North Carolina Newspapers

_ k The Alamance Gleaner Vol LXXI GRAHAM, N. C., THURSDAY, AUGUST 9, 1945 No. 27 i ???????? ?? WEEKLY NEWS ANALYSIS Internal Reform Faces Britain, But Diplomacy to Remain Same; Allies Give Japs Peace Terms by Western Newspaper Union. -J (EDITOR'S NOTE: When eslnleas are expresses la these eelamae. they are these ef Western Newspaper Union's news analysts ani net neeeesartly ef this newspaper.) With the war in the Paeille in the decisive stare, map shows disposi tion at Japanese forces throughout Asiatic theater. GREAT BRITAIN: Future Outlook Though profoundly affecting Great Britain's internal economy, the sweeping victory of the Laborites in tiie first general election since 1935 Is not expected to appreciably alter the country's foreign policy based en maintenance of the empire to as sure comparatively high living standards. Notwithstanding the fact that the Laborite triumph represented the ascendancy of leftism in the United Kingdom, the fact remains that the country is so dependent upon the empire for raw materials and mar kets to support its industrial struc tura that retention of tie* abroad, ctrength on the seas and control over vital bases undoubtedly will remain the substance of its foreign policy. With Laborites ruling, concessions may be made to Leftist elements in Europe and elsewhere, but in over all policy, Great Britain's historic diplomacy will remain essentially British. At home, however, tradition-bound old Britain may be in for a radical remodeling, with the Laborites' plat form for nationalization of industry tempered by the amount of private management that will be tolerated. Under Prime Minister Clement Att lee, former Minister of Labor Ernest Bevin and ex-Minister of Home Se curity Herbert Morrison, goals of the Laborites include: Consolidation of all railroads, commercial carriers on highways and coastal shipping into one trans portation unit under government control; nationalization and mech anization of all coal mines and im provement of working conditions by increasing production; socialization La bo rites Atttee, Morrison, Bevin. . . . i ui uie iron ana sxeei mausixy ana the Bank of England. SECURITY CHARTER: Fight Ahead With only a scorching address by Senator Wheeler (Dem., Mont.) marring the even temper of the de bate, the United Nations security charter headed for quick senate ratification, with indications that the big battle lies ahead when the upper chamber will consider the powemf the U. S. delegate and the contribu tion of armed forces. Declaring that like President Wil son the late Mr. Roosevelt-had jeop ardized the prospects for successful postwar collaboration by conces sions to the major European pow ers, Wheeler himself foreshadowed an impending fight over details of U. 8. participation. Though be would vote for ratification, he said, he would do so only on the strength of statements that the senate would later work out operational arrange ments. Prior to Wheeler's speech. Sena tors Connelly (Dem., Texas) and Vandenberg (Rep., Mich.) advocat ed ratification, stressing that the se curity pact in no way affected U. S. sovereignty but did provide the country with an opportunity to exercise its sell-determination for effective international co-operation to prevent future warfare. PACIFIC: Allied Terms Trembling under the bombard ment of Allied air and naval forces, Japan was threatened with even greater catastrophe by U. S., British and Chinese chieftains unless the na tion gave up the hopeless fight and set about the establishment of a peaceful and democratic rule. The Allied answer to ramoant peace talk, the U. S., British and Chinese declaration issued in Pots dam where the Big Three met, called upon the enemy to rout its militaristic leadership, relinquish control ol 'conquered territory, and submit to occupation for fulfillment of terms. In return, political and religious thought would be respect ed, and Japan eventually permitted to resume its place in foreign trade. Though issued from Potsdam, Russia conspicuously refrained from Joining in the declaration, lending credence to reports that the Soviets had acted as middlemen in a Jap peace overture, expressing willing ness to comply with major Allied terms, but asking for exemption from occupation of the home islands. Even as the Allies called upon Japan for unconditional surrender, Admiral "Ball" Halsey's mixed U. 8. and British aircraft carrier force continued its heavy attacks on Nippon, with one great 1,200-plane strike farther battering the enemy's already stricken navy. Sweeping in against minor oppo sition, Halsey's Hellcats ripped up 20 Japanese warships in the Inland sea, with three battleships, six air craft carriers and five cruisers dam aged. As a result of the attack, the enemy reportedly has few war ships in commission, with, most of these being cruisers and destroyers. In addition to hammering the Jap anese fleet units, Allied carrier pi lots continued to whittle down en emy air strength, and also further disrupted coastal shipping linking uic uwiiic isiaiius ?-jj ui uig vui gw vessels and small barges. FRANCE: Petain Accused As the dramatic trial of Marshal Henri Petain moved smoothly fol lowing a stormy outburst on the opening day over a barb by Pros ecutor Andre Mornet that there were too many German-minded spectators present, none of the prin cipal witnesses against the old sol dier openly accused him of betray ing his country. They charged he failed in his duties as a Frenchman. Nevertheless, former Premier Paul Reynaud and Eduard Dala dier and ex-President Albert Lebrun rapped Petain unmercifully for ne gotiating an armistice with the Ger mans while an effort was made to keep up the fight; assuming supreme power and virtually ruling by de cree, and acceding to Nazi requests for manpower and material. In testifying for the state, Dala dler declared that France was not as weak materially at the time of her defeat as generally suspected, but fell because of errors in con ception on the part of the general staff. Declaring the Germans were amazed to find huge quantities of equipment on hand, be said France possessed 3,800 tanks at the time of the invasion of Holland and Bel gium to the enemy's 3,300. PRICE CONTROL: To Stick Despite the impending relaxation of price control over minor items, firm regulation will be maintained over principal products and services until supply balances demand so as to avert postwar inflation, OP Ad ministrator Chester Bowles de clared. In loosening up on price control on minor items, OPA will take action when the commodity or service is not essential; continued regulation involves difficulties out of propor tion to the importance of the prod uct, and no materials, facilities or manpower will be diverted from more necessary industries. Because various manufacturers will be in the market for vast quan tities of raw materials to All orders, and civilian demand for essential goods, food and many services will far exceed supply, maintenance of price control in the immediate post war period will be required for curb uig iiuiana; yiivca, uuwico oam. WAR CONTRACTS: Keep Cutting With war production down B per cent from the peak level of March, the impact on the economy will grow as more reductions are made on actual work rather than on paper commitments. By the end of the year, munitions output is expected to drop 32 per cent below the March figure. Whereas cancellations of paper commitments comprised 31 per cent of the cutbacks in April and 14 per cent in May, such reductions made up only 5 per cent of the total in June. Reflecting cutbacks, aircraft pro duction was down 10 per cent in June under May; ships, including maintenance and repair, down 5 per cent; guns and fire control, down 13 per cent; ammunition and bombs, down 16 per cent; combat and motor vehicles, down 8 per cent; commu nications and electronic equipment, down 5 per cent, and other material and supplies up 1 per cent. Matador Up in Air Unusual photo show* Matador Canitas tossed into air off of buWs head during fight in Madrid ring. But slightly hurt, the dashing Canitas resumed the duel to ul timately thrust his sword through animaT* heart and win the match. UNITED NATIONS: Relief Requests Having already distributed $296, 563,000 worth of relief to Greece, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugo slavia, China and Albania, the Unit ed Nations Relief and Rehabilitation administration (UNRRA) has been asked for $700,000,000 of assistance by Russia. At the same time, Deputy UNRRAdministrator Roy F. Hen drickson revealed that trucks con stituted the No. 1 priority for relief shipments to facilitate the move ment of European crops. Under UNRRA regulations, unin vaded nations are supposed to con tribute both toward the relief and administrative expenses of the proj ect, with the invaded countries chip ping in only for running the organi zation. Of the $1,862,788,348 of au thorized contributions of participat ing nations, it was revealed, the u. ?>. snare amounts 10 *i,aou,uw, 000. SUEZ TOLLS: U. S. Balks With U. S. troops pouring through the Suez canal en route to the Pa cific, and with toll payments already mounting to over $11,000,000, the government again pressed the Brit ish to absorb such charges under reverse lend-lease. In pressing the British, American authorities pointed out that the U. S. defrays the cost of British ships passing through the Panama canal, with such payments already past the $8,000,000 mark. Because the lend-lease act pro vides that a country can supply aid from purchases with its own money, the British say they are hot obliged to pay the canal tolls, since they must be made in Egyptian currency. As it is, the British declare, they already owe Egypt large sums for wartime purchases. Newspaperman Stuff: Add Thlnfi I Never Knew Till Now: In 1811 a newspaperman named Nathaniel Raunsavelt waa taken into custody lor refusing to divulge the source of his information about the secret activities of some politicos. ... He was threatened and cajoled but stood firm. . . . Thus was established the principle of the reporter's duty to protect his news source. ... The first American news paper was discontinued by authori ties because it published some gos sip about the family troubles of the King of France. Heywood Broun was a skilled ex ponent of the rapier retort. He di rected some of his most devastating arguments against Huey Long. . . . He once accused Huey of "murder ing the truth." Long promptly shrieked for a retraction. . . . Broun replied: "Huey says that he never murdered the truth. That's because he never gets near enough to do it any bodily harm." Alone similar lines there's the classic abont the small town gs sette which conducted a vigorous campaign against the town council One of their yarns was headlined: "Half the Town Council Are Crooks." . . . The on traced politico* demanded an apology, and the editor prom ised to ran one. . . . Next day the dally carried this headline: "Half the Town Council Are Not Crooks." Abont a century ago the press was in its Mother Hubbard stage. . . . Namby-pamby ism was rampant. Ed itors took a lorgnette view of the news. This sidelight illustrates their ultra fuddy-duddy attitude: One ga sette front-paged an apology to its subscribers because a reporter had used the word "trousers" in a yarn when he should have used the word i "unmentionables" I Tiffs among newsboys nowadays belong in the taffy-pull category when compared with the Journalistic slug-fests during the James Gordon Bennett era. . . . Bennett was phys ically assaulted a half-dozen times by opposition editors who had been clawed by his barbed-wire editori als. . . . But Bennett refused to di lute his potent attacks against com petitors. He merely reported the brawls on his gazette's front page and reaped added circulation. . . . The anti-Bennett Journalistic bar rage also blasted his family. The slanderers finally drove his wife and coiiaren uui 01 uie country, iney moved to Europe end made infre quent visits to America, while Ben nett continued his free-swinging style of journalism. Joseph Poll tier's N. Y. World set journalistic standards few newspa pers have equalled. Yet Pulitzer ar rived in America a poor, friendless, semi-illiterate immigrant. Ha spent all his spare time educating him self. . . . His enlightened opinions on the subject of newspapers are always worth absorbing. . . . Friz ample: "What is everybody's busi ness is nobody's business?except the journalist's, ft is his by adop tion. But for his care every reform would be stillborn. He holds of ficials to their duties. He exposes secret schemes of plunder. He pro motes every hopeful plan of prog ress. Without him public opinion would be shapeless and dumb. Our Republic and its press will rise or fall together. An able, disinterested, public-spirited press, with trained intelligence to know the right and courage to do it, can preserve that Dublic virtu# without which nnmilnr government is ? sham and mock ery." Hollywood has depleted foreign correspondents as overgrown Rover Boys. ... It has created the impres sion that those newsboys have a glamorous occupation. Actually they hava a difficult, perilous task with few rewards. . . . O. D. Gallagher, a British correspondent, dodged bombs and bullets, and traveled 100, 000 miles in three years for his news stories, which readers forget Ave minutes after reading. This is the wisest counsel for colyumlsta we have come across: "Get around town?And out what people are talking about Give your readers a little dally Jolt an some thing they are gabbing about at home, perhaps, and can gab about gome mora. Controversial stuff?so they can argue. The big idea is this: Make half of them happy and half of them sore." Uncle Sam Reports on His Real Estate Deals 1 With His Red Children; He Bought 2,600,000 1 Square Miles at Average of 48 Cents an Acre 1 By ELMO SCOTT WATSON RtltiMd by Weitern Ntvipaptr Union. RECENTLY the department > of the interitor issued a new colored map, the first of its kind, which shows how Uncle Sam since 1790 has acquired the na tion's public domain from 66 principal Indian tribes by some 389 treaties and numerous acts of congress. A study of this map shows that these cessions by the red man constitute about 95% of the public domain, or some thing like 2,600,000 square miles. Tn cn for no fVia o Ctrrportotn nnei ? Ml OV MAC Uggl Vgd won ? of this land was approximately $800,000,000?that means a little ' more than $307 a square mile or ] approximately 48 cents an acre ?it would seem that Uncle Sam certainly got a bargain in these dealings with his red children. In a statement issued at the time the map was released. Secretary Harold Ickes of the department of the Interior declared that "while questions are still frequently raised as to whether the Indians received fair prices for their land, the rec ords show that, except in a very few cases where military duress was present, the prices were such as to satisfy the Indiana. Discussions of enchancement of land prices from original costs to the present esti mated value of nearly 40 billion dollars only lead to idle specula tion. There is no equitable basis of value comparison then and now. "Some Black Pages." "While the history of our dealings with the Indians contains some black pages, since the days of the early settlers there has been a fixed policy based upon the principle of free purchase and sale In dealings between the native inhabitants of the land and the white immigrants. In no other continent has any seri ous attempt ever been made to deal . with a weak aboriginal population I on these terms. "While the 19 million dollars that we paid to Napoleon in the Louisiana | Purchase was merely in compensa tion for his cession of political au thority, we proceeded to pay the In . rlion friKno n# fkn more than 20 times this sum for such lands as they were willing to sell. Moreover, the Indian tribes were wise enough to reserve from their cessions sufficient land to bring them an income that each year ex ceeds the amount of our payment to Napoleon." - It is true, as Secretary Ickes says, that in the majority of cases the Indians probably received a fair price for their lands since there is no equitable basis of value compari son, but it is doubtful if the Sioux, the Nez Perces, the Modocs and the PoQcas?to name only a few?would agree with Mr. Ickes that the "prin ciple of free purchase and sale" had been observed in their dealings with the Great White Father. Certainly they have reason to regard his treat ment of them as some of the "black pages" which the secretary men tions, in which "military duress" was very definitely present. Louisiana Territory. Since Mr. Ickes mentions the Lou isiana Purchase, it might be well to examine briefly the record of our government's dealings with one of the aboriginal occupants of that re gion, the Sioux. For generations these Dakotas had occupied a vast empire along the Missouri river, in cluding most of the present states of North and South Dakota and parts I of Nebraska, Wyoming and Mon tana. Gradually their territory had been reduced by a series of treaties until they held only their choicest hunting grounds in the Black Hills, the Powder river country and the Big Horn mountains. That was guaranteed to them, by the Fort Laramie treaty of 1868. as a "permanent reservation" and, be tides. they were granted, (or as long as there were buffalo on the plains, "the right to hunt on any land north of the Platte." This reservation was to be considered "unceded Indian territory" in which "no white per son or persons ahall be permitted to settle or occupy any portion of the same or, without the consent of the Indians first had and obtained, to pass through the same." Moreover, it was agreed that no subsequent treaty should be considered valid "unless executed and signed by at least three-fourths of all the adult male Indians occupying and inter ested in the same." The government kept its promise ess than a year. Four months after he President had proclaimed the rort Laramie treaty, General Sher nan (noted for his only-good-Indian s-a-dead-Indian philosophy) issued in order that all Indians not actually >n their reservations were to be mder the Jurisdiction of the army ind "as a rule will be considered lostile." Then came the announce nent that the Northern Pacific rail oad was to be built across the north ;ro part of the Sioux hunting lands ind soon afterwards the Great White father sent surveyors, protected by loldiers, into this region without tak ng the trouble to ask the Sioux lor permission to "pass through the lame." In 1874 Gen. George A. Custer and lis Seventh cavalry were sent to ex plore the Black Hills?again without lsldng permission of the Sioux to whom Pah-sah-pah (the Black Hills) was almost sacred soil. Then a newspaper man who accompanied Custer flashed to the world the elec trifying news that gold had been dis covered in the Hills and Custer's of ficial report not only confirmed this but it was also an ecstatic de scription of the beauties of that re gion. The result was inevitable. 'Justified' Treaty Breach. Prospectors and miners flocked to the new El Dorado. For a time the government went through the mo tions of expelling the intruders, then gave it up as a hopeless job. Hav ing failed to keep the whites out of the Black Hills, the government's next step was to find some way to justify this violation of the Laramie treaty. A good excuse came when several bands of the Sioux, notably Sitting Bull's Hunkpapas and Crazy Horse's Oglalas, who were hunting in the Powder river country (as they had a perfect right to do) failed to return to their reservations within the tune limit set by the Indian bu reau January 31, 1876. (The fact that it was almost physically im possible for the Sioux to obey this order within the time allowed didn't make any difference to the Indian bureau!) On February 1 the Indian com missioner proclaimed all Sioux who CALICO IN PERPETUITY ? An Important provision of the treaty of 1794 whereby the United States ac quired lands from the Iroquois Con federacy was that there should be an annual distribution of calico am one 5,100 members of the Six Nations. This provision is still car ried out each year with appropriate ceremonies in observance of perpet ual "peace and friendship" with the Iroquois. Shown here at a typical ceremony is Florence Piintup, a descendant of old Iroquois chiefs, who received the rolls of calico for distribution. ncis uvv vu uic icbci vauwu uvir tiles" and called on the army to round them up. Then followed the campaigns of Generals Crook, Ter ry, Gibbon and Miles against these "hostile" Sioux and Cheyennes in 1878-77 which either compelled the surrender of the Indians or drove them across the border into Canada. Even before the campaign was over, a commission was sent to treat with the Sioux and arrange for the ces sion of lands which the Fort Lara mie treaty had guaranteed to them "forever." Concerning this commission, which began its work in August, 1878, Doane Robinson in his "History of the Sioux Indians" (South Dakota Historical Collections) writes: The commission u;i "White the Indiana received na aa friends and listened with kind attention Is our proposition. we worn pain fully Impressed with thatr teak ad son. Odsnco In the ptedcoa of the fovornmoat At Umos thoy told their story of wronfs with such tmprcsstra ?i u?to? that oar cboaks crtmaooad with thama Id thatr ?pssclm and racttala of aiwip which thatr paopla had suffarad at tha hands ot tha whites, tha arralfmnaDt for groas acts ai inRustic* and fraud, tha ImifiHia oi traatlas mada oaljr Id ba brckao. tha ds?Ms tuC - .-a .ifltl. ..? L' m- ktflshh and distrust* of our present profession si friendship and good will, were portrayed la colors so vivid and language so terse that admiration and surprise would have kept us silent had not shame and humiliation dene so. That which made this arraignment more telling was that it often came from the lips of men who are our friends and who had hoped against hope that the day might come when their wrongs would be tedressed. 81 ou Had to Like It. Since the Sioux didn't have much choice in the matter, they signed the treaty offered them. Here's what another historian says about it (not an Indian historian, but a white his torian). George E. Hyde, author of "Red Cloud's Folk?A History of the Oglala Sioux Indiana," write#: But the object had been attained at last, and under the cloud of war the government had taken the Black Hills, the Powder River lands and the Bighorn country. The pre tense of formal agreement and fair pay ment which congress had devised to veil this act of robbery did not even deceive the Indians. The chiefs knew that thev were being robbed and that they were (oread to ?ten away their landf. Bare are beat. Saw and blanket* (aaid the United Stataa> tor your landa In Laramie Platna and between the torka of tha Platte, which we took from you before IMS: and here (said the United States) are the same beef, flour and blan kets (or your lands In Nebraska which we took before 1*10; and (aaid das United States, with an air of vast generosity) here are the same beef. Sour and blankets for tha Black Hills, the Powder Blew, and the Bighorn lands which we are now taking from you. In all fairness, that la vary near the true meaning of the "agreement" of 1070. by means of which these last landa were taken from the Sioux. So the Sioux were finally settled on a greatly reduced reservation with in the present states of North and South Dakota. But even then the Great White Father wasn't through with them. In 1888 another com mission went to the Standing Rock reservation to swing the cession of 11 million acres of Sioux lands at a fixed price of 50 cents an acre ("an outrageous robbery,". Stanley Ves tal, biographer of Sitting Bull, calls it) and break up the great Sioux reservation into smaller ones. Sit ting Bull lined up the chiefs against it, then went to Washington where he succeeded in getting the price raised to $1.25 an acre. The next year another commission came to Standing Rock to bargain urith thp Sinn* At thn now nrinp hut found themselves blocked at every turn by Sitting Bull. Finally by making various promises (many of which were never kept, incident ally) they managed to get enough chiefs to agree to the sale. So, in the words of Vestal, "the cession was signed, the great Sioux Reser vation was only a memory. It was the death of a nation." Among the promises that were not kept was one about supplying rations to the Sioux, penned up on their reduced reserva tions, and In the winter of 1890-Sl -? that broken promise bore bitter ?? fruit. For the Sioux, suffering from hunger and disillusionment, became easy victims to the apostles of the Ghost Dance and before that excite ment was over the shameful story of the massacre at Wounded Knee had been written on one of the "black pages" which Secretary Ickes mentions. As indicated previously some of the other "black pages" bear the stories of our dealings with the Nex Perces, the Modocs and the Poncas. That is why it is likely that any member of those tribes, as well as the Sioux, who reads the secretary's statement about "a fixed policy based upon the principle of free purchase and sale in dealings be tween the native inhabitants of the land and the white immigrants" wiH probably smile?and there won't be much humor in that smile I Forty Tribes Celebrate Festival at Galluo. N. M. Indian drums are sounding in tha far places of the Southwest, and the Navajos, Zunis, Hopis, Utes, Apa ches, Lagunas, Acomaa and a score of other tribesmen and their fami lies are trekking to "the place by the bridge." Gallup, N. M. Here each year 7,000 Indians from nearly 40 different tribes Jain forces to produce America's most colorful and spectacular Indian show, ths an nual Inter-Tribal Indian Ceremonial. For four days they dance, chant, compete in sports and engage in weird pagan rites before capacity audiences made up of their white brothers. The Gallup Ceremonial is the largest and most authentic In dian spectacle of its kind in the country. Usually the Ceremonial is held the last part of August. A special attraction each year is the unusual display at Indian arts and crafts in the Exhibit Hall where thousands of articles are shown. A score of native craftsmen will be at work showing the technique of Indian handicraft