose of it after using it, than to work out a sys tem for the use of movable types. There is evidence that the Chinese had experimented with movable or individual types before the time of Gutenberg, but they had to abandon them because of the multiplicity of symbols in their language. There is no evidence that knowledge of these Chinese experiments with movable types reached Europe before the time of Gutenberg. The Lxtia Donates. It is interesting to note that among the very lint products of Gutenberg's printing press were 17 successive editions df the "Donatus," a Latin grammar, so called from the name of its au thor. This inexpensive printed book enabled schoolboys of the early Renaissance to speak and write the language which was then the universal language among educated people in every country in Europe. Contrary to popular opinion, he completed the printing of these editions of the Latin "Donatus" before he attempted to start work on his I 1 Earliest tam portrait af Gutenberg, from a copperplate engraving pobHahed la Paris la UM. (Courtesy 1 udlow Ijja graph company.) first famous Gutenberg Bible, srhich is sometimes erroneously referred to as the first printed book. What is believed to be the earliest still existent specimen of printing produced by Guten berg is the fragment of a German poem on the last Judgment It was printed about 1446 and of it there is preserved for posterity only two sides of one leaf measur ing about three and one half by five inches. Because of its sub ject matter, it is known to stu dents of printing as the "Frag ment of the World Judgment" After Gutenberg had developed his experiments with printing to a stage of practicable perfection around 1440, he returned to his native city of Mains. Following his return to Maint, Gutenberg started making plans for produc tion of his first Bible. All of the wealth left him by his artsto oratie father had been used up on his earlier experiments and to order to carry out prod-'ctkm of this Bible, Gutenberg wts forced to make two large loans from Johann Fust, a capitalist of Mains. In 1486, the same year to which is believed to have been complet ed the famous Bible, Fust de manded repayment of his loans, . plus interest. Gutenberg was un able to meet Fust's demands and as the result of a lawsuit which followed, Gutenberg was dispos sessed of his work shop and print ing equipment and the exclusive right to his invention. Following the tragic court battle with Fust, Gutenberg ia known to have set up another smaller printing shop and to have printed a Latin dictionary and at' least one other edition of the Bible. The inventor, however, never prospered in this enter prise and in his last days he was dependent on a financial pension granted him by the Archbishop of Mainz, presumably for his work in pioneering printing. After wresting the printing shop and equipment from Gutenberg, Fust took with him into partner ship a lad named Peter Schoeffer, who had been one of the scribes of the manuscript books and later one of Gutenberg's helpers. The firm of Fust and Schoeffer was an outstanding financial success and went on to produce some of the most beautiful books of the Fif teenth century. Friend Claims Press. Following Gutenberg's death early in 1488, the press and equip ment in his possession at that time were claimed by a friend, Dr. Konrad Humery, who had bought them for him. No one knows where the father of printing is buried. There was a story that his body had been interred in the Church of St. Fran cis at Mainz, but a search for it several years ago proved unavall fatg. Gutenberg's claim to the honor of being the inventor of printing with movable types has been questioned In the past and the claims at some rival contenders, based largely on legend, have been advanced. However, no competent historian today ques tions the specific documentary evidence on which rests the fame of Johann Gutenberg. Although Gutariberg never re ceived the financial rewards of the Edlsons and the Fords and many other inventors of this mod ern era, he undoubtedly had the satisfaction in his last days of seeing mankind carrying on the work he had so successfully pio neered. In the tarilight of Ids life he saw printers he had trained go into Italy and Switzerland to establish the first presses there. The Seventeenth century saw the rise of the most powerful mod ern manifestation of Gutenberg's invention in the form of the print ed newspaper. The very first printed newspaper in the world was started in Germany in 181!. A newspaper began publication in England in the year 1SU. America's first printed news paper to go beyond ooe date of publication was the weekly Baa ton News Letter which first saw the light of day on April fit, 1T04. The 14th day of the month ap pears to be a good one on which |o start a newspaper for on Jan uary 84, 1778, there appeared Benjamin Towne's Philadelphia Evening Post, America's first daily newspaper. Towne's paper had previously been a weekly publication. From those pioneers have de scended the thousands of Ameri can newspapers, inchidtng this one, which have had and are daily exerting such a profound influ ence on the lives of seat j una. Every word printed in these mod ern newspapers during printing's 800th anniversary year ef 1M0, ia a monument to the inventive genius of Johann Gutenberg. 'IMPROVED UNIFORM INTERNATIONAL Sunday i chool Lesson of Chlofo (BtluMd tor W.rtirn Nxwxpxpxr Unloo-t Lesson for September 8 Lmxub snbjccu and Serlptura text; m ass. *sf 4asctSSrwt permlpdoo. INVITING OTHERS TO WORSHIP GOD LESSON TEXT?Psxlm M. GOLDEN TEXT?O magnify tha Lord with me. and let ua exalt his name to (etbar.?Psalm M:l Worship is not only fitting, but al together natural to the soul aglow with the love of God. Yet it is a sacred privilege to which we may call ourselves and others and in the doing of which we may be helped by an intelligent understanding of its, nature and preparation for its prac tice. What is worship? How does it dif fer from prayer, or from praise (which we studied last week)? While prayer, praise and worship belong together and often merge in one blessed art of devotion, we may pos sibly distinguish between them by saying that in prayer we are con cerned with our needs; in praise, with our blessings; and in worship, with God Himself. I. The Can to Worship (w. 1-3). This psalm has to do with collec tive rather than individual worship. It is not enough that man should worship God in his own soul, there is an added blessing which comes to us only as we worship with oth ers. So we need to be called to gether for worship. True worship centers in "a new song" that is the song of a regener ated heart. Worship is only a for mality without life until there is a new song in the heart, and then it becomes life's greatest joy and sat isfaction. Real worship is a "day to day" matter (v. 3), not just something we put on like our "Sunday-go-to meeting" clothes. Every day we are to worship, and as we do, we shall "declare his glory among the heathen"; among those nearest to us, but ultimately to all the na tions of the earth. Worship leads out in a desire that its blessing may be shared with all the people of the earth. n. The Reason for Worship (w. a a\ Why should we worship God? He is "great" and is a God so good and gracious that He is "greatly to be praised." He made the heav ens. "Honor and majesty" stand before Him like sentinels; "strength and beauty" fill the holy place which is "his sanctuary." The very words bespeak that glorious majesty and gracious loving-kindness which im pel the heart to worship. They en courage us who need and seek strength and beauty of life to seek communion with Him who dwells eternally in such an atmosphere. m. The Manner ef Worship (w. 7-10). We have suggested that fellowship with God prompts us to worship. Some would feel that nothing more is needed, but experience tells us that, while we may worship any where, we are helped to do so by proper surroundings and circum stances. We are told to "come into his courts" (v. 8) and to worship "in the beauty of holiness" (v. 9), or, as the Revised Version puts it, "in holy array." John Buskin wisely said: 'Tt can not be questioned at all, that, if once familiarised with a beautiful form and color, we shall desire to see this also in the house of prayer; its absence will disturb instead of assisting devotion; and we shall feel tt as vain to ask whether, arith our own bouse full of good craftsman ship, we shall worship God in a bouse destitute of it, as to ask whether a pilgrim, whose day's jour ney led him through fair woods and by sweet waters, must at eve ning turn aside into some barren place to pray." We are to give or ascribe unto the Lord praise and glory among our "kindred" (v. 7); that is, our own family, as well as in "his courts," His sanctuary. Note that one of the outstanding ways of wor shiping is to "bring an offering" (v. 8), which means more than "f ??"t slipping a ensii coin in the "collec tion." If our "offerings" are liberal and regular the church will be able to send the news that "the Lord reigneth" to the whole world (v. 10). IV. The Catversattty ef Worship (w. 11-18). A world which has felt the blow of man's sin (Rom. 8:88) and has suffered from his wickedness and destructive violence will so rejoice in the righteousness of God's judg ment that evan the realm of nature will break into joyous worship. Whet a beautiful picture we aee in these verses, how God's creation will lift Ititlf up to praiit. tbm Mt in tu muhuous joy, when "the hills shall break forth before you Into sing ing, and all the trees shall clap their hands" (Isa. 86:18). Can man. then bold his peace? Must not "mortal tongues awake" and "an that breathe partake" in wholehearted worship of GodT Who than will want to stand among "them that know not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ" (H Thess. 1:7, ?), and with whom God can deal only to judgment of flaming flreT 'Fly-Your self Solves Problem Idea of Refresher Hops for ' Air Trainees Seems to Materialize. . NEW YORK.?One of the problem* confronting the government'* train ing of 40,000 civilian pilots has been what to do with them after they have received the rather meager basic training it is possible to give at gov ernment expense. They can't all own airplanes, not even the little ships which cost about as much as an average automobile. Thousands of fliers have permitted the licenses to lapse in recent years because they could not af ford to buy planes and fly them the requisite number of hours to main tain a license. Howard Ailor thinks he has found the answer to this and some other aviation problems by taking a tip from the automobile industry. He has established a "fly-yourself sys tem" frankly patterned on the drive yourself auto idea. In less than two months his hangar at Roosevelt field has become the center of a booming business from what started out as a sideline to his principal job as New York distributor for an aircraft company. Sees New Avenue Opened. He believes that such a system, established on a large scale, is es sential to achievement of aviation's dream?public acceptance of flying as a means of transportation instead of sporty entertainment. Aviation enthusiasts long have held that un til the public has begun to think of the airplane as a transportation ve hicle the air business cannot come into its own, regardless of war or ders. "The future of aviation in this country," declared Ailor, "lies with those people who now earn moderate incomes, but will some day pro vide the purchasing power for mass production of private aircraft." Most of Ailor's business so far has come from pilots who have not been able to rent fast, modem ships for long distance flights, those who own planes but want time on other types, and students seeking radio, instrument and navigation ex perience. Chain System Envisioned. He hopes to extend the system across the country, and as a plane distributor believes it will give a great boost to the production of private-type planes, since he has al ready been forced to order some new ones, among them the new Er coupe, which can be flown solo in as little as four hours. Ailor says the client he is aiming for is "the average man who has looked up and watched them go by because he could not afford one of his own." His rental system is modeled al most identically with the automo bile drive-yourself idea, with rentals beginning at $8 an hour and apply ing only to time in die air. A plane may be rented for as long as a month and flown anywhere in the United States, with a daily mini mum charge of one hour and 15 minutes. Pilots seeking special experience may have it on ships equipped with blind flying instruments, two-way Lear Avia radio apparatus and di rection finders, including some find ers which are automatic. Sioux Indian* Enlist, Become Good Soldiers CHEYENNE, WYO.?A bronzed, high-cheek boned recruit named E. Louis Flood or Leo High Wolf makes Just as good a soldier as a raw newcomer with a more common name of John Jones or Harry Smith, Fort Warren officials report. In the last six months more than 30 Sioux Indians have bean added to the rosters of Fort Warren's three regiments?the First arid Twentieth infantries and the Seventy-sixth field artillery. "They make excellent soldiers, no matter whether we put them in the band, medical detachment, quarter master department or the headquar ters brigade," officials said. Among the Sioux recruited recent ly were thoee with such names as E. Louis Flood, Leo High Wolf, Sam Harry Bird, Kelvin Red Cloud and Seymour Twiss. British Family Sends 18 Of Its Members to Navy WEYMOUTH, ENGLAND. ? The Green family o< Weymouth is well represented la the British navy. Its contributions in members consists at: Two lieutenants, six petty officers, four engine-room artificers, two fleet arm ratings, a warrant engineer, a shipwright, an electrical artificer, and an able Mrs. Green's father was killed <aa H. M. S. Good Hope in the World war, and Green's father served on the Queen Elizabeth. Mrs. Green's mother and her five sisters all mar ried naval men, and that is how all the men of the family seem since to have drifted into the navy. 'Hoppers Bald ep Train ROBSART, SASK ?The grasshop per plague in southwestern Saskat chewan is "plaguing" railroad men as well as wheat growara. A heav ily laden freight train passing through this infested area came to a fall stop when hordes of locusts mad* the trades too slippery for traction. Jt ,-A ' 'Jii By L. L. STEVENSON Zoological: A number of New Yorkers have pet kinkajoua. Well, the other evening, a gentleman who doesn't care for kinkajoua made a call on a friend whom he hadn't seen in some time. No sooner had he sat down than he became aware of the fact that the family pet is a kinkajou. He tried to ignore the lit tle animal but the kinkajou, evident ly having other ideas, climbed to his shoulder, threw its tail firmly around his neck and began to chat ter into his ear. That might have been all right since the visitor man aged to hide all signs of displeas ure, but just as he had become re signed to the situation his host asked him not to make a sudden move because if he. did, the kinkajou might bite. So he sat rigid a whole evening firm in the grip of a kinka jou. He didn't get bitten but he is not going back. m m m ! Street Scene: Urchins shouting as they dash in and out of a corner shower . . . Tads wading in dirty gutters and possibly imagining they are down to the beach . . . An ice cream vendor stopping to make a sale to a grimy janitor who emerges from dark depths with pennies in his hand ... A junk dealer halting in the shade of a tenement to give his horse a rest and to mop his brow ... A pushcart junk collector coming up beside him and exchang ing news of the day ... A small "boy, clad only in very short shorts, exhibiting his ability to walk on his hands . . . While a small girl, also in shorts and nothing else, stands by and smiles approvingly. ? ? ? Caught: A nearby beach club has a very rigid rule against gambling in the clubhouse. Recently, a com plaint came in stating that soma members were violating the rule. So there was an investigation with the idea of catching and administering due discipline to the culprits. The club has five trustees. The investi gation disclosed the startling fact that the trustees, after business was out of the way, had been in the habit of turning the meeting into a penny ante session. So there was no ac tion, the trustees of course being the ones who would set the punish ment And there are no more penny ante games. ? ? ? Reciprocity: After singing togeth er 11 years, a colored quartet de cided that one of their number should be replaced. A search was made and after many try-outs, a sub stitute was found. But the substi tute couldn't go in cold, so the member who was to be let go was assessed one-quarter of his salary each week to pay the expenses of the newcomer while he learned to take his place. And when the new comer goes into the quartet, he will have to pay over a quarter of his weekly salary until the man he oust, ed finds another job. ? ? ? Prepared: Bellevue hospital main tains a "catastrophe unit" which is ready for day or night service and responds to calls from major acci dents such as the one recently in which more than 100 commuters were hurt when their train hit a bumper in Grand Central terminal. The unit consists of 13 doctors and nurses, accompanied by orderlies, who ride to the scene in a big bus ambulance which also carries 300 pounds of medical supplies, mostly bandages and dressings. Three reg ular-sized ambulances complete the mercy fleet. Since it was organized in September 9, 1939, the unit has turned out and rendered swift and efficient service 13 times. ? ? ? Jail to bride* iiwIim: A bad ness college is starting a special course tor married women so that they can take the places of men in event of a national emergency . . , Hand-carved models of three-mast ed ships that decorate the walla of Ruben's are the work of convicts in Pennsylvania state prison . . . The Mayflower model in our foyer was made by a Connecticut convict ? ? ? Fuhlan net*: Wilms, who dresses the stage femmee, recently received an order from a Newport debutante for a short evening cape of solid gold leaf, trimmed with platina fox. Comes the revolution. <M lyndleata?WKU SsrrlMJ Census Man Deflates Town's Stock Joke KING CITY, MO.?For 10 years King City residents used a catchy quip to reply to questions of visi tors regarding tha town's popu lation. "It's 1,101 and I'm the one," eras the stock answer. Now all of that will be changed. The 1M0 census count lists the population at 1,100. So many claimed to be "the" one that something bad to be dona about it?that was the theory of Strange Facta (Republic 'Moved I Restoring Pointing! I * Greedy Albatross ? - C When Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and bee am* an independent republic, it "moved" from one continent to another. Subsequent maps showed the boundary between North and South America at the eastern end of Panama instead of the western, which put Panama in Central America, or the extreme south ern part of the North American continent. C. Expert restorers of oil paint ings sometimes transfer a famous picture from its rotting canvas or boards to a new canvas. In this delicate operation, a strong paper or muslin adhesive, pasted over the front, holds the paint while the old backing is removed and the new one put in place. C.The albatross, largest of the sea birds, sometimes attains a wingspread of 17 feet and is so powerfully built that it often flies for days without alighting. At other times, the bird so gorges itself with food and becomes so "overloaded" that it cannot lift its weight into die air.?Collier's. Ask for Nf SCO Korosono Rang# BUILT TO 1{ffUk SPECIFICATIONS 4x?w Ofmtioa Fitfwmmtm "I suggested ? man beautiful range, ooe I could be proud of, a modern range for mjr modern Iritrhen." ? 1 demanded a range winds urn the dnap en of all fuels... Icer> oeena . . and ume it efficiently!" 9 "I vented pusitisa, aa curate tamperetara control K necessary in dm preparation at au try manL" 9 MI deauad cutieemanca featuree audi as . . . reliable oven heat hf dicatoe . ,. ample ?? age space . . . and ao indili fuel tanks and burners." ? "I auggaued porralsln and elate . . . burner traps. ? * r1" " 1^1 adgea, rounded camera . . no bolts and hinges to eorimadala dirt." NESCO HH A MftM an Im at Bfflj WNU?4 ' 8?-d? Limited View Who etaya in the valley ne'er seee over the hill. M^W?efDiemJewJ Kidney Action Settle.?oTSa*RSS Trr P?Wk IWi yyjti
The Alamance Gleaner (Graham, N.C.)
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Sept. 5, 1940, edition 1
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