I The Alamance Gleaner
[V"1 LXX GRAHAM, N. C? THURSDAY, MARCH 23, 1944 No. 7
| fair MEWS ANALYSIS - 1
I U S. Bombers Reduce Rabaul
I Hitler', Black Sea Ba?e, PeHIedTj
I Red Annie,' Ukrainian Break-^ J^
I Britfah Striker, Slow War
| ?*r?1 ""I'M' ""? illlKn ||
IL-?
Burma?U. 8. Commander of Chinese troops on Burma front, Lt,-Gen. Joseph
Stilwell (at left in raincoat) queries wounded Jap prisoner (seated).
EUROPE:
See Zero Hour
As the Axis radio dinned that the
invasion of Europe could be expect
ed at any day, huge fleets of heavy
U. S. and British bombers escorted
by fighter planes continued to pour
fire and destruction on the enemy's
industry and defense installations, ?
with Berlin the No. X target.
Expecting the grandest amphibi
ans assault in military history, the
Nazi high command continued to
boast of its steel and concrete coast-:
at fortifications equipped with long
. and short range rocket guns, and,
declaring the impending hostilities
were to determine the future fate of
Germany, insisted that they must
?ut their deep defenses
father than make a wholesale re
treat.
Ita'y., strong armored German
at stubborn U. S. and
Si r ?n 4,16 Anzio beachhead
ZLnT' While heavy slush and
the blonHv rVed- AUied advances on
tfte bloody Cassmo front, where bit
ter house to house fighting again
was resumed after a long lJll.
GREAT BRITAIN:
Coal Strikes
isfacfioi? nt? their tools fa dissat
end water'' W excessive dust
Welsh? an estimated 87,000
Pits an? walked out of 158
in other Fnir ?omed by thousands
as the and Scottish fields
over Lg?Vernment Pondered taking
p "e Properties. *
*? Welsh were paid
?ddition to?^heir' re^rf? " m?re to
>18.07 for regular wage of
able conH t faug under unfavor
*rament recw?H but when 016 ??v
mum pay of * ?Uf. raised the mini
10 >20 no !/ L e nation's miners
was made ^
fecial ttoverMMtrgM_raiIroad' and
ened, the "hipping threat
men return to tasisted the
moved to meet ^!eir,Jobs before it
mands and 1 Welshmen's de
eomplamts 0f n ve iron out
the new n, P'ece-workers that
?baight-tim^m.V1"11 Wages gave
compen^uom Pr0ducin? less
^Production
Jara"'nno?hMthStriWarr-SinCe dec
bustling indnijl- Great Britain's
^cd'oul ^o^t maChine has
cars and f?? .tanks, armored
"5.000 gu^ fcarriers.' more than
nSirti than 20 mm.
*Uns. rifles L?'? machine
tomatic pistok gun" and
^ vebicles i^f".?10re thaa "O00."
craft. 80(1 elmost 90,000 air
With the IT c
!? buJk of the AlJSS**1** *** ma
British v^fl merchant ship
^ ?n naval o -J e concentrat
'emilt u, , construction, with the
?eater no'1*" Majesty's fleet is
ft* ?ar. an at the beginning
?n theUprt^uct?ta",'v8 eventration
has been " ?, ?! heavy ^b
'"arters 0f the . ? ?Upply three
Wcight of the R? structural
fe U S. provirfi .^r farce. with
British dominions Per cent and
eniainder. 8 Per cent of the
PACIFIC:
Big Base Crumbles
Once Japan's big nerve-center in
the South Pacific, Rabaul, had be
come increasingly untenable for the
enemy under the heavy fire of U. S.
bombers and fighter planes.
Formerly a beehive of activity
with Jap cargo ships carrying ma
terial into the port for transfer
to smaller barges used to supply
troops in the battle zones, U. S.
fliers returning from raids over the
New Britain base reported that big
ships no longer could be seen.,.
Further demonstrating U. S. su
periority in the area, American
troops battling in the Admiralty is
lands to the north of Rabaul were
supplied by cargo vessels sailing
right into the fighting zone under
protection of warships which en
countered no resistance.
U. S. Interests
As high U. S. officials prepared
for conferences with British leaders
in London on America's postwar role
in the Pacific, congress moved to
appoint a 21-man committee to look
into this country's military and eco
nomic interests in that part of the
world in peacetime.
The whole question of America's
future position of the Pacific was
drawn into sharp focus with Austra
lia's and New Zealand's declaration
that these two countries are to be
defensive centers for islands to their
east and west, and use of any terri
tories during time of war does not
entitle a nation to claims or rights
on them.
Not only is the U. S. concerned
in the establishment of military
bases in the Pacific for defensive
purposes, but it also is anxious to
provide equal opportunity for such
American interests as airlines.
RUSSIA:
Race Against Thaw
As the Russians and Finns had
exchanged peace terms, Red armies
* ov *f\ thp smith hit
deeper into Nazi
lines in the Ukraine.
In headlong smashes
designed to beat the
fast-coming spring
thaws, the Russians
had scored signifi
cant breakthroughs
aimed at German
held Black sea
bases and poised
further threats to
the Nazi legions in
the Dnieper bend.
The Finns represented by Vaino
Tanner had earlier insisted on res
toration of the pre
war borders and de
clared they could
not consider eject
ing the Germans
from the country
without risking civil
strife with Nazi
sympathizers in the
army, commanded
by Field Marshal
Mannerheim.
Instead, the Finns
had proposed to neguuatc mm UK
Germans for restoring their troops,
either through Norway or neutral
Sweden. Or if this failed, they had
hoped merely to isolate the Nazis
in the north.
Marshal
Mannerheim
Vttao Tanner
.ii.t. mmri*U ?Ka
U. S. SHIPPING:
Equals All Others
Asserting that the U. S. merchant
marine is greater than all of the
Allied shipping combined, War Ship
ping Administrator Rear Admiral
Emory S. Land called for storage of
those vessels not used for world
trade after the war.
In advocating extensive use of
U. S. merchant vessels in the post
war world. Admiral Land said that
formerly Japan carried 80 per cent
of her exports in its own ships,
Germany 70 per cent and Italy 60
per cent.
Declaring that the U. S. is bearing
the bulk of Allied shipping in the
war, Admiral Land told a congres
sional committee conducting hear
ings on extension of the lend-lease
act that 42 per cent of the outbound
cargo from this nation last year was
lend-lease material, and of the total
less than 2 per cent was lost in com
parison with 5 per cent in 1942.
TV A:
Control Sought
Carrying his bitter feud with
Tennessee Valley Authority Chair
man David E. Lilienthal to the sen
ate floor, Sen. Kenneth McKellar
(Tenn.) led in the move to amend
the 8tt billion dollar appropriation
bill for independent offices so as to
compel TVA to turn all of its reve
nues over to the treasury and op
erate only on monies allocated to it
by congress.
Showing that TVA netted almost
54 million dollars from power opera
tions for the 10-year period ended
June 30, 1943, McKellar claimed that
TVA had favored the Aluminum )
Company of America with lower
rates than the Reynolds Metal com
pany, and Lilienthal had used TVA
funds for advertising.
Taking another slap at govern
ment bureaus. Senator Russell (Ga.)
introduced legislation under which
all semipermanent federal agencies
created by the President would have
to go directly to congress for funds
if remaining in existence after one
year. *
i i
Faithful Dog
Object of a five-hour search by SO
schoolboys and townspeople of Wyckoff,
N. J., 18-month-old Veronica De Vore
waa found waist deep in the mud of a
swamp 1'/4 miles from her home, with
her black cocker spaniel, Tippy, whim
pering faithfully by her aide.
VETS EMPLOYMENT:
Company Plan
With many of its 15,000 men and
women in the services already being
discharged, the International Har
vester company announced one of
the first comprehensive vets' re
employment plans in industry for its
21 plants and 187 sales branches.
Objective of the plan is to restore
vets in their old jobs, or positions of
comparable seniority and pay. Spe
cial training programs are to be
established for physically handi
capped, while full use will be made
of new skills acquired by vets in the
services. Vets' pay during training
will be reviewed at least once a
month.
Handicapped employees will be
given lighter work, and mechanical
changes will be made to furthei
ease the labor of the more seriousl;
disabled.
U. S. CASUALTIES:
Report 162,282
Of America's 162,282 battle casu
alties as of February 23, 37,853 lost
their life and 35,565 were missing,
either as prisoners of war, dead or
men lost who had not yet made
their way back to friendly hands.
More than 57,000 were wounded.
Of the total, army casualties in
cluded 20,592 dead and 47,318 wound
ed, while the navy reported 17,281
dead and 9,910 wounded. The army
suffered its heaviest losses in the
Mediterranean region, where up to
January 31, 9,271 were dead, 29,278
wounded, 3,141 missing and 7,381
prisoners.
In London, the army's chief
psychiatric consultant, Col. Lloyd J.
Thompson, reported that 75 per cent
of the mental cases treated have
been cured and returned to duty.
Another 50 per cent of the more seri
ous cases have been cured after spe
cial insulin, shock and sleep therapy
and croup psychotherapy.
Spy Stuff I
One ot the moat bitter ironies of
modern history is the fact that Brit
ish Intelligence had evidence prov
ing that Hitler intended to start a
war in Europe. But Chamberlain
refused to believe it. Instead of be
lieving his own Intelligence?Cham
berlain took Hitler's word when he
said that he wanted peace . . . When
the war is over the story will be
told: It will reveal how an Amer
ican newspaper man gathered the
evidence that resulted in America
kicking out Nazi diplomats?because
they were working as Nazi espionage
agents . . . Each Nazi chief has a
private spy ring that he uses to keep
tabs on other Nazi biggies. That's
why Goebbels has a switchboard
which is used to listen in on every
conversation in his building.
Glamorous Mats Haris are seldom
used these days. The Nazis train
ordinary looking people for spy work
so that they won't stand out in a
crowd and excite suspicion ... In
Argentina the Nazis control more
than a dozen widely circulated daily
newspapers and distribute over 300,
000 pamphlets weekly . . . Each
Nazi spy gets certain tricks to use.
As soon as he is nabbed those tricks
go on a blacklist to make certain
another agent won't use the same
act.
Germans in America who refused
to work tor the Bund were kidnaped
?shipped back to Germany and
shot. Yet we still have many Bund
supporters in this country who aren't
in cells! . . . The Nazi espionage
network is a tremendous organiza
tion: The British discovered that
there were 14,000 Nazi agents in
Britain who were posing as servants
. . . Five years ago the Nazis spent
more money on espionage activities
than we spent for our army and
navy.
The Jip 17item is to educate ev
ery Jap with the idea, of being a
sneak. When a Jap returned from
a visit to another nation he promptly
went to the Jap foreign office and
told them everything he saw and
heard . . . Even the most innocent
type of information is vital to spies.
Something that may seem unimpor
tant to you could supply the miss
ing link to a vital secret for a trained
spy ... One of the duties of Nazi
agents in this country was to jot
down overheard conversations. It
served as a guide to our morale. If
they heard many Americans in one
part of the country spouting racial
hatred?that's where the Nazis con
centrated their hate propaganda.
Nasi agents run many schools in
Argentina?where Argentine chil
dren^of German descent are given
military training. They used to run
similar schools in California until
this reporter ekposed the recently
indicted Nazi agent behind that plot
?F. K. Ferenz . . . Mate Hari was
as great a spy as legends assert.
Espionage a la Hollywood thrillers
is old hat. The best weapon of
Japanazi agents is propaganda. The
Nazis have discovered that destroy
ing a nation's will to light, by
spreading confusion and disunity,
helps them more than destroying
war plants ... A Nazi outfit named
World Service draws up the propa
ganda blueprints to be used by their
supporters in democratic nations.
Many American rabble-rousers were
on its mailing list. Some American
cers are still making use of the
propaganda lessons they learned i
from the Nazis ... As far back as
1936, Congress was given evidence
of Jap espionage in America, but it .
was ignored . . . When American
newspapers and mags arrive in neu
tral countries, everything written
about Naziism is clipped by Nazi
agents and sent to Goebbels.
?
The Interaatiomal spy exchange
does a thriving business inside neu
tral nations. It is composed of espi
onage agents who gather informa
tion about any country and sell it to
the highest bidder ... A skunk
disguised as a dove isn't anything
new. When Franz Von Papen di
rected German sabotage and espi
onage activities (in America before
the last war) the outfit he used
as a front was labeled: The Nation
al Peace Council.
One of the on known home-front
heroes is Walter Morrissey. He was
the superintendent at the Nazis' New
York consulate. When the Nazis
, gave him documents to burn
in the furnace he turned them over
to the TBL Evidence from those
documents helped the G-Men srack
one of the biggest spy rings in
America.
' I
Death of 91-Year-Old California Author Recalls |
How He, as a Young Army Lieutenant, Recorded for'
Posterity Famous Speech of a Great Indian Chief
By ELMO SCOTT WATSON
Released by Western Newspaper Union.
THE recent death oij Col.
Charles Erskine Scott wood
in California recalls one of the
most dramatic incidents in
American military history, for
he was one of the chief actors
in that drama. It was the sur
render of Chief Joseph of the
Nez Perce Indians in the Bear
Paw mountains of Montana on
October 5, 1877, after his epic
retreat of more than 1,000 miles
which won for him a place
among the great captains of all
time.
Colonel Wood, then a young
lieutenant on the staff of Gen.
O. O. Howard, was present at
the surrender, took down the
Indian leader's "surrender
speech" and it is to him that
we are indebted for a complete
and accurate text of what has
become a classic of American
oratory.
The story of the Nez Perce war of
1877 and of Chief Joseph's retreat
is too familiar a tale to need repeti
tion in all its details here. Its origin
was the old, old story of a broken
treaty, of white men covetous for
Indian lands, of white aggression
that brought about retaliation by the
red man and then a call for troops
to "put down an Indian uprising."
In this case, however, the leader of
the Nez Perces did not decide to try
to defend his native soil by fighting
the soldiers. Instead, he conceived
the bold plan of fleeing with his
people to Canada, fighting only if
the troops barred his road.
Gen. O. O. Howard, commander of
the Military Department of the Co
lumbia, acted promptly when news
of the killing of four settlers by a
young Nez Perce warrior marked
the opening of the "war." He be
gan concentrating troops at all stra
tegic points to surround the Nez
Perce. The first engagement took
place on June 17 when Captain
Perry and a small body of troops
attacked Joseph's camp in White
Bird canyon. Displaying unexpect
ed military skill, Joseph laid a trap
for Perry and all but annihilated his
command.
After this defeat General Howard
took the field himself and the chase
was on. Before it was ended the
Nez Perce leader outwitted, out
fought and outmarched the troops of
Howard, Colonel Sturgis of the Sev
enth cavalry and several other de
tachments sent to intercept him. To
realize the greatness of his achieve
ment one has but to read this brief
summary:
The Nez Perce leader was encum
bered with women and children
whom he refused to desert and allow
them to fall into the hands of the
soldiers, as he might have done sev
eral times to facilitate his flight. His
fighting force never at any time ex
ceeded 300 warriors. Yet with these
handicaps he fought 11 engage
ments, five of them pitched battles,
and he lost only one. In the other
six skirmishes he killed 138 and
wounded 140 of the 2,000 soldiers
who were on his trail at one time or
another with a loss of 1S1 killed and
88 wounded of his own people.
Then, having left his pursuers far
behind, he stopped 50 miles short of
his goal ? the Canadian line ? in
order to give his weary people a
chance to rest He did not know of
the approach of Col. Nelson A. Miles
and the Fifth Infantry until his
camp in the Bear Paw mountains
in Montana was attacked on the
morning of September 30. For five
days the Nez Perce leader and his
little band, greatly outnumbered,
withstood the soldiers' attacks.
On October 4, General Howard
with' his two aides, Lieut. Guy How
ard, his son, and Lieutenant Wood,
accompanied by two friendly Nez
Perces (both of whom had daugh
ters in the hostile camp) and an in
terpreter, arrived in Milps" camp.
The next day, these two Nes Perces,
George and Captain John, entered
the camp of the beleaguered Indi
ans. They told the chief that Gen
eral Howard was there with prom
ises of good treatment and that his
whole command was only two or
three days behind him. With tears
in their eyes they' begged him to
surrender because his was a lost
cause and Joseph agreed.
The scene which followed is de
scribed by Wood in a letter which
has never before been published. It
follows:
"The surrender was October S,
1877. Joseph rode up the hill near
to sunset to where we were?How
ard, Miles, Chapman, the interpre
ter; Oecar Long, adjutant to Miles,
Guy Howard, the general's son and
aide de camp, and myself. I was
aide de camp, also adjutant general
in the field?in charge of records,
etc.
"Three or four men on foot hung
around Joseph, clinging to his knees
and saddle blanket. All were bare
headed. Joseph's hair hung in two
braids on each side of his face. He
wore a blanket?I do not remem
ber the color, but I would say gray
i with a black stripe and I would say
it was girdled about his waist but
carried up and around his shoulders.
Under his blsnket he wore a woolen
shirt open at the throat, a dark
color?I am inclined to think .it was
army blue. He wore moccasins and
leggings. His rifle was across the
pommel in front of him. When he
dismounted he picked up his rifle.
] pulled his blanket closer around him
I and walked toward General Howard
and offered him the rifle. Howard
waved him toward Miles. He then
! walked to Miles and began his
speech."
The text of that historic speech as
given by Colonel Wood follows:
Tell General Howard I knew
his heart. What he told me be
fore?1 have It tn my heart.
I am tired of flghtlng. Oar
chiefs are killed. Looking Glass
Is dead. Too-hul-hnl-soit Is dead.
It is the yeang men now who
say "yes" and "no" (vote In
the eoancil). He who led on the
young men (Oillent, his brother)
is dead. H Is cold and we have
no blankets. The little children
are freesiag to death. My peo
ple?some of them?have ran
away to the hills and have no
blankets, no food. No one knows
where they are?perhaps trees
tag to death. I want to have time
to look for my children and see
hew many of them I can And;
maybe I shall flad them among
the dead. Hear me, my chiefs,
? my heart b sick and sad. Prom
where the saa new stands I will
Aght no mere forever!
The above version of the "surren
der speech" is the one given in an
article "Chief Joseph, the Nes
Perce" by Colonel Wood which ap
peared in the Century magazine for
May, 1M4. It has often been re
printed with considerable variation
in the text but we have Colonel
Wood's assertion (in Chester A.
Fee's "Chief Joeepb-The Biogra
phy of a Great Indian") that this is
the correct one. In the letter, previ
ously quoted, be says: "NehherGen
eral Miles nor anyone else knows Jo
seph's long surrender speech accu
rately except myself. No one was
interested to take H down. Oscar
Long. Miles regimental adjutant,
was there to take it down but did
not No one was told to it
down. I was not told. Tito speeches
of Indians were not considered im
portant. I took it lor my own
benefit as a literary item."
And thus it was that the young
lieutenant who took down this
speech as a "literary item" pre
served for posterity this pathetia ut
terance of a heartbroken , Indian
patriot. It has often been compared
with the historic speech of Chief
Logan of the Cayugas, which be
came widely known through being
printed in the McGufley Readers
and which was a favorite "piece to
be spoken" by several generations
of American schoolboys.
Wood was born in Erie, Pa.,
February 30, 1183, the eon of Wil
liam Maxwell Scott, who was the
first surgeon-general of the United
States navy. Educated at Erie
academy and Baltimore city college
he was appointed to the United
States Military academy at West
Point at the age of 18 by President
Grant. He was graduated in M74
and soon after receiving Ma com
mission as a second lieutenant was
assigned to duty at Fort Bidwell in
northeastern California
By 1877 he was a first lieutenant
and on the staff of General Howard.
Detailed to act as military assort
to a civilian explorer hi Alaska, he
was in that country when word
came of the outbreak of the Nez
Perce war. The same mail that
brought him word that his regiment
waa ordered into the field also
brought him permission to stay, on
for the exploration of Alaska but be
elected to join his regiment Thus,
as aide to General Howard, he par
ticipated in the long, stern chase
after the fleeing Nez Perces.
The Nez Perce campaign, howev
er, was not his only Indian war
gprvirp Th? n?Tt vonr Hp t?rvpH
on Howard's staff in the Bannock
and Piute campaign in Idaho which
was nearly as strenuous and dan
gerous as that at 1877. For a year
or so be was stationed at Fort Van
couver across the river from Port
land, Ore., and while there be, re
solved to quit die army and study
law. Before resigning from'the
army he was made adjutant at .the
military academy at West Point and
while there began studying law, re
Lxivtng nia aaw Degree iiuui uMnm
bia university end being admitted
to the bar in 1884.
Returning to Portland, be soon be
came the outstanding admiralty
lawyer af the Pacific coast and con
tinued Ha practice until 1189 when
ha retired to devdte himself to a
career as a writer and painter,
winning success and fame in both
fields before his death at the age
of Mi ^ _ _.
* " t ^7 :-y
C. E. S. WOOD ^ ,
THE SURRENDER OF CHIEF JOSEPH
_ As depleted by Frederic Remington fai General Miles' "Personal
CHIEF JOSEPH t